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　　Chinese -style modernization of human civilization new road

Modernization is an important stage in the process of world history，Reflected human beings from agricultural society to industrial society、The historical changes in the information society。"Modernization" is always associated with "civilization"，Civilization is a series of material and spiritual and cultural achievements obtained in the development of human society，It is the continuous progress of constantly getting rid of the state of modern society。Modernization theory in the West is based on "European Centralism"，I believe，Modernization is "Westernization"，Western modernization road is a universal road for countries around the world to move towards modernization。

For more than 70 years established by New China，Especially for more than 40 years of reform and opening up，Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China，The Chinese people successfully created a new path of modern Chinese -style modernization，Realized great changes in human history。When the Communist Party of China was born 100 years ago，The realization of modernization in China is established as its original mission。After World War II，Especially after the 1970s and 1980s，A new round of orgasm of modern movement has appeared globally。China has been in the context of the overall change of the world in the world in the world in the world and the great rejuvenation strategy of the Chinese nation，Get the opportunity in time，Consciously integrate into the trend of the times，Start to catch up with the times，Forwarding for a hard work。

Chinese -style modernization start and jump，Although in the civilized order dominated by the capitalist country，But there is essential differences with capitalist modernization。General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out: "The unique cultural tradition，Unique historical fate，Unique basic national conditions，It is destined that we must follow the development path that suits our characteristics "，Deeply reveals the profound historical origin of Chinese -style modernization、Widely realistic foundation and objective development law。

Chinese -style modernization is unique socialist modernization，It is the modernization of developing countries，is the whole world appearance、Modernization of oversized scale。It overcomes the natural disadvantages of capitalist modernization，Open the new road to modernization after the development of the post -developed country。Modernization of China is a huge modernization of population、Modernization of the common prosperity of all people、Modernization coordinated by material civilization and spiritual civilization、Modernization of harmonious coexistence between people and nature、Modernization of the road of peaceful development。This is an unprecedented modern road in human history，Show the glorious prospects of human civilization。Chinese for decades，In many ways, I have walked through the way that Western countries have traveled for hundreds of years or even hundreds of years。"We insist on and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics，Promoting material civilization、Political Civilization、Spiritual civilization、Social civilization、Coordinated bet365 live casino games development of ecological civilization，Created a new path of modern Chinese -style modernization，Created a new form of human civilization。"This is not only the future of the Chinese nation，And the direction of world civilization，All will have a long -term effect。

Chinese -style modern road，It completely breaks the myth that can only achieve modernization by following the modernization of capitalism。This not only opened up the bright prospect for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation，It also expands the way to modernize developing countries，Gives a new choice for countries and nations that want to accelerate development and maintain their independence，Has made a unique contribution to the progress of human civilization。

(The author is a researcher at the Institute of World History of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Former Vice President of the Chinese History Society、Member of the Academic Consultation Committee of the Chinese History Research Institute)

　　Chinese modern diplomacy mature

China's diplomatic development reflects the maturity of China's modern diplomacy，It proves that China has always been the builder of world peace、The contributors of global development、Maintenance of international order and provider of public products。In the new era，China will continue to realize the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation、Unremitting efforts to promote the establishment of a community of human destiny，Provide new opportunities for the world with your own new development。

　　New China has brought huge diplomatic changes

　　The birth of the People's Republic of China in 1949，Bring great changes in Chinese diplomacy。This change is mainly manifested in two aspects。

One, from "another stove" to "one side".

The leaders of the Communist Party of China were established on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China，The diplomatic policy of "another stove", "cleaning the house and then inviting a guest"，It does not exclude dealing with Western countries。but，Due to the Cold War、Ideology、Consolidate the regime and other factors，and Diplomacy's selection is extremely limited.，The leaders of the Communist Party of China decided to adopt a diplomatic policy of "one side" to the Soviet Union，and because of the Korean War, they fell into a sharp confrontation with the United States。

Its two，From 1949 to 1976，China's diplomatic performance is two aspects。

On the one hand，Chinese diplomacy with the attitude of a critical and challenger，Resolutely oppose "Di Xiu Anti"，Criticizing the control of the two superpowers or the international system and international order led by the Western leader，Proposal establishment of a new order of international political economy。

On the other hand，We can also see two more prominent policies in Chinese diplomacy。

First，China actively advocates the five principles of peaceful coexistence and seek the same difference in national relations、The principle of equality in size and small countries，The spirit of the United Nations Charter is consistent。The five principles of peace coexistence were approved by Asian -African countries at the Bandung Conference in 1955，This has opened a new situation of China's diplomacy "facing the East"。This allows China to get rid of the bond of the U.S. -Soviet polar pattern to a certain extent，Winned the recognition and friendship of the Third World State。

2，An important aspect of China's diplomatic efforts is that it has been required to restore legal rights in the United Nations。This shows from one side，China does not oppose the international system represented by the United Nations。When bet365 live casino games China restored its legitimate rights in the United Nations in 1971 and opened the normalization process of Sino -US relations，When China and Japan officially established diplomatic relations in 1972，China's diplomatic stage has expanded from the East to the entire world。and China itself is also out of the shadow of the Cold War，Foreign policy has entered a period of comprehensive development。In the following period of time，China has basically completed with Europe、Create diplomatic relations with Oceania and African countries。These breakthrough progress of China diplomacy，It also laid the foundation for future reform and opening up。

　　New diplomatic development since the reform and opening up

After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978，China has entered a new period of reform and opening up，Foreign policy has also begun to make eye -catching adjustments，Its important features and basic spiritual performances are manifested in the following aspects。

First，The development trend of the international situation and the understanding of the theme of the times have undergone major changes，Gradually abandon the inevitable point of view of the large -scale world war that has been adhered to，Proposing peace and development has become the correct judgment of the theme of contemporary world。

2，It is proposed to be based on the development trend of the world、Your own interests and things itself，To determine your own policies and deal with the relationship with other countries，No longer draws the line with social systems and ideology，and implement an independent foreign policy that really does not all alliance。

Third，Acknowledge that the existing world is diversified，There are contradictions and struggles between countries，There are also mutual dependence; when dealing with international problems，State, especially between the country, there are common interests，Need cooperation and can cooperate，At the same time, we must also oppose hegemony。

Fourth，In terms of economic construction，Established "Independence is not a retreat，Self -reliance is not blindly arranged "policy，Diplomacy to serve economic construction。

From this，These basic spirit become the guiding ideology of Chinese diplomacy。After the Cold War is over，Facing the new international situation，There are also many new development in Chinese diplomacy。

1. While insisting on the five principles of peaceful coexistence，Further carry out comprehensive diplomacy，Strategic partnerships of different levels of strategic partnerships with major countries，It laid the foundation for the further benign development of the relationship between China and countries。

2. UN All -Platform，Actively carry out multilateral diplomacy，Carefully perform relevant responsibilities，Participate in the United Nations peacekeeping operation，Widely participated in the work of the special agencies of the United Nations，Promote international cooperation。

3. "9 · 11" incident，Defined condemnation of international terrorism，Support to solve problems in the United Nations framework。Actively promote the six -party talks to solve the nuclear problem。

4. Inject new concepts into international order，Proposal "Establishing lasting peace、The new thought of the harmonious world of common prosperity，Proposal to build peace、Development、Cooperation、A win -win international relations，To promote the development of the harmonious world。

5. In the economic field，Starting from "Development is the Trivation"，Take Bet365 app download effective measures，in the country，Actively transform the previous planned economic system into a socialist market economy system;，Actively join the international economic system。

　　New era diplomacy shows new style

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，The Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping as its core has deeply grasped the general trend of China and the world development in the new era，Make a series of major theories and practical innovations in foreign work，Under the leadership of the Party Central Committee，Based on the strategy of "four confidence"，formed Xi Jinping's diplomatic thought。New era Chinese diplomacy reflects the characteristics of the times，Show keeping pace with the times、Struggle、New style of pioneering and aggressive。

The basic spirit of Chinese diplomacy in the new era is: insist on realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation as a mission，Promoting diplomatic diplomacy with Chinese characteristics; adhere to the core interest of the country as the bottom line，Maintenance of national sovereignty、Security、Development benefits，Effectively prevent and resolve various risk challenges，escort for national development and national revival。

The important connotation of Chinese diplomacy in the new era is: insist on respecting each other、Based on win -win cooperation，Take the path of peaceful development; insist on creating a comprehensive aspect、Multi -layered、A three -dimensional global partnership。

The new concept of Chinese diplomacy and Chinese solution in the new era is: adhere to the maintenance of world peace、Promoting common development into the purpose，Promote the establishment of a community of human destiny。

One of the important paths to realize the new concept is: China adheres to the principle of sharing with co -business and co -construction，Promote the construction of the “Belt and Road”，Promote the "Silk Road Spirit"，Share opportunities for common development with countries，Open the prospects for common development。

The cutting -edge issues and key tasks of Chinese diplomacy in the new era are: adhere to the concept of fairness and justice，Leading the reform of the global governance system，With the United Nations as the core，Practice true multilateralism，Actively promote the construction of a more balanced、Global governance system that reflects most countries' wishes and interests。

(The author is the Honorary Professor of Honor、Former Vice President of the Chinese History Society、President of the Second World War History Research Association in China)

　　Modernization with Chinese characteristics from a comparison perspective

Modernization Theory is the gradually formed in the West after the end of World War II, especially in the United States。At that time，The United States has obtained the hegemony of the capitalist world。Facing the rise of the socialist camp and the ethnic liberation campaign with the wind and rush，The United States needs a new theoretical to maintain the capitalist system、Fighting Communism、Fight for the Third World。Modernization Theory is produced in this context。Almond、Parsons、Rosto、Huntington、Moore, Vanagon Moore，These authors we are familiar with are representatives of modern theory。

　　Build China's modern theory

Western modernization theory is based on Western experience。From the Renaissance，The West began to slowly get rid of the restraint of the Middle Ages，After hundreds of years of change，Modern mutation in the 19th century，Starting to form a modern society。From this departure，Western Bet365 lotto review scholars summarize modernization into several indicators，For example, the industrialization of the economy、Democratization of politics、Socialization of society、The science and specialization of administrative management、Performance of behavior orientation。In Huntington's work，The tendency of this indicator is very typical。Construction of modernization theory in the West，It is intended to guide the direction for developing countries，that is, the economic system of the free market and the political system of the competitive election is a modern label，Developing countries should follow。

but，Modernization theory based on Western experience is repeatedly discomfort in developing countries。So，The theory of correction that is trying to use non -Western countries as an observation point appears，For example, according to attachment、World System Theory, etc.，There is also a later ecological modernization theory、Sustainable development theory, etc.。

Some people say that the theory of modernization is outdated，This is not a fact; the fact is that China needs its own modern theory。China since 1840，Just exploring the direction of progress、Hardly pursuing modern development，By the 21st century, it has achieved remarkable achievements，Shocking the world。But these experiences have not been summarized into a complete theory，The theory of building a tree is far behind practice。Western modernization theory cannot explain China's practice，Chinese practice cannot apply Western theory。Therefore，Based on the practice of Chinese modernization, build China's own modernization theory，It is already the requirements of the times。

　Modernization needs to complete three tasks

I will talk about modern tasks。Modernization needs to complete three tasks，Three tasks constitute a complete process of modernization，Also constitutes all the content of modernization。

The first task is to establish a modern country，This is the prerequisite and necessary conditions of modernization。Tongguan World countries，The first step of modernization is to establish a modern country，No modern country，Modernization cannot start。The rise of the West，The first step is to establish a modern nation country。This experience educates non -Western countries。Therefore，When they are pursuing modernization，The first step is to get rid of colonial control、Establish a modern country。

The second task is to develop a modern economy，Through the development of modern economy，Establish an industry -based modern economic system，Completion of industrialization。This task is quite difficult，For developing countries，The development model of developed countries is often not applicable，You need to find your own development path。Modern economic development is a modern material basis，It is impossible to talk about modernization。Find the economic development model that is suitable for national conditions，Almost decisive factor。

The third task is to build a modern society，Compared to the first two tasks，This task is the most difficult、The most heavier。Once frustrated，It will cause modernization to flip，Causes serious social consequences。Deep lessons in developed countries in the process of modernization。Developing countries may face more serious problems，More need to be attracted to the ring。

Three tasks form a modern basic content，From this we can see: modernization is a comprehensive process，All aspects of society。

　　Three tasks are completed in the UK

The United Kingdom is the first industrialized country in the world，The modernization process in the UK is very typical。

Middle Ages Britain is the same as other parts of Europe，in the feudal division state，The country is disassembled，Society is fragmented。In 1485, the Duo Duo dynasty appeared，It marks that modern nation countries have begun to form in the UK。This process lasted for two centuries.。By 1688 "Glory Revolution"，The construction of a unified country is basically completed。

On this basis，Britain has entered the stage of developing a modern economy。Agricultural Revolution in the first half of the 18th century，An industrial revolution occurred in the lower half.。The Industrial Revolution completely changed the UK，It has also completely changed the world。The Industrial Revolution created a new way of production，It also leads humans to industrial society。

but，The Industrial Revolution has caused many social problems，The most serious is poverty、Environmental pollution、Labor survival status、Social Division、Regular economic crisis、Morality loss and loss of faith。These problems have caused serious social turmoil and psychological disorders，As a result of the industrial revolution period full of confrontation and uneasy emotions。

After a long time，People only realize the importance of social problems and the necessity of solving these problems。After a long time，Only found the solution to these problems，I realize that only the use of national strength，can solve social problems。The biggest mistake in the British Industrial Revolution，is the absoluteization of Adam Smith’s liberal economic theory，The state has given up the social responsibility it should bear。This，From the second half of the 19th century，British start to solve social problems，The country returns to the social field。

The United Kingdom is more lucky，Appears before and after three tasks、Completed one by one。This is not the case for other Western countries。For example, France，When the construction of a nation -state is not completed,，The task of developing the economy has already appeared，and must be executed，Otherwise, it will be defeated in the competition with Britain。The situation of non -Western countries is even more severe，Three tasks are almost at the same time。Therefore，For the 20th century, especially the country that has obtained independence or get rid of the powers after the Second World War,，The road of modernization is extremely difficult。

　　Modernization of China is people -centered

Modernization of China also needs to complete three tasks，Like other non -Western countries，Three tasks appear almost at the same time。If the Opium War in 1840 marks that China is forced to open the country、The development trend of the modern world，So in 1949, the task of establishing a modern country was basically completed，A unity、Independent、Multi -ethnic modern countries have formed，International status quickly improves，International reputation is increasingly expanded。

In terms of development of modern economy，China has achieved major achievements。After decades of hard work，China has become the world's second largest economy，With a relatively complete modern economic system，With increasingly powerful scientific and technological capabilities，People's living standards continue to improve。but，The Chinese economy is still in a period of transition from labor -intensive to technology -intensive，Bet365 app download Insufficient labor productivity per capita is not high，Per capita income only reaches the middle level of the world。Therefore，The work of developing the modern economy is still in progress，Still need to invest huge efforts。

At the same time，The problem of building a modern society has become increasingly prominent，Various contradictions are gathering，The work of building a modern society has just begun，Even being realized by all the people。China is at a critical period that is at the same time to further develop the economy and must solve a large number of social problems，Building a modern society is an important task for China's modernization in the future。As the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China said，In the next decades，"To continue to promote development，Focus on solving the problem of imbalance in development，Vigorously improve the quality and efficiency of development，better satisfy the people in the economy、Politics、Culture、Society、Ecological and other aspects of increasingly growing needs，better promote the comprehensive development of people、Comprehensive progress of society "。

This is the current situation and task of modernization in China。The essential difference between modernization of China and Western countries，It is that our modernization is people -centered，Modernization of the well -being of the people; and Western modernization is capital -centric，Maximizing capital interest is the fundamental principle。People -centered modernization is Marx's ideal，It is also the goal of the Communist Party of China。China is taking an own way，A human -centered modernization road。The final success of this road，It will be China's major contribution to all human beings。

(The author is a professor at Boya, Peking University、The Dean of the State Institute of Peking University and the National Institute of State、Honorary President of the British History Research Association)