May 27, 2022，The Political Bureau bet365 bonus code 2023 CPC Central Committee conducted the 39th collective study session on deepening the exploration bet365 bonus code 2023 origins of Chinese civilization，General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered an important speech，Fully affirmed the achievements bet365 bonus code 2023 Chinese Civilization Discovery Project，And pointed out the direction on how to further deepen the research on the origin of Chinese civilization in the future。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized: “We must strengthen overall planning and scientific layout，Adhere to multi-discipline、Multiple angles、Multiple levels、omnidirectional，Close Archeology and History、Joint research on key problems in humanities and natural sciences，Broaden the scope and coverage of research time and space，Further answer on the origin of Chinese civilization、Formation、Basic picture of development、Major issues such as the internal mechanism and the evolution path of civilization in each region。”

Over the years，Overall planning bet365 bonus code 2023 National Museum of China、Scientific layout，Actively promote multi-disciplinary joint research，Explore through the organic integration of field archeology and technological archeology、Solving major academic problems，And formed a distinctive style、Vibrant scientific and technological archaeological team。One bet365 bonus code 2023 typical examples is the close integration of field archeology and metallurgical archeology，Revealing the important resource conditions and cultural characteristics bet365 bonus code 2023 rise bet365 bonus code 2023 early dynasties in the Central Plains。The following is from the perspective of metallurgical archaeology，Talk about our understanding of how metallurgical archeology can help explore the origins of Chinese civilization。

　　Early bet365 bonus code 2023 development andThe rise of bronze civilization bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains

Metallurgical technology plays an important role in promoting the development of Chinese civilization，Relevant research can provide important evidence for revealing the process of civilization。In recent years，With the progress bet365 bonus code 2023 civilization exploration project，The research methods of metallurgical archeology have also shifted from focusing on laboratory testing and analysis to actively participating in field archaeology。Especially Zhangye Xichengyi、Erlitou, Yanshi、Jiang County Xiwu Wall、Tongling Shigudun、Xi’an Laoniupo、Scientific research represented by the smelting relics of a number of important sites such as Daye Tonglushan，Provides important material for discussing the formation and development of bronze civilization in various regions from the perspective of metal resources，It also shows that the integration of field and laboratory is the method guarantee for metallurgical archeology to continuously make significant gains。

bet365 bonus code 2023 vast territory of China，The development of early metallurgical technology in different regions showed their respective regional characteristics。Overall view，The northwest region of China, represented by the Hexi Corridor, was the first to have large-scale copper smelting activities，3rd millennium BC，The local area has begun to use nearby mineral resources to smelt red copper、Arsenic copper and tin bronze。The Central Plains region around 2000 BC，The metallurgical relics discovered are only scattered slag、Small bronzes and decorations，Alloy composition is red copper、Mainly arsenic and copper。The epoch-making period is the early 2nd millennium BC，Establishment of tin bronze smelting technology system bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains，Reflecting its absorption of metallurgical technology bet365 bonus code 2023 northwest region、Use，At the same time, the localization of metallurgical production including bronze ritual vessels and separate casting technology has been completed，Thus embarking on a completely different technological development path from the "forging-loving" ancient West。

At this time，The weather of a dynasty in the Central Plains，The core status of Erlitou culture was quickly established，On the basis of gathering advanced civilization factors from surrounding areas，Exerting cultural influence on the vast areas bet365 bonus code 2023 Yellow River Basin and Yangtze River Basin。Shang and Zhou Dynasties，The smelting and casting industry in the Central Plains region continues to prosper。In the early Shang Dynasty, the technology of dividing molds and casting was relatively proficient，The alloy ratio of bronzes from the late Shang Dynasty to the Western Zhou Dynasty is more reasonable，hunzhu、Casting、Welding、Compound model technology is gradually maturing，And there is also a matte smelting process that uses sulfide ore to smelt copper。

The areas surrounding the Central Plains are a different story，The development of copper smelting industry is relatively slow，Rough body structure、Impure alloy composition、There are many bronzes with large element floating ranges，There seems to be no developed power structure behind the scenes，But they are all influenced by the bronze technology bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains to varying degrees，Especially reflected bet365 bonus code 2023 ritual vessels that use the split mold casting technology。Look now，The glorious smelting and casting industry of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties pushed the civilization it represented to a new level，Meanwhile，Since the Bronze Age，Chinese civilization began to form a continuous and stable civilization center and a "double flower" centripetal pattern。

There are still two points that need to be noted about the development of early metallurgical technology in the Central Plains: whether the metallurgical development model of "red copper-arsenic copper-tin bronze" is applicable to the Central Plains region，Is the discussion surrounding arsenic and copper in the early metallurgy bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains accurate and reliable。Although many research results have been achieved，But before the Erlitou culture in the Central Plains，And prehistoric metallurgical remains in the area connecting Xinjiang, China and Central Asia、The number of relics is limited，There is still room for in-depth discussion on these two issues。The current situation is，More and more scholars agree with the view that bronze metallurgy spread from west to east through the ancient land Silk Road and affected the Central Plains，And the copper smelting technology in West Asia has been around since its birth，Continuously spreading to all directions，Judging from time and space, it is indeed possible to be introduced into China。

　bet365 bonus code 2023 industry development andThe formation of bet365 bonus code 2023 national governance system

The rapid development of bronze smelting technology in the Central Plains is closely related to the unique civilization process bet365 bonus code 2023 region。Erlitou Cultural Period，With the pioneering and succeeding cultural exchanges between East and West，Bronze metallurgical technology from the northwest region began to strongly influence the hinterland bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains。The emerging Xia Dynasty did not simply passively absorb this foreign high technology，Instead, innovatively integrate it into the local social culture、Etiquette Tradition。Some scholars pointed out，On the occasion bet365 bonus code 2023 transition from Henan Longshan Culture to Erlitou Culture，The ritual vessel system has experienced an evolution from the combination of "high-standard pottery + jade" to the combination of "bronze + jade"。Jade、Bronze ware was not originally an inherent tradition bet365 bonus code 2023 prehistoric culture bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains，Especially at the level of etiquette，At this time, it became the most representative civilization factor in the rise bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains Dynasty。

You can see it，China’s ability to absorb and recreate external factors，Shows the openness and tolerance of China、Bringing out the old and embracing the new、Cultural character of integration and innovation。Actually，During the rise bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains Dynasty，We can also see the introduction of many other external factors、Absorb，Including cattle also originating from the West、Sheep、Wheat and other animal and plant species。

It is precisely this kind of continuous gathering of surrounding advanced factors、Cultural characteristics that lead to re-creation，The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties ushered in great development，Through relay expansion, a wide-area royal state centered on the Central Plains was formed，Laid the foundation for the pluralistic unity of Chinese bet365 bonus code 2023。

At the same time，Specialization of bronze smelting and casting in the Central Plains、The degree of organization is also very high，Need to get deep blessing from early royal power。At that time, the bronze industry in the Central Plains was clearly hierarchical、Solid structure、Strict management，Achieved mining very early、ye、Separation of casting process，Copper formed、Separate material supply chains for tin and other alloy elements，And use combined pottery models to cast ritual vessels under the unified control bet365 bonus code 2023 royal power。

In addition，The Central Plains Dynasty also managed copper from surrounding areas through local regional centers、Lead and other important strategic resources，And build cities in areas rich in metal resources，To ensure control and access to these resources。Yuanqu Mall in southern Shanxi、Dongxiafeng Mall is a typical representative。There are many copper smelting sites from the Xia and Shang dynasties found near Zhongtiao Mountain，The output of its products far exceeds those outside the region，Large-scale mining and metallurgical activities that should be state actions。This exclusive control bet365 bonus code 2023 bronze metallurgy industry, which is the lifeblood bet365 bonus code 2023 country，It is the embodiment bet365 bonus code 2023 highly centralized political operation mode，And it had a profound impact on the political and economic system and national governance system of ancient Chinese society after the Xia Dynasty。

　　Guobo bet365 bonus code 2023 Archeology andExploration bet365 bonus code 2023 formation and development of Chinese civilization

The National Museum and Archeology Institute of China has always attached great importance to the status and role of metal resources in the process of Chinese civilization，Research on its contribution to the pluralistic unity of Chinese civilization。1980s and 1990s，The excavation of Yuanqu Mall by the Archaeological Department bet365 bonus code 2023 Chinese History Museum (now the Archaeological Institute bet365 bonus code 2023 National Museum of China) has attracted great attention from domestic and foreign scholars，People are gradually realizing that，The main function of Yuanqu Mall is to control the copper in southern Shanxi、Salt Resources，Ensure that these important strategic resources can be smoothly transported to the hinterland bet365 bonus code 2023 Shang Dynasty。

Early 21st century，We have carried out a systematic regional archaeological survey in the Yuncheng Basin in southern Shanxi，The purpose is from the perspective of settlement archeology，Discuss key issues in the origin of civilization and the formation of early states。One bet365 bonus code 2023 important harvests is on the valley terraces inside and outside Zhongtiao Mountain，Many copper smelting sites were discovered，This is the beginning of our metallurgical archeology in the area。Later，Our investigation and the investigation in Zhoujiazhuang, Jiangxian County、Excavation work of Xiwubi ruins，all have been included in the topics at different stages bet365 bonus code 2023 "Chinese Civilization Discovery Project"。Also，We also cooperate with universities and colleges，Actively explore research paths that complement each other between civilization exploration and metallurgical archeology，For example, we have conducted many joint inspections of early mining and metallurgical sites in the Zhongtiao Mountain area with the metallurgical archaeological team bet365 bonus code 2023 University of Science and Technology Beijing。

In recent years，The National Museum and Archeology Institute of China continues to look at metal resources from the perspective，Aiming at the key areas of exploring the origin of Chinese civilization，Targeted and focused、Strong strength on difficult points，Carried out special research on metallurgical archeology in southern Shanxi。Starting from 2018，National Museum of China Archaeological Institute and Shanxi Provincial Institute of Archeology、Cooperation with Yuncheng Cultural Relics Protection Institute and other units，The Xiwubi ruins in Jiangxian County were excavated。This is the largest area we found in the Yuncheng Basin survey、Save it、A site rich in copper smelting remains，After several consecutive years of excavation，Revealed a large number of copper smelting remains from the Xia and Shang Dynasties，Includes ore、Slag、Remaining furnace walls and various stone tools and other tools related to copper smelting。Discovered by preliminary scientific and technological testing，From summer to morning business，The copper content in copper smelting slag is decreasing，Meaning that the copper production per unit of ore is increasing、Smelting technology is improving。And，Laboratory analysis shows，The smelting products of this site are mainly red copper (i.e. pure copper)，If locally smelted copper ingots are mainly provided to dynasty cities，This means the lead needed to cast bronzes in the center bet365 bonus code 2023 dynasty、Tin and other alloy raw materials have other sources。

Excavation and research of Xiwubi ruins，Fills the major gap in red copper smelting between copper mining and the casting of bronze ritual vessels in the city，Completely presenting the entire bronze industry chain with the style bet365 bonus code 2023 Central Plains，And for discussing the rise and development of Xia and Shang dynasties、The relationship between utilizing and controlling copper, an important strategic resource，Provides very important new information。During the excavation and research bet365 bonus code 2023 Xiwubi ruins，Metallurgical archaeological professionals always participate in field excavations throughout the process，Extract samples and perform laboratory testing and analysis，Achieved technological archeology、Full combination of field archeology and comprehensive research，Achieved very good results。

General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out，“The exploration bet365 bonus code 2023 origin and formation of civilization is a complex and long-term systematic project，It is necessary to organically combine archaeological exploration and document research with natural science and technology methods，Comprehensive grasp of matter、Spiritual and social relationship forms and other factors，Gradually restore the development process of civilization from a trickle of streams to the confluence of rivers"。On the origin of Chinese civilization、Exploring the formation and development context，The National Museum and Archeology Institute of China has made a lot of efforts in multi-disciplinary joint research，has achieved certain results in other aspects such as metallurgical archeology and technological archeology。The National Museum of China and the Archaeological Institute as a part of Chinese archeology，Work and research in all aspects have made great progress in the new era，Also working with the entire discipline、The entire industry thrives together。We shoulder the historical mission and the important responsibility bet365 bonus code 2023 times。The future is promising，We will use fuller enthusiasm、Work harder，To strive for more brilliant results。

(Author’s unit: National Museum and bet365 bonus code 2023 Institute of China)