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Professor of Tsinghua University Law School、Director bet365 mobile Public Law Research Center of Tsinghua University Law School，Vice Dean bet365 mobile Institute of National Governance, Tsinghua University；Mainly engaged in basic theories of constitutional law、Human Rights Law、National Organic Law、Hong Kong Basic Law、Legal Methodology、Research in comparative law and other fields；Concurrently serves as Vice President bet365 mobile Chinese Constitutional Studies Association，Representative scholar in Chinese normative constitutional studies。

Since modern times，The establishment of many humanities and social science terms in China，It’s all the result bet365 mobile spread of Western learning to the East，The import of some concepts is even accompanied by "linguistic events" realized through Japan, which is also a successor country to Western culture。However，It’s worth noting，As the history bet365 mobile transplantation bet365 mobile concept of liberal rights reveals: in its process，China does not learn from the West as a completely passive recipient，But it has a certain subjective position，Even in the process of "secondary inheritance" or "transformation of inheritance" from Japan，It also reflects the inherent tendency of China’s independent stance。

Take the practical contribution and ideological tendency of Yan Fu (1854-1921), a famous translator and enlightenment thinker in modern China, in the process of importing the concept of "bet365 mobile" as a case study，It is possible to analyze the specific content and significance of the Chinese-style autonomous stance in the transplantation process of this basic concept of law and politics in modern China。The reason for choosing Yan Fu as the entry point，This is because Yan Fu is a representative scholar in modern China who "looked to the West for truth"，His "Chinese and Western learning are both top-notch in our country"，Especially in the process of importing the concept of bet365 mobile into modern China，And left a unique footprint。Some scholars believe，He “introduced the Spanish concept of ‘bet365 mobile’ to China for the first time、Created the concept of Chinese liberalism”。

From the perspective of the history of transplantation and exchange of concepts of bet365 mobile between China and Japan，Yan Fu was not the first Eastern scholar to translate Liberty as "bet365 mobile"；It can even be asserted，This translation did not originate from Chinese translation。Based on the investigation of Japanese scholar Professor Shito Meishide，The word "bet365 mobile" is one of the many modern Chinese words recognized by the Chinese as coming from Japanese neologisms。Indeed，Yan Fu on the occasion of translating and introducing "bet365 mobile"，It is now the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries，The word "bet365 mobile" enters the history of transplant exchanges in East Asia as a new important vocabulary，Already completed before this。

In China，Originally translated as "bet365 mobile" in English，A reprint of the "English-Chinese Dictionary" compiled by Robert Morrison, a Protestant missionary who came to China in the early 19th century (1847-1848)，And as early as 1822，Liberty has also been translated as "the principle of autonomy" by the original version of the dictionary。Based on research，The "English-Chinese Dictionary" had an impact on the "English-Japanese Translation Pocket Dictionary" published in 1862，The latter adopted the translation term "bet365 mobile"。

Yan Fu’s translation of the concept of “bet365 mobile”，In a sense, it can also be described as a "hermeneutic cycle": on the one hand, he understands and translates Liberty in Western ideological literature through various ideological resources deeply rooted in Chinese history and culture、bet365 mobile；On the other hand, through this process, he formed his own concepts and thoughts about bet365 mobile，Use this concept and thought to further interpret and reflect on Western Liberty、The concept of bet365 mobile... repeats itself in this way，Passionately promoted the connection and communication between Chinese and Western cultural elements，Carefully responded to the contemporary issues facing China。The so-called "establishment of one name，Hesitating in ten months”，It reflects both the difficulty of translation and Yan Fu’s seriousness as a translator，In fact, it also reveals the inside story of how this "hermeneutic cycle" continues to operate in Yan Fu's spiritual world。

Multiple translations of the same concept and even changes or combinations of different translations，This is also revealed in a certain aspect。Yan Fu at least used two different translations of "bet365 mobile" and "自燇" to translate the concept of Liberty，Even used the above two translations simultaneously in his account of the British thinker John Stuart Mill，Now also translated as John Stuart Mill's "On Liberty" (On Liberty) in the translation and introduction。

Actually，As early as 1895, "On the Urgency of World Change" and other articles，Yan Fu used the word "bet365 mobile"；In the 1902 translation of Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations，He still uses the word "bet365 mobile"。In the translation of Mill's "On Liberty"，Yan Fu occasionally translated Liberty as "bet365 mobile"。He drew on Liu Zongyuan's poem "The spring breeze is infinitely beautiful"，If you want to pick apple blossoms, you are not free” as a situation，Point out "the so-called bet365 mobile，That’s what I mean”。In addition，He also quoted Zhuangzi’s teachings，Believe that bet365 mobile "originally means not to be bound by external objects"。This shows that Yan Fu tried to find elements in the Chinese ideological tradition that could connect with the modern Western concept of bet365 mobile。In his opinion，This kind of "bet365 mobile" as the West calls it in modern times，Inherited in Chinese ideological tradition，For this reason, we believe that "the purpose of equality and bet365 mobile today，Zhuang Sheng often sends it，Play it in detail，Everyone can see it”。Despite what Zhuangzi said about bet365 mobile，As an absolute bet365 mobile based on the equality of all things，In fact, it cancels the bet365 mobile of social life，It has a completely different meaning from the modern Western concept of "bet365 mobile"。

But Yan Fu’s attitude towards the word “bet365 mobile” is ambivalent。When translating and introducing Smith's "The Original Rich"，Yan Fu has already realized from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture: "The husband is free to speak，The true fear of the ancient sages of China，I have never established myself as a teacher。”According to test，The word "bet365 mobile" can be found in ancient Chinese books，As in "Book of the Later Han Dynasty"，There is "brotherly power，Weifu is free" ("The Chronicles of Queen An Si Yan")、"Send bet365 mobile" ("Le Hui Biography") and other sentences，But they all have negative connotations such as "arbitrary"。

It is worth mentioning，In modern Japan，Enlightenment thinkers such as Fukuzawa Yukichi also realized that it was not appropriate to translate Liberty as "bet365 mobile"，Used translations such as "autonomy" for this purpose，But in the end, the word "bet365 mobile" was adopted, which had become a daily language among Japanese people at that time。

However，Yan Fu still accepted the term "bet365 mobile" to a certain extent。The reason why，Also because he discovered that this term also has a certain positive connotation in the context of traditional Chinese culture。For example，In the Zen classics of traditional Chinese Buddhism，There is the concept of "bet365 mobile" (such as "Wu Deng Hui Yuan")；In ancient Chinese literary works, the word "bet365 mobile" is also used in a neutral or even positive sense，Like Bai Juyi's "I am ashamed of this day"，Be free" ("Poetry of Bitter Heat")、Liu Zongyuan's "Spring Breeze Infinite Xiaoxiang Meaning"，If you want to pick apple blossoms, you are not free to do so" ("Rewarding Cao Shiyu for visiting Xiang County and sending poems") and other poems。In this regard，Yan Fu is different from Japanese thinkers such as Fukuzawa Yukichi。The latter is only aware of the "innate flaw" of the word "bet365 mobile" as a translation，But the foundation of its positive connotation in the context of traditional oriental culture has not been discovered。

Despite this，As a scholar with a deep understanding of Chinese and Western cultures，Yan Fu is still quite conflicted about the word "bet365 mobile"。When translating Mill's "On Liberty"，He once proposed the title "Zi Yao Interpretation" in the translation，To be published in 1903，It was also creatively modified into "The Theory of the Boundary of Group-self Rights"。can be asserted，Here，Yan Fu also started from the standpoint of traditional Chinese culture and the inherent issues faced by the survival crisis of the Chinese nation at that time，Made in this way。Through such translation and replacement，The significance of Liberty mentioned by Mill is not only to establish the self-discipline and autonomy of the individual (self) from coercion，It also highlights the balanced relationship between the individual (self) and the collective (group)，This is the so-called "group power realm"。

Actually，The term "group of people's rights"，From a constitutional theory perspective，Involving the principle of internal limits of bet365 mobile and rights。As the translator of Mill's "On Liberty"，It’s not that Yan Fu doesn’t understand this problem。He realized，If someone lives alone in the world，There are no limits to its bet365 mobile，“But after joining the group，If I am self-defeating, others will be self-defeating，Enable unlimited constraints，Entering the world of power，Conflict。So it is said that people get their own way，But we must use other people’s self-destruction as a boundary，This is the principle of "Great Learning"，The gentleman relies on him to bring peace to the world”。The so-called "Way of Righteousness"，Mainly refers to what Confucianism calls “doing things you don’t want others to do，Don’t do it to others”。In the article "On the Urgency of World Change"，Yan Fu put forward an important point，That is, "the one who is most similar to Chinese principles and Western bet365 mobile，曰Sorry，曜尊”。The reason why Mill's "On Liberty" was specially translated into "On the Boundary of the Rights of the Group"，It also reflects Yan Fu’s firm protection of traditional Chinese culture and his deep concern for the contemporary issues of China’s national salvation。American intellectual historian Benjamin I. Schwartz) once pointed out pertinently in his book "In Search of Wealth and Power: Yan Fu and the West": "If Mill often regards personal bet365 mobile as the end in itself，Then，Yan Fu turned personal bet365 mobile into a means to promote "people's wisdom and morality" and achieve national goals。”

Although Yan Fu finally replaced the original "Interpretation of Self-Yao" with "On the Boundary of the Rights of the Group" in the translation of the title of Mill's "On Liberty"，But in the translator’s preface、In the translation examples and the main text, the word "自燇" is often used instead of "bet365 mobile"。When someone suggests that Liberty may be translated as "justice"，Yan Fu pointed out that this statement is wrong，And admit: "西名东译，There are many losers，Uniquely made in nature，It’s almost impossible”。　

But in the "Translation Examples" of "On the Boundaries of Groups and Ones"，Yan Fu pointed out: "Chinese language is self-defeating，Chanhan’s birthday、恣睢、Don’t be afraid of bad intentions”。As for the reason why Liberty is translated as "自燇"，Yan Fu explained: “By、燇二字，Ancient communication fake”，“Consider the wording according to the Spanish regulations，Benyi Xuanming，Not false but real，Written as Zi Yao，Just want to show a little difference”。In other words，Based on common usage in Spanish，bet365 mobile is an abstract concept，But not a mysterious term，But of substantial significance，Using the translation "Zi Yao" for this purpose，Use abbreviations to express the subtle difference between it and "bet365 mobile"。The reason why Yan Fu adopted the word "Ziyao" to translate Liberty，Maybe it’s because in his opinion，This term has replaced and transcended the word "bet365 mobile" to a certain extent。

In the translation and interpretation of the concept of bet365 mobile，Yan Fu showed his profound knowledge、The ideological foundation of connecting China and the West。Like many commentators，He also uses the "Ti Yong Theory" in traditional Chinese philosophy to understand Chinese and Western culture，But I oppose Zhang Zhidong’s theory of “Chinese style and Western use”，And advocates that "middle schools have the essence of middle schools"，Western learning has its essence and use”，And pointed out astutely: "Has the body of a cow，It is used for carrying weight；Having the body of a horse，It is useful to reach far；I have never heard of cows as bodies，Those who use horses as their users。”The real reason why Britain and other Western countries are strong，In his opinion，"Gabi takes bet365 mobile as his body，Use democracy for its purpose”。The depth of this insight，That is, it is not comparable to ordinary enlightenment scholars of the same era。Professor Guo Daohui, a contemporary Chinese scholar, pointed out: "The theoretical height and ideological realm Yan Fu reached in this regard，Not only unmatched by his contemporaries，And reach the peak of modern constitutional concepts。”

The most valuable thing is，Yan Fu also realized the significance of negative bet365 mobile。He criticized the idea of ​​a “benevolent country”，"Take care of your parents and the people"，However, plowing is the time of sowing and reaping，Business principle is the winning rate of controlling mediocrity，Work with rules and regulations，Shi Zeteaches his instructions。It is also for the people，If the swaddling clothes are carried and held by a rope，It’s useless to worry about it”。In an era when nationalism is pouring out，Yan Fu’s thought was extremely rare in China at that time。

On Yan Fu’s ideological tendencies in his later years，Many researchers have negative comments。Zhou Zhenfu even advocated，In his later years, Yan Fu had gradually transformed from a "total Westernizer" in 1895、Steady degeneration into "reactionary traditionalist"。But the above views are quite controversial in academic circles。Schwartz believed that Yan Fu did have a conservative political bias in his later years，But this can be seen from his early discussion；And in the last ten years of his life，After the Revolution of 1911，Yan Fu has a tendency to "deviate from the West and retreat to tradition"，But "it is by no means a sharp turn" ideological turn。What Schwartz said is true。In an era of rapid change，The ideas of many thinkers are often changing。From the perspective of the history of comparative transplantation of the concept of bet365 mobile and rights，This is the ideological process of Japan’s Kato Hiroyuki。

Admittedly，In his later years, Yan Fu’s attitude towards the concept of equality and bet365 mobile became more conservative，Think of "the theory of extreme equality and bet365 mobile，Almost like a tsunami hurricane，It’s unstoppable，And destroyed and destroyed，It’s impossible to count”。But Yan Fu’s thinking is not groundless，But it is deeply rooted in the consciousness of the times of trying to save the nation。He had already realized early on that under the background of China’s internal and external troubles，It is okay to advocate bet365 mobile，But “what is urgent is the bet365 mobile of the nation，It is not the bet365 mobile of oneself”。In his later years, he even advocated "the most urgent thing today"，Not free，And everyone loses bet365 mobile，And it is the duty to benefit the country and the people”；Even clearly stated the "right of two evils"，The conclusion that one is less important than others than others。In the context of a very serious national survival crisis at that time，Yan Fu’s idea of ​​state power superiority，It should be said that it is not completely a fallacy。What is worthy of attention，Different from Japan’s Kato Hiroyuki，Although Yan Fu’s ideological tendencies gradually became conservative in his later years，But it never moved from social Darwinism to authoritarianism。Find out the reason，This is also due to the fact that the traditional Chinese cultural position he protects originally values ​​moral ideals。