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Professor of Law School of Tsinghua University、Director of Public Law Research Center of Tsinghua University Law School，Vice Dean of the National Institute of Governance of Tsinghua University; mainly engaged in the basic theory of constitutional law、Human Rights Law、National Organization Law、Hong Kong Basic Law、Law methodology、Research in the fields of comparative law; concurrently served as vice chairman of the Chinese Constitutional Research Association，Representative scholar of Chinese Standard Constitution Studies。

Modern to drop，The terminology of many humanities and social sciences is established in China，All the results of Western Xue East，The input of some concepts is even accompanied by the "Linguistics Incident" that is realized in Japan, which is also in Japan, which is also in the national status.。But，It is worth noting that，As revealed in the history of transplantation of freedom rights: in the process，China is not a completely passive recipient to learn from the West，Instead of having a certain subjective position，Even in the process of "secondary succession" or "transfer" of Japan，It also reflects the inner tendency of China's autonomy position。

With the practical contribution and ideological tendency of the concept of "freedom" in the concept of "freedom" in modern Chinese well -known translator and enlightenment thinker Yan Fu (1854-1921)，It can dialysis This basic concept of legal and political basic concept in modern Chinese transplantation process of Chinese -style autonomy stance。The reason why you choose Yan Fu as the entry point，Because Yan Fu is a representative scholar of "looking for truth from the West" in modern China，Its "Middle School and Western School are all the first -class in my country"，Especially in the input process of freedom in modern China, hard work，and left a unique footprint。Some scholars think，He introduced the concept of Western Language for the first time to China、Created the concept of Chinese -style liberalism "。

From the perspective of the history of transplanting bet365 Play online games and exchanges between the concept of free concepts of China and Japan，Yan Fu is not the first oriental scholar to translate liberty as "freedom"; it can even assert，This translation is not the translation of Chinese people。According to the investigation of Professor Schoanida Hyoshi, a Japanese scholar，The term "freedom" is one of the many modern Chinese vocabulary recognized by the Chinese people from the new Japanese words。Indeed，Yan Fu is translating "freedom"，Times until the 19th and 20th centuries interaction，The word "freedom" as a new important word of transplantation and exchanges entered East Asia，The industry has been completed before this。

In China，Originally translated the freedom in English as "freedom"，Tattage back to the reinstatement of the "Yinghua Dictionary" edited by Robert Morrison (1847-1848)，and as early as 1822，Liberty has also been translated by the original version of the dictionary as "autonomy"。According to research，"Yinghua Dictionary" has affected the "Yinghe Holbal Title" published in the second year of the Japanese text (1862)，The latter uses the translation of "freedom"。

Yan Fu's translation of the concept of "freedom"，In a sense, it can be described as a "interpretation of learning cycle": On the one hand, he understands and translates liberty in Chinese history and culture in Chinese history and culture.、FreeDom;，Further interpret and reflect on Western Liberty with this concept and ideology、FreeDom concept ...，It has worked hard to promote the docking of Chinese and Western cultural elements，Nianzi responded to the Times subject that China faced by China。The so -called "one of the one，Xunyue 踟蹰 "，not only reflects the difficulty of the translation and the seriousness of the translator.，In fact, this kind of "interpretation of academic cycle" is constantly running in the world of strict spirit。

A variety of translations of the same concept or even different translations or even use or use，It also revealed this point on a certain side。Yan Fu at least adopted the two different translations of "freedom" and "self -proclaimed" to translate the concept of liberty，Even the above two translations are used in the British thinker John Stuart Mill，Translating John Stuartmier today) The translation of "On Liberty"。

Actually，In the article "The Urgent of the World Change" published in 1895，Yan Fu used the word "bet365 best casino games freedom"; in 1902, the translation of Adam Smith "An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cape Nations" was published.，He still uses the word "freedom"。In the translation of "On Freedom" for Mueller，Ecniscosites also translate liberty as "freedom"。He borrowed Liu Zongyuan's poem "Spring Breeze Unlimited Xiaoxiangyi，Want to pick apples is not free "as the situation，Point out "so -called freedom，This is the meaning "。other，He also quoted Zhuangzi's doctrine，I think that freedom "but the cloud is not linked to foreign objects"。This shows that strict strength is found in the Chinese ideological tradition to find the elements that can be connected with the modern freedom of the West。In his opinion，This "freedom" in the West modern times，There is originally in Chinese thought traditions，This is why "the purpose of equality today，Zhuang Sheng is often released，Play it in detail，All can be seen "。Although Zhuangzi said freedom，As an absolute freedom based on all things，In fact, the freedom of social life is canceled，The meaning of the meaning of the concept of "freedom" in the West is different。

But Yan Fu's attitude towards the word "freedom" is contradictory。When translating Jiesmi's "Original Fu"，Yan Fu has realized from the perspective of traditional Chinese culture: "A husband's freedom，Truth of the ancient sages of the true Chinese calendar，and never tried to think that the church also。"According to the exam，"Freedom" can be seen in Chinese ancient books，Such as "Hou Han Book"，That is, "Brother's rights，Weifu Freedom "(" An Si Yan Queen ")、"Freedom of the Hall" ("Le Hui Chuan") and other sentences，But all have negative meanings such as "any"。 

It is worth mentioning is，In modern Japan，Fuzawa Yuji and other enlightenment thinkers have also realized that translation of liberty to "freedom" is not very appropriate，For this, I have used "autonomous" and other translations，But in the end, the words "freedom" that Japanese folks had become daily words at that time。

But，Yan Fu still accepts the word "freedom" to a certain extent。The reason why this is so，Also because he found that this language also contains a certain positive meaning in the traditional Chinese cultural context。For example，Traditional Chinese Buddhism Zen classic，There is the concept of "freedom" (such as "Five Lantern Festival"); in bet365 best casino games ancient Chinese literary works, the word "freedom" is biased towards neutral or even righteousness，As Bai Juyi's "Shi Shi Zi here，Do you have to be free "(" Poetry of Bittering ")、Liu Zongzong's "Spring Breeze Infinite Xiaoxiangyi，Want to pick apples and not be free "(" Removal Cao Shi Yu Elephant County Seeing Poems ") and other verses。In this aspect，Yan Fu is different from thinkers such as Fuzawa Yoshino, Japan。The latter only realizes the word "freedom" as the "congenital defect" as a translation，but did not discover the kind of positive foundation of the positive meaning that it already possessed under the context of the traditional Oriental cultural context。

Despite this，As a academic person who has a deep understanding of Chinese and Western culture，Yan Fu's term "freedom" is still quite contradictory。When translating Jie Muller's "On Freedom"，He was once named "Self -Interpretation" in the translation.，When it was published in 1903，then creatively modified it to "The theory of the Quanzhi Power"。You can assert，Here，Yan Fu was also from the position of traditional Chinese culture and the internal subjects faced by the Chinese nation's survival crisis at that time，Make it like this。Through this translation and replacement，The significance of Liberty said what Muler said is not only to establish an individual (herself) to avoid compulsory self -discipline and autonomy，It is also prominently reflected in the balanced relationship between individuals (ourselves) and collective (group)，This is the so -called "group of self -power"。

Actually，"Groups of Power" a word，From the theory of Constitutionalology,，Principles of the inherent boundaries involved in freedom rights。translator of Mueller's "On Freedom"，Yan Fu does not understand this problem。He realized，If anyone lives alone，There is no boundary for freedom，"But after entering the group，My self -proclaimed people also，Make unlimited constraints，Powerful world，conflict。Therefore, people have to be 繇，，This is the way of "University"，The gentleman is 矣 矣 矣 矣 "。The so -called "Truth of Morning"，Mainly refers to Confucianism, "I do n’t want to，Do not apply to people "。In the article "The Urgent of the World"，Yan Fu proposed an important point of view，That is "the most similar to the freedom of China and Western France，bet365 live casino games Said，Said Morning Trouins "。and the reason why Mueller's "On Freedom" was specifically translated into "The theory of the Gongwen Power"，It also reflects Yan Fu's firm guardianship on traditional Chinese culture and deep care of the subject of the era of Chinese salvation.。Benjamin I. Schwartz, a historian of American thought, once pointed out in his book "Seeking Rich and Strong: Yan Fu and West": "If Mueller often takes personal freedom itself，So，Yan Fu turned personal freedom into a means to promote 'people's wise and the people' and achieve the purpose of the country。”

Although Yan Fu finally replaced the original "Self -Interpretation" in the translation of Mueller's "On Freedom"，But the preface of the translator、Translated examples and texts in the text replace the word "self -proclaim" instead of "freedom"。When someone proposed or translates liberty as "fairness"，Yan Fu pointed out that this is wrong，and acknowledge: "West name East Translation，Lost fixed，This is the only day，No Yi Yi Yi Yi "。　  

But in the "Translation Floor" in "The theory of Quanwen Power"，Yan Fu pointed out: "Chinese self -proclaimed，Frequent birthday、恣、Non -Deficiency of the Face "。As for the reason why liberty translates as "self -proclaim"，Yan Fu explained: "、繇 字，Ancient Xiangtong Fake "，"See the word according to Western regulations，Ben Yixuan name，Non -virtual is real，Written as a self -proclaimed，Just want to show the difference "。In other words，Usually usage according to Western language，Freedom is an abstract concept，But not mysterious words，Instead of substantial significance，To this end, the translation of "self -proclaim"，To show the subtle difference between it and "freedom"。The reason why Yan Fu uses the word "self -proclaim" to translate liberty，It may be because of his opinion，This language has achieved a more replacement and transcendence of the term "freedom" to a certain extent。

In the translation and interpretation of the concept of freedom，Yan Fu showed its deep、Introduction to Chinese and Western ideological skills。Like many thesexes，He also understands Chinese and Western culture with the "physical theory" in traditional Chinese philosophy，But the theory of "Middle West use" theory against Zhang Zhidong，and advocate "The physical use of middle Bet365 app download schools in middle school，Western Xue has the physical use of the West "，Puttingly pointed out: "The body of cows，It is used for load; the body of the horse，It has a long way to go;，Horse as the usage。"" The real reason why the British and other Western countries are strong，In his opinion，"Gaibi takes freedom as the body，Democratic use "。This insight is profound，That is, the non -contemporary enlightenment scholars can compare shoulder。Professor Guo Daohui, a Chinese scholar today, pointed out: "The theoretical height and ideological realm reached in this area，Not only is it that he is not worthy of his contemporary people，and the peak of the concept of modern constitutional system。”

The commendable thing is，Yan Fu also realized the meaning of negative freedom。He criticized a "benevolent country"，"With his parents Simin, herself，However, when farming is the fixed broadcast，Business is the rate of winning the winning，The work is with the rules，Shi taught what it meant by。Its Yu Min also，If you are negative and rope，Nothing to use the minds of their possessions "。Placed in the era of nationalist spray，This thought of Yan Fu was extremely rare at that time in China。

On the ideological tendency of Yan Fu's old age，Many researchers hold negative evaluations。Zhou Zhenfu even advocates，Yan Fu in his later years has gradually gradually been gradually、Stable degradation into "Reactionary Traditional Doctrine"。But the above views are quite controversial in the academic world。Shi Huaci believes that Yan Fu really has a conservative political bias in his later years，But this can be seen from its early discussion; and in the last ten years of its life，That is after the Revolution of 1911，Yan Fu is a tendency to "back to the West to return to traditional"，But "is by no means a sharp turn" thought steering。Shi Huayi said nothing。Started in a sudden change of the era，The thoughts of many thinkers often change uninhabited。From the perspective of the comparative transplantation history of the concept of freedom rights，The ideological course of Kato Hiroshi, Japan is like this。

Very true，Yan Fu's attitude towards the concept of equal freedom tends to be conservative，Think of "the saying of extreme equality and freedom，殆 殆 殆，Its momentum is not long，Destruction and damage，Under 100 million Takes bet365 Play online games "。But this layer of thinking on Yan Fu is not groundless，Instead of being deeply embedded in the era of rescue map。He had realized it in the early days that under the background of the internal and external troubles of China at that time，Advocate freedom，But "The urgent person is freedom of the country group，Non -small self -freedom "。In his later years, he advocates "Those who are urgent today，Non -freedom also，And everyone is lost in freedom，and use the good groups of the country as the job "; even clearly proposed the" two harm rights，Surprise of yourself "。Under the background of the era when the national survival crisis was very severe at that time，The proposition of this national power superiority of Yan Fu，It should be said that it is not exactly a fallacy。It is worth paying attention to，Different from Kato in Japan，Although the tendency of strict thoughts in his later years is gradually conservative，But I have never moved from Social Darwinism to Powerfulism。The reason for it，This is also due to the Chinese traditional cultural position he guarded by him.。