Whether it is historical and biographical literature、Prose by Zhuzi，Or other Confucian classics and other pre-Qin classics more or less cited "Poetry" and "Book"、Ancient literature resources such as ballads and proverbs，Some cited hundreds of times，Some are cited only once。Not only that，Even "Poetry" quotes the contents of "Book"，"Book" quoted several rumors and proverbs。Visible，"Poetry", "Book" and ballads have been deeply rooted in people's hearts，Become a recognized authoritative document，And as a carrier to record the words and deeds of ancient people and historical facts，And the standard for measuring the reasonableness of things，Quoted by people、Description，As a basis for making an argument。This article mainly focuses on the style of worshiping the ancients、Political purposes、Diplomatic rhetoric、Discuss the four aspects of criticism and criticism to explore the causes bet365 sign up bonus code pre-Qin title culture。

　　The style of worshiping bet365 sign up bonus code

During the Spring and Autumn Period, people had a worship complex for ancient sages，Having a beautiful longing for the ancient times。For example, I yearn for the simplicity and virtue bet365 sign up bonus code ancient times，I hope people can return to the era of tying knots to record events，Living in tranquility、Natural、In harmony。Confucius versus Yao、Shun、King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou admired them very much，Also highly respects Zhou rites，Eager to reconstruct the rules and regulations bet365 sign up bonus code Western Zhou Dynasty。Mozi "Ancestors described the ways of Yao, Shun, and Yu Tang"，When discussing Mohist theory, you must quote the words and deeds bet365 sign up bonus code ancestors，In order to achieve "universal love" between people、The communication model of mutual benefit。

This style of worshiping the ancients can be traced back to the sacrificial activities of our ancestors。The ancestors were worshiping their ancestors，Often recall and praise the glorious achievements of our ancestors，In order for future generations to learn lessons from it and abide by the ancestral precepts，These words of praise were recorded through oral transmission or written writing。The descendants continue to hold rituals to worship their ancestors，Gradually develop the admiration for ancient sages from the memory of ancestors。Shun admired "the image bet365 sign up bonus code ancients"，Fascinated by the patterns on ancient clothing，Use this as the clothing standard，Draw the figures of ancient costumes on the top and bottom respectively、Pattern。The people bet365 sign up bonus code Shang Dynasty worshiped heaven and served their ancestors，Shang Gui Zunshen，obey the destiny。In order to resolve the chaotic situation bet365 sign up bonus code struggle for the throne，Pangeng, the king of Shang, warned his subjects when he moved to Yin，The late king must abide by the destiny in every major event，I must also inherit the tradition of obeying the destiny to "restore the great cause bet365 sign up bonus code ancestors"。The people bet365 sign up bonus code Zhou Dynasty "respected Heaven and their ancestors"，The patriarchal system has been improved，The admiration for ancestors goes one step further。

From this，In the Spring and Autumn Period，The idea of ​​"Following Heaven and Dharma" gradually emerged，Wise men imitate saints，Saints imitate gods。Confucius “Believe in the past and love the past”，“Ancient” refers to the deeds of former kings and wise men。He praised Yao greatly in his words，Worship the noble virtues bet365 sign up bonus code ancient emperor。In order to maintain social order，Confucius valued the etiquette system bet365 sign up bonus code Western Zhou Dynasty，Trying to restore Zhou rites。But，Chonggu does not mean completely retro，In Confucius’ view，Each dynasty will have some gains and losses in the social system bet365 sign up bonus code previous dynasty，Advocating the Zhou Dynasty does not mean completely copying the system bet365 sign up bonus code Western Zhou Dynasty。In order to promote ancient thoughts，The Confucian classics compiled by Confucius have the function of propaganda and education，To highlight the importance of "ancient"。Mencius, a disciple of Zeng Shen, believed that "a gentleman must obey the ancients"，then benevolence”，That is, a gentleman must imitate the speech, conversation and clothing bet365 sign up bonus code ancients before he can cultivate benevolence。

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The early days bet365 sign up bonus code Zhou Dynasty，In order to maintain social order，Eliminate the hidden dangers of instability，Adopted a series of measures to govern the country and stabilize the country。The idea of ​​"Following Heaven and Dharming the Ancients" was formed by Zhou people on the basis of summarizing the lessons bet365 sign up bonus code demise bet365 sign up bonus code Shang Dynasty。Zhou Gongyun: "It is impossible to mourn the Yin Dynasty."，Since Yin has fallen into disgrace... I will keep him in check as to whether Yin's mourning will be serious or not，Remember my heavenly power。" (Sun Xingyan's "Notes on Modern and Ancient Essays on Shangshu") Zhou Gong believed that the reason for the fall bet365 sign up bonus code Shang Dynasty，The reason is disrespect to God。He is always alert to the experiences and lessons bet365 sign up bonus code Shang Dynasty，Don’t forget God’s punishment on the Shang Dynasty，To avoid the disaster of national subjugation。Zhao Gong also learned the lessons of Xia and Shang，Believe that these two countries lost their destiny because they did not pay attention to virtue，So he warned King Zhou Cheng to respect virtue，Make destiny permanent。Both of them summarize the historical lessons bet365 sign up bonus code demise of Xia and Shang，And take this as a lesson，Rule the country with virtue、Respect Heaven and Protect the People，Thus stabilizing the social order bet365 sign up bonus code Zhou Dynasty。

Spring and Autumn Period，The Zhou royal family is declining，The authority of Emperor Zhou is no longer supreme。The conquest is no longer under the control of Emperor Zhou，Continuous wars between various vassal states，Struggle for hegemony、Annexations happen frequently。In this complex and changing period，Etiquette is difficult to maintain，Domestic political struggles among various princes occurred from time to time，Society is becoming increasingly unstable。So in governing the country、Good strategies are needed to govern the people，Learning from bet365 sign up bonus code times has become an important way。As the saying goes, "The Spring and Autumn Period changed the world，Reinforce the past to cure the present" (Liao Ping's "Gu Liang bet365 sign up bonus code Yi Shu")。The princes need to refer to bet365 sign up bonus code documents that record the words and deeds of bet365 sign up bonus code sages to govern the country，To better educate the people。Doctor Qing is persuading、When admonishing the king and proposing policies to govern the country，Also cites bet365 sign up bonus code examples，Make your speech more persuasive。

The book also quotes ancient documents many times，Trying to use the words and deeds of ancient sages and sages to solve real-life political dilemmas and implement enlightenment。Confucius often used history as evidence，I hope the king can imitate Yao、Shun、Yu、Soup、King Wen of Zhou and King Wu of Zhou。Mozi said that he often cited ancient sages and sages，Always quote the words and deeds bet365 sign up bonus code "Six First Saints"，Provides strong evidence for the idea of ​​"universal love"。He believes that the "Six First Saints" achieved "universal love"，Today’s world should also respect the idea of ​​“universal love”，So that people can live in harmony as they did in ancient times。

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Frequent inquiries between vassal states during the Spring and Autumn Period，Or resolve political disputes，Or establish a covenant relationship，Therefore, diplomatic rhetoric is particularly important。"Zuo Zhuan" records a lot of diplomatic rhetoric，Most of them express their thoughts and opinions by quoting "Poetry"，Composing poems has become a part of political life。This diplomatic method of writing poems and expressing ambitions originated from the Yanxiang ceremony in the Western Zhou Dynasty，According to "Zuo Zhuan", it began in the 23rd year of Duke Xi of Lu，Very popular in the Spring and Autumn Period。Writing a poem to express his aspirations when the court hired Yan Xiang，You can also add new words，You can also quote the entire "Poetry" or its chapters，Performing songs and poems、Ode、Composing a poem、Xian Shi、Dance poem。Zhi refers to expressing the personal ambitions bet365 sign up bonus code person who quoted the poem rather than the meaning bet365 sign up bonus code original poem，Because when quoting "Poetry", it is often quoted out of context，Not necessarily consistent with the meaning bet365 sign up bonus code original "Poetry"。When all countries recruit allies, they must be called poetic edicts，The cross-examination and defense also quoted poems as evidence，Reflect its political purpose。Diplomatic rhetoric needs to quote chapters and sentences from "Poetry"，The main reasons are as follows。

One of them is mutual understanding。Zhou Dynasty emphasized rituals and music，"Poetry" is closely related to ritual and music culture，It is a must-learn textbook for princes and scholar-bureaucrats，widely spread。Quoting "Poetry" can make communication between princes and scholar-bureaucrats more convenient and tacit understanding，So you came and I quoted each other's "Poetry" as answers，This is the feeling of mutual affection。When expressing a position，Quoting "Poetry" can strengthen your words，"Shine your ambition"，Let the other party hear the elegant meaning bet365 sign up bonus code string song。If the messenger is good at composing poems、Response appropriately，Words are "literary"，You can better complete your mission。Vice versa，If there is no "literary" in the words，Writing poems improperly may cause trouble。It can be said that poetry is not only a language art，Also a double-edged sword，Those who have "literacy" are better than thousands of words，Those without “literacy” will never go far。The first record of writing poems and expressing ambitions in "Zuo Zhuan" can illustrate the importance of "literary"。Chong'er originally planned to invite Hu Yan to accompany him to the banquet bet365 sign up bonus code State of Qin，However, Hu Yan refused the matter，Because he knows that his words are not "literary"，Unable to show the charm of poetry at the banquet，So he recommended Zhao Shuai, a man of "literacy"。At the banquet，Chong'er's poem "River Water" expresses his intention of attachment，Qin Mugong understood immediately，Respond with "June"，Hidden intention of supporting Chong'er。Then，Zhao Shui quoted out of context，Wits and vividly gives a new meaning to "Poetry"，Let Chong'er pay his respects to Duke Mu of Qin，Thus gaining his support，In this way, important matters were agreed upon。

The second one is needed for lobbying。Envoys go to other countries to resolve conflicts，We must first safeguard the dignity of our country，Secondly, seek related interests，Show the cultural strength bet365 sign up bonus code country represented。This requires knowledge、Skilled in rhetoric、Excellent courage、A public minister and scholar-bureaucrat who is good at adapting to changes will be in charge。When the messenger talks，Need to use appropriate words，Tactful and elegant words，Most bet365 sign up bonus code chapters and sentences in "Poetry" are "elegant words"，Suitable for poetry。According to the records of "Warring States Policy"，Lord Chun Shen of Chu State is an eloquent person，I heard that Qin wanted to attack Chu，So he went to Qin to lobby King Qin Zhao。In his words, he cited "Poetry·Daya·Dang" and "Yi·Weiji" to explain that Qin would have endless troubles after destroying Chu，Also quoted from "Xiaoya Qiaoyan" to explain if Qin attacked Chu，Korean、Wei and Wei are bound to take advantage bet365 sign up bonus code situation and attack Qin。Chun Shenjun analyzed the pros and cons by quoting out of context，Euphemistically express remonstrance，Finally gave up King Qin Zhao’s idea of ​​attacking Chu。

The third is to write poems and observe aspirations。Reply by quoting "Poetry"，"Observe the will" from the side to identify the characters。For example, the Song Dynasty official Hua Ding did not know poetry，And I can’t write a poem in response，It was predicted by Zhaozi that he would flee。Another example is the poem "Quail's Galloping" written by Bo You, a doctor bet365 sign up bonus code State of Zheng，Deep irony。The last line of Zhao Mengjian’s poem accuses the monarch of lacking in virtue，Thinks that Bo You openly resents the king，And concluded that he will be killed by the monarch soon。Zizhan's poem "Grass and Insects"，There is a line in the poem "My heart will fall"，After hearing this, Zhao Meng thought that Zizhan was in a high position but did not forget to restrain himself，This will last long。

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During the Spring and Autumn Period, people often expressed their feelings，Like to discuss and criticize certain things and people。The kings of all vassal states basically rule the country with etiquette，Customized to regard etiquette as the standard for evaluating things，Once something is appropriate，Everyone will praise you endlessly，Think bet365 sign up bonus code will bring good results。Opposite，If something is not in line with etiquette，Everyone will accuse them，Even hate it、cursing，Thought bet365 sign up bonus code would bring disaster。At that time，Many people like to predict the development of things，Always see signs in things，And based on bet365 sign up bonus code，Determine that it will cause disaster or benefit future generations，And then make comments or criticize the character's behavior。

"Zuo Zhuan" and "Guoyu" contain rich records bet365 sign up bonus code opinions and comments of people at the time。Discussing things、Criticizing characters is to play a certain normative role，And the ancients advocated that words should be based on the foundation，This requires looking for some influential discourse resources。"Poetry", "Book", "Yi" and other classics are the crystallization bet365 sign up bonus code wisdom and experience of our ancestors，So when people are discussing and criticizing，Naturally, I quoted a certain sentence that is more relevant to the person and thing in question，Make the characters more vivid，To enhance persuasiveness。For example，It is recorded in "Zuo Zhuan" that a gentleman commented on Uncle Ying Kao，It quoted the sentence "A filial son is not in need" in "Poetry"。Through the poem quoted, we can see that Uncle Yingkao is not only a pure and filial person，Still a person who can achieve the conduct advocated in "Poetry"，His image has been sublimated from this。The Duke Jin of Jin was disrespectful when he met Duke Cheng of Lu，This triggered discussion by Ji Wenzi，Ji Wenzi believes that Jin Jinggong will definitely have disaster，Also cited verses from "Jingzhi" to confirm his speculation。

In summary，The causes bet365 sign up bonus code pre-Qin Zhongyin culture mainly include four aspects: the style of worshiping the ancients、Political purposes、Diplomatic rhetoric and comments。First，The style of worshiping the ancients affects the words and deeds bet365 sign up bonus code ancestors，The words and deeds bet365 sign up bonus code sages were constantly praised and imitated by them。The beginning bet365 sign up bonus code Zhou Dynasty，The monarch attaches great importance to learning from ancient deeds when governing the country，Each time aids the past to govern the present。Secondly，The diplomatic rhetoric frequently quoted from "Poetry" when communicating and asking questions between vassal states，Or we may express sympathy，Or as needed for lobbying，Or write poems and observe the aspirations。Moreover，The trend of "discussion" was prevalent in the pre-Qin period，Discussions and comments often cite "Poetry", "Book", "Yi" and other ancient documents。From this，Pre-Qin citation culture gradually became popular，A large number of citation phenomena appear in pre-Qin documents。

(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Chinese bet365 sign up bonus code, Beijing Language and bet365 sign up bonus code University)