Zhu Guangqian was influenced by Kant and Crozi in the early stage，Based on the subjective aesthetics，Self -positioning and regulations from self -starting，Promote the freedom of the ability created by the subject，and self -expression -the freedom of realization。Later，Zhu Guangqian gradually shifted from following to doubt about Crozi，In 1947, I wrote "Crozi Philosophy Evaluation"，Criticizing Crozi's "art is intuition" theory ignores the objective communication of art。Deepen with thinking，1948，Zhu Guangqian published the article "Thought is the use of language"，Zhi Chen not only conveys thoughts, but also use language，The inner thought process is also the process of using the language，Thoughts and language occur at the same time。This article may absorb related theories related to Wittgenstein and British daily language philosophy，Further further，Try to turn from the subject's conscious structure and conscious analysis to the language analysis，Display the trend of symbolism of the philosophy of subjective consciousness，It contains language as an intermediary、Language interaction dimension between semantics to the main body of lodging。

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In the "Aesthetic Discussion" in the 1950s and 1960s，Zhu Guangqian was influenced by Marxism，further system breakouts for your subjective aesthetic theory，The exploration of the inter -aesthetic dimension's inter -aesthetic dimension began to move towards social、Historical、The development of the people's direction。The core point of Zhu Guangqian's later aesthetics is "Beauty is the unity of objective and subjective"，Midea is not a subjective feeling of subjective idealism，It is not the objective attributes insisted on the theory of mechanical materialism。Zhu Guangqian'bet365 Play online games s demonstration logic is as follows。

First，Social existence determines social consciousness，The primary basis for aesthetic activities is the objective and natural object of the object itself，It is an indispensable feeling material for aesthetic activities，Is the condition of beauty。

Second，Social consciousness has capable reaction to society，Aesthetic activity requires aesthetic subject to process sensory materials。Although the aesthetic subject maintains energy、Creativity，Not slipped into the objective and absolute mechanical materialism，But it is by no means the subjective absolute main body of Kanto philosophy，Instead, the socialized subject that is shaped by social ideology。Social ideology determines the attitude of individuals to things，shaped the individual's outlook on life and art，and through individual life experience (that is, the real world of individuals), it will happen。So，"'Objects without the subject' and the" subject of no object 'are all contradictory nouns "(Zhu Guangqian's" On the United States "is the unity of objective and subjective")。The processing of the subject is not a mechanical reflection of passive dogma，It is not the wanton expansion and unlimited use of Kant -style priority (that is, the prerequisite subject acts in the congenital category of miscellaneous sensory materials)，but the world、There are others，Therefore, there are also historical social subjects creative activities of sensory materials，The relationship between sensory materials and ideology，The degree of consistent between the two reaches the ideal state。This is a master and guest interaction、Rich and deepen、Patching the continuous process of refining。

third，The artistic works that are generated reflect the reality，also changed the reality; reflected the things of nature，It also reflects the author himself; it is different from natural objects that are different from the bet365 best casino games role of social ideology，It is also very different from the subjective fantasy that does not depend on the things that exists in nature。

fourth，Aesthetic standards are the dialectical unity of differences and universality: aesthetic standards are shaped by social ideology，This aspect is in the same society of the same era，There are general aesthetic standards，transcending the differences of individual aesthetic taste; on the other hand, leading to different society in different times，There are different aesthetic standards，But the historical continuity of human life ensures that it can surpass this difference.，Appreciate art works in different time and air。

　　Social, historical and people's direction

According to Zhu Guangqian's argument，We can capture the basic features of the inter -sexual steering between the subjects of its later aesthetics。

First，Zhu Guangqian set off from Marx's "social" concept，Breaking the imprisonment of Kant's pre -testing，From "Construction" to "Structure"，The global nature of the socialized subject、Openness、Constainively replaced the loneliness of the secondary subject、Internality、Abstract、closedness、Conteristometer，Remove the prior structure of the subjective aesthetics，It is pointed out that the subject is always inlaid to the subject in the specific social and cultural context，The provisions and shape of the social and economic foundation and ideology，That is what Marx said "the sum of social relations"。"Sociality" is the characteristic that the subject cannot peel off，The subject realizes the boundary of freedom，Abandoning the pureness、Metastic、Absolute、The foundation of the foundation。

Second，Zhu Guangqian set off from Marx's "historical" concept，It proposed a historic inter -generation inter -the subject。The inter -subjectivity is not only common，Still durable。The main body is not a non -time existence (ATemporal Existence)，but the crystallization Bet365 lotto review of the historical structure and the product of the historical tradition，The historic and common destiny of life continuity，"The life of each historical stage integrates the life of all historical stages in the past ... there is a continuous life in history" (Zhu Guangqian "On the United States" is the unity of objective and subjective ")。

Therefore，On the one hand，The value of "traditional" is retained，The praise of "Now" and "Future" does not mean that it is completely negative and abandoned for "past"，The true spirit of historical materialism is promoted，The tone of linear historical progress theory is criticized and suppressed。On the other hand，Socialized subjects in different historical eras will not be blocked，The spacing of interpretation across interpretation，Reached mutual understanding between subjects，Super -generation common goals that realize the inheritance of historical tradition and cultural heritage。In the deep historical dialogue of the subjects of different generations of society，Instead of a single subject once and for all, in the decision，The value of historical tradition and cultural heritage will also be inherited in the continuation、Update or even conversion，to avoid falling into the traditional authenticity of the rules and regulations。

third，Zhu Guangqian's "social" concept focuses on the inter -sectarian subject，"Historical" concept focuses on the time of the durable subject，Although the two negate "surreal" (time of time、Super Class、Super Society) abstraction of abstraction，But I did not erase the specific universality that Marx emphasized。From this,，Zhu Guangqian emphasizes the "class" and "party spirit" of the subject will not rule out the "human universality" on the subject.，That is the "people's nature" in Lenin。Because "people's nature" is the constant of human feelings，It is the specific commonality of people for people。In other words，In a socialist society，bet365 Play online games Each subject is recognized as a subject of freedom and equality，The rational rationality and freedom of communication between equal subjects is the necessary condition for condensing consensus to the greatest extent，This is exactly the fundamental manifestation of "people's nature"。"People" is not a compulsory、Abstract、Eliminating his universal，but a generality of respect and integration of specificity。

This concept of Zhu Guangqian helps to highlight the universal concept of Marxism。Continue to move forward in the new direction of Zhu Guangqian，will overcome the relativeist obsession of modern identity politics (that is, it is impossible for subjects with different identities to be unable to feel common) and sectarian divisions understand)。Socialism between the subjects of freedom and equality、Historically specific dialogue，Avoid this or one or other exclusive consciousness and the level of level of high level，Breaking the boundary between the position and the blind area of ​​the vision，Internal connection of the difference，Dialectical and different perspective，Gradually generate universal consensus，In the infinitely open dialogue towards the future，Communication through free、Equality Contention and Rawnal Research，Continuous dynamic adjustment and deepening of consensus，To construct a rational、Organic、Equality、Freedom、Unity、Friendship、Open human community。Under the specific universal support and tolerance of Marxism，The specific differences between the subjects of freedom and equality will not hinder the realization of the ideal of the community，It will not fall into the split of relativity、The isolation of the single theory and the conflict between the conflict in the state of the single theory，Instead, it will be in the interaction between subjects，Rich community to the greatest extent。This is the in -depth understanding and flexible application of Bet365 app download Zhu Guangqian's dialectics，that is differentiality and the same nature、Special and universal dialectics，And this generation movement needs to be rational between the subject of language as an intermediary、Equality、Reached in free communication。

fourth，For Zhu Guangqian，Socialism between the interaction between subjects、Historical、The principle of people's nature must be implemented in actual specific aesthetic activities，The meaning of "literary and art obedience to politics" is here。This proposition is not to reduce literature into a tool for political propaganda，but fundamentally emphasized that artists must get out of non -social、Non -historic single private life，Remove the state of isolation insulation，Abandoning the aesthetic self -discipline under the name of "art for art" and adopt indifference to the plural social life、Scite、Attitude excluded。At the same time，must adhere to "people's nature"，The only one who refuses to talk to the self -speaking monologue and the genius consciousness of the preferred person，Acknowledge the equal status of the people，Deliven to equal communication with the public。

Socialist along the society、Historical、People's logic，"Volkswagen" must also be the masses in all history and society，This communication must be a dialogue between the main body of symbols -language as an intermediary，Not only the memory and response to the past people，It is also the listening and conversation of the current public，Still hope and call for the future of the public。The artist also conducts continuous self -renewal and conversion，and from this in society、Historical、The life of the people's level continues and expands the life of art。So，Only free and equal exchanges based on subjects，Definition of beauty、The general consensus of the art of art and the general consensus of aesthetic standards can be established，and will be continuously updated in continuous Bet365 app download dialogue、Correction and deepening。

To sum up，Zhu Guangqian's aesthetics experienced the position change in the previous period。With Marxist theoretical resources，Zhu Guangqian broke free of the previous main aesthetic framework，Exploring the subjective dimension of the subject in different aspects，Most of the development of modern Chinese aesthetics。

(Author Unit: College of Literature of the University of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Department of Chinese Department of Xiamen University)