From Zhang Qian’s Passage to the Western Regions,Since the establishment of the four counties of Hexi in the middle and late Western bet365 offers Dynasty,Dunhuang becomes an important hub on the Silk Road。Dunhuang was part of the bet365 offers Dynasty territory,Closely related to bet365 offers Dynasty literature,Investigating the relationship between bet365 offers Dynasty literature and Dunhuang,It is not only helpful for the overall understanding of bet365 offers Dynasty literature,It also helps to expand the horizons of research on the history and culture of Dunhuang in the bet365 offers Dynasty。bet365 offers Fu is "the literature of a generation",Closer relationship with Dunhuang。
The spread of bet365 offers Fu in Dunhuang
The spread of bet365 offers Fu in Dunhuang,Reflected in two aspects: oral communication and document communication。Limited by lack of materials,The situation of oral transmission is no longer testable,However, the bet365 offers bamboo slips produced in Dunhuang contain residual Fu compositions,Filling the gap in document dissemination。A large number of bet365 offers bamboo slips unearthed in Dunhuang area,There are more than 23,000 Chinese bamboo slips in Xuanquan alone。Excluding the controversial fragments of bet365 offers Fu,There are not many works recognized as bet365 offers Fu among the bet365 offers bamboo slips,However, its composition type still reflects several of the most important styles of bet365 offers Fu。
(1) Sao Ti Fu。Early 20th century,In the Chinese bamboo slips that Stein obtained from the bet365 offers Dynasty beacon tower in Dunhuang,There is a bamboo slip included in "Dunhuang bet365 offers Bamboo Bamboo Slips" published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1991,Number 2253:
The sun is not visible and there are many dark clouds,The moon is invisible and the wind is not (flying) sand。From the water of Mengmeng to Cheng (Cheng) river,State (zhou) flow pours into the air and turns into waves。I forgot to add them up when the pillars were turned upside down,Pengchi, a narrow (narrow) alley in Tianmen。What is the above without cause,Xingzhang Jiaohai (teaching) Xicheng is sad。
Zhang Feng titled this article "Wind and Rain Poems" in "Collection of Wooden Slips in the Western Frontier of bet365 offers and Jin Dynasties"。From the perspective of the four "xi" of stylistic characteristics,This article should belong to Sao Ti Fu,The sentence pattern without "xi" may be missed by the copyist,It may also be a manifestation of the change of literary style from Sao style to poetic style。Sao Ti Fu focuses on the expression of personal emotions,His writing was obviously influenced by Qu Sao,“It’s so”, “It’s really sad” and “The road is long and long” of “no reason”,I will search from top to bottom" with the same emotional and logical path。
(2) Popular Fu。The bet365 offers Dynasty folk poems discovered in Dunhuang are mainly story-type folk poems,Represented by the "Tian Zhang Slips" named by Zhang Feng in the "Compilation of Wooden Slips in the Western Borders of bet365 offers and Jin Dynasties" and the "bet365 offers Peng Story Slips" discovered in 1979 at the bet365 offers Dynasty beacon tower in Maquan Bay, Dunhuang。"Dunhuang bet365 offers Bamboo Slips" contains both,And number them as Simplified Chinese No. 496 and Simplified Chinese No. 2289,The punctuation points of Qiu Xigui’s interpretation are:
"...as a gentleman?"Tian Zhang replied: "I heard this: The sky is nineteen thousand miles high,The vastness of the earth is also equal to it。Fengfagui (River) Valley,Rain starts over the river,Shock..."
Book,He called Qianshui (bet365 offers Peng) to ask。Qian Suo (bet365 offers Peng) said to him: "I will take my wife for two days and three nights,I left and didn’t come back for three years,Women”
Both of these two bet365 offers bamboo slips adopt the method of storytelling and the dialogue form of "narrating the guest with the first quotation",The language is easy to read,Consistent with the characteristics of early folk stories。And the way the two tell stories is related to Xunzi's "Fu Pian",The dialogue form is consistent with Qu Yuan's "Divination" and "The Fisherman",It also echoes the structural characteristics of the bet365 offers Dynasty San Fu。
(3) Santi Fu。The "Yumen Pass bet365 offers Bamboo Bamboo Slips" published in 2019 is a comparison of the scattered collected bamboo slips included in the "Scattered Slips and Slips Collection" published in 1990,Infrared scan and reinterpretation。Among them,The number collected at Dunhuang Butter Mound is 1409A、1410A、The three Chinese bamboo slips of 1411A (the author’s notes and punctuation) are close to Sanfu:
"...Yu Lan,Mo Lewen,Don’t be sad about the cold。"Zhongzi said to him: "The text (the text: "Collection" is interpreted as 'branch' correctly) Mo Yuyu, Worry (case: should be interpreted as "stinky") Mo Xiangyu..."
……person,帣甲来兵,The two armies are equal,Looking at each other in two issues,Drum never before,There is no way to do this,Dahyun...
,Gong Wuqi (Case: "Collection" is also wrong to interpret it as "ghost",Should be interpreted as "soul")□,Forget about everything,Expiration month□Sui□□□□□
On the back of these three bet365 offers bamboo slips are written "third", "seventh" and "seventeenth" respectively,should belong to the same text。According to the characteristics of these three bet365 offers bamboo slips,It can be speculated that the copy number of the entire work is at least 17,Word count should exceed 400。The creation of these works is obviously related to "Shangbo Slips "Lan Fu"",Rudu’s description of “Lan”’s living environment and quality,"Mo Lewen,Don’t be sad in the cold" and "Hidden position,Comparatively high”、"The two armies are equal" and "Prepare to repair the common people's precepts"、There may be a connection between "Heaven's failure and Earth's failure" and "Heaven's way is beyond its reach"。
These works conform to the characteristics of Sanfu。From the perspective of ideological content,The remaining text discusses "Lan"'s attitude towards the living environment,As in "Mo Yue Wen",Don’t be sad about the cold”;Describes war scenes,As in "The two armies are equal,Looking at each other”;Exploring the relationship between heaven and man,Involving words such as "Heaven takes its place", "Bow", "Po", etc.。From the perspective of art form,The structure of the work is grand,Use dialogue body,Mainly four-character sentences,combination of rhymes and rhymes,ostentatious。Compared with "Shangbo Slips "Lan Fu"",The "Lan Fu" on the Dunhuang bet365 offers bamboo slips is larger,More content;The style of poetry changes from poetry to prose,His creation may have been before the bet365 offers Dynasty's San Fu was finalized。As circumstantial evidence, the characters on the three bamboo slips have obvious Li-zhuan style。
The reason why the above bet365 offers Fu is considered to be only a Fu that was circulated in Dunhuang,The main reason is that these poems do not reflect the geographical and humanistic situation of Dunhuang,Place names involved、The origin of the story has nothing to do with Dunhuang。In addition,Dunhuang entered the territory of the bet365 offers Dynasty relatively late,The spread and creation of bet365 offers Fu lags behind that of the Central Plains。
There is a spread of bet365 offers Fu,There is consumption of bet365 offers Fu in Dunhuang。"Poetry Slips on Wind and Rain" is from Stein's third inspection trip to Central Asia,Obtained from the ash pile on the southwest side of the beacon tower in the northern pier of the Butter Tube on the shore of Haranur Lake in Dunhuang,Scott numbered it T.22d021 (Gansu Provincial Institute of Archeology No. 38 Beacon),Now in the British Library, London,About 500 meters away from the butter mound where "Lan Fu" was unearthed。The butter mound site of "Lan Fu" (Feng Sui No. 37 of the Gansu Provincial Institute of Archeology) and the Maquanwan site of "bet365 offers Peng Fu" (No. D21 of the Gansu Provincial Institute of Archaeology,It is speculated that it should be the place where the central captain of the army is waiting at Pingwang and the captain of Yumen is waiting at Yumenguan。The establishment of waiting officers is the core part of the grassroots document administration of frontier fortresses in the bet365 offers Dynasty,His civil servants have a history、Ling Shi and others。The compiler or creator of these documents may be the consumers of Dunhuang Fu: in the desolate and lonely frontier,The clerk has finished handling the daily cumbersome paperwork,Read the bet365 offers Fu circulated in Dunhuang,And then kill time guarding the border。
The influence of Dunhuang on bet365 offers Fu
The influence of Dunhuang on the creation of bet365 offers Fu is mainly reflected in two aspects: the influence on mainland Fu writers and the emergence of Dunhuang Fu writers。
(1) Expanding the horizons of bet365 offers Fu writers。The word "Dunhuang" began to enter bet365 offers Fu works,For example, Du Du's "Lundu Fu" of the Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty: "Four counties were established at the beginning,Secure Dunhuang。annexed country,One county leads the party。Waiting for the North,Construct and protect Xiqiang。”Dunhuang place names such as “Three Risks” were also included in bet365 offers Dynasty poems,Such as "The diameter reaches three dangers", "Wandering in the moonlight and three dangers", etc.。The image of Dunhuang frontier fortress began to be described in various descriptions、Appears in performative Fu。Importants from the Silk Road began to appear in bet365 offers Fu works,Rupu Tao (Grape)、Liuluo (Pomegranate)、Pepper、Dawan Horse、Great bird (ostrich or peacock)、Rhino、Suan (lion), etc.,This is also closely related to Dunhuang as the hub of the Silk Road。
(2) The emergence of Dunhuang poetry writers。The most direct influence on the spread of bet365 offers Fu in Dunhuang in the middle and late Western bet365 offers Dynasty and the Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty may be the birth of two Fu writers from Dunhuang。One is Zhang Huan,A native of Yuanquan County, Dunhuang County, Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty,Famous Anti-Qiang General,In his later years, he wrote "The Difficulty of Secretary Shang" with more than 300,000 words。Fragment of his "Fu Tu Fu": "Green House and Green Belt,Purple decoration and red dressing。Yellow snail comes out,Cui Rui San Shu。Tassel with gold teeth,Point with Suzhu。"This lyrical poem is similar to Qu Yuan's poetic poem "Ode to Orange",Chanting things and expressing aspirations。One is Hou Jin,A native of Dunhuang County in the Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty,Author of "On Correction of the World", "Ying Bin Difficulty", "Biography of Emperor De", etc.。There are still fragments of "Zheng Fu": "Things conform to the laws and regulations",Yinye is the same as Gongshang。Zhu Xian is subtle but generous,Sad and sad。”This poem is a lyrical poem that expresses one’s ambitions,Similar to Zhang Huan’s "Fu Tu Fu"。
Diversification of Dunhuang and bet365 offers Fu types
Judging from the few poems unearthed from the bet365 offers Dynasty,The bet365 offers Fu spread and created in Dunhuang embodies the characteristics that are different from the bet365 offers Fu in other regions。The folk poems circulated in Dunhuang are mainly based on historical stories,Such as "Tian Zhang Jian" and "bet365 offers Peng Story Jian",It is different from the folk poem "Shenwu Fu" with animal themes unearthed from Yinwan, Lianyungang, Jiangsu,It is also different from the Beida bet365 offers simple poem "Wang Ji" which may have the characteristics of Chu region and takes family life as the theme。The prose poems circulated in Dunhuang use plants as their themes,Such as "Lan Fu Jian",It is different from the "seven-body" characteristics of Beida bet365 offers's simplified prose "Anti-Prostitution"。The bet365 offers Fu circulated in Dunhuang is also different from the ancient pre-Qin Fu found in the Yinqueshan bet365 offers Tomb and Fuyang bet365 offers Tomb。The reason why bet365 offers Fu spread and created in Dunhuang has characteristics that are different from those in other regions,The reason may be related to the identity and cultural quality of Dunhuang border guards。
The bet365 offers Fu spread and created in Dunhuang not only reflects the diversity of bet365 offers Fu types,It also shows the historical process of the development and evolution of bet365 offers Fu。The development and evolution of bet365 offers Fu in the bet365 offers Dynasty mainly includes Sao style Fu in the early Western bet365 offers Dynasty、San-style Fu in the middle and late Western bet365 offers Dynasty and the early Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty、Lyric poems and other types in the middle and late Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty。Fussies circulated and created in Dunhuang,Basically conform to the three major types of development and evolution of bet365 offers Fu。Characteristics of "Wind and Rain Poems" in the Sao Style of the Early bet365 offers Dynasty;The butter soil and Maquanwan collection slips are both dated before the Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty,Mainly the Zhaoxuan era,The stories and poems of "bet365 offers Peng" and "Tian Zhang"、The Sanfu of "Lan Fu",Related to the Western bet365 offers Dynasty Hongwen Prose Fu;The spread and consumption of Fu in Dunhuang,Eventually a Dunhuang-born writer of bet365 offers Fu was born,Their creations reflect the characteristics of lyrical poetry in the late Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty。
Staged type characteristics displayed in the creation of bet365 offers Fu,Reflects the literati’s transition from independence to dependence on politics in the bet365 offers Dynasty,The transformation process to independence,It also reflects the development and evolution of the political culture of the bet365 offers Dynasty。Liu Xie pointed out in "The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons·Chronology": "Literary changes infect the world's sentiments,The rise and fall depends on the timing。"The style of Sao in the early bet365 offers Dynasty is based on the subjugation of Sao,Mainly an expression of personal sorrows;The San-style Fu reflects the bet365 offers Empire's access to the Western Regions、The spirit of resisting the barbarians and expanding the territory and the rule of Mingzhang in the early Eastern bet365 offers Dynasty,Yidiguojingye、Modifying Hongye is a creative feature;Transformed from the creation of large-scale prose poems with grand narrative themes to the creation of personal lyrical poems that use objects to express aspirations,represents the end of the bet365 offers Empire,This was the beginning of the creation of parallel poems in the Six Dynasties。
Although Dunhuang is a border county,However, the spread and creation of bet365 offers Fu in Dunhuang can still show the development of Fu literature in the bet365 offers Dynasty,Therefore, bet365 offers Fu is an integral part of the literary and geographical puzzle of the bet365 offers Dynasty。Ban Gu's "Preface to the Fu of Liangdu" says: "It may be used to express emotions and become an allegory,Or show loyalty and filial piety,Graceful praise,Written by heirs,Suppression is also elegance and elegance is the beauty of praise。”bet365 offers Fu not only played an important role as an integral part of the culture of the bet365 offers Dynasty,Also part of Chinese traditional culture,For enhancing the cultural identity of the Chinese nation、Strengthening cultural self-confidence has important practical significance。
(This article is a phased result of the Gansu Provincial Philosophy and Social Sciences Planning General Project "Research on the Number System of Chu Bamboo Number Gua and Fangmatan Qin Bamboo Rishu" (2022YB099)
(Author’s unit: College of Liberal Arts, Lanzhou Jiaotong University)
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