bet365 offer (1877-1927)，Zi Jing’an，No. Guantang，Also known as Yongguan，People from Haining, Zhejiang，Is a world-renowned academic master，Outstanding attainments in literature, history, philosophy and other disciplines。Some scholars once talked about bet365 offer’s scholarship，I feel that bet365 offer has only worked hard for twenty years，However, "the shot will be high"，Can have a foundational impact in many fields it is involved in。But the key to the problem is，Why is bet365 offer able to "get high with just one shot"？The answer may be that he was "born for learning，In the life of "learning not for living": the origin of knowledge is the great doubt of life，To solve big questions and comfort life with academic knowledge，In turn, it also made his life successful。With the Revolution of 1911 as the boundary，bet365 offer’s scholarship can be divided into two major periods，Engaged in literature and philosophy in the previous period，Engaged in the study of classics and history in the latter period。From his academic and life，Answers to the above questions can be found。

　　Responding to the difficulties of the times and life with bet365 offer

Summer 1901，Wu Guowei, who returned from Tokyo, Japan, entered his "Era of Independent Study"。Due to physical weakness，Melancholic temperament，Suffering from life problems，He decided to devote himself to the study of philosophy。Wu Guowei thought，Philosophy can satisfy people’s deep metaphysical needs。Academic disputes are about right and wrong and authenticity，No longer useful or useless。Philosophy aims to pursue eternal and universal truth，This is why philosophy is sacred and noble。Wu Guowei insists on the transcendence of philosophy and its truth，Emphasize that learning is neither new nor old、No Chinese and Western、Useless, useless。In the great era of academic encounter between China and the West，He thinks，"中、西二学，Prosperity leads to prosperity，If it declines, we will all decline，The trend has begun，Promote each other。Living in today’s world，Talk about today’s learning，There has never been a person who failed to thrive in Western learning but thrived in Chinese learning，There is no one who can thrive when Chinese learning fails to flourish”。and，Wu Guowei thought，Philosophy is indispensable in university curriculum，A country’s culture cannot be without philosophy。If the country and society cannot respect its value，The country is endangered if affected。Reviving the country must also start with revitalizing academics (especially philosophy and literature)。bet365 offer "self-motivated in Western learning"，Shows the feeling of "worry about the world"。

In "Commentary on A Dream of Red Mansions" (1904)，bet365 offer directly raised the ultimate question of the meaning of life。He thought，German poet Berger (G. A. Büger) "The Philosopher Who Will Speak，The reason behind the imperial edict。Since when，Where does it come from?，It’s “Everyone’s Problem”，It is also a "big problem that everyone has not solved"。The greatness of "Dream of Red Mansions" lies in，“A non-believer raised this question，The one who solves it”。Dialogue between Baoyu and the monk in "A Dream of Red Mansions"，There is a place where you come from，Go somewhere” words，This is the answer to this question in "A Dream of Red Mansions" as seen by bet365 offer。"The book "A Dream of Red Mansions"，Revealing that this life and pain are self-created，It also shows that the way to liberation must be sought by oneself。""Commentary on a Dream of Red Mansions" is based on Schopenhauer's philosophy，Thinking that the essence of life always lies in desire，Desire and Life、The Holy Trinity of Pain；And art makes people transcend interests、Forget about things and myself and enter into pure knowledge，To achieve liberation；The pain in life is self-inflicted，Relief lies in seeking oneself，The way exists in the world。"A Dream of Red Mansions" is "the tragedy of tragedies"，The ultimate goal in art and the ultimate goal in ethics are combined into one。This is the answer bet365 offer saw to the ultimate question of the meaning of life in "A Dream of Red Mansions"。This answer is based on the framework of Schopenhauer’s philosophy，But at the same time, I also have profound doubts。Schopenhauer’s philosophy is regarded by bet365 offer as an aesthetics aimed at subjective liberation，Aesthetic pursuit of “being out of the world”，Ethics pursues “joining the world”，It is difficult to coordinate the two，The inherent contradictions that constitute Schopenhauer’s philosophy。bet365 offer realizes，“Beauty is also good for us，Only temporary relief，Not eternal relief”。So the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche，Although it corresponds to bet365 offer’s melancholy character，But it cannot satisfy bet365 offer’s need for lasting emotional settlement，It is even more incomprehensible to the increasingly profound social, political and cultural crises of its era。

Relative to Schopenhauer’s split between people and learning，bet365 offer saw the possibility of unification in Kant。Wu Guowei thinks，If Kant’s philosophy is the sea，Then other later philosophies are rivers；If Kant’s philosophy is the root，Others are branches and leaves。In the "Biography of the German Philosopher Khande" published in 1906，bet365 offer described Kant’s life and conduct in detail。Kant’s lifestyle had a great influence on bet365 offer。1906，When bet365 offer was working as a translator in the Compilation and Library Bureau of Beijing University，His life is quite like Kant。After entering the Compilation and Compilation Bureau every day, I stay in the same seat，Hardly leaving，The total words spoken in the three years in the Bureau are less than a hundred sentences，When others are talking eloquently，He sat silently，It can be described as dumbfounded，Speak without hesitation，Don’t do anything rashly。Kant’s influence，Not only enters his heart，And can be embodied in the body。We have been together for decades，Zhang Ertian has never seen bet365 offer Zangfou，“The learning of Jing’an is not unique for three hundred years，Even if he is not a recent person”。From beginning to end，bet365 offer has always maintained his status as a scholar，Zi Yun: "For the rest of my life, I will only be with books，So the one I love the most but the hardest to let go，This is the only one。”He is a simple man，Contacted a lot with Luo Zhenyu，"Although there are other things，In terms of knowledge, about half of them，China may not have a second person”。bet365 offer is the kind of person who is "born for learning，Portrait of someone who “learns not for living”。

bet365 offer thinks，Freedom of the will constitutes the fundamental concern of Kant’s philosophy。He analyzes the relationship between Kant’s moral and religious doctrines，And summarize the related thoughts as "Religion and Morality"，Based religion on morality，Point out that “true religion must be united with morality”。Reflecting on Chinese philosophy，bet365 offer wrote "Original Fate" (1906)，To digest Kant’s third set of antinomies，That is, the contradiction between freedom and natural necessity。bet365 offer also incorporates human motivation into the causal relationship，Thus questioning the freedom of will，Propose the concept of "responsibility，Has its own real value，There is no need to rely on the theory of free will as a wing”，The core lies in the impact of education and society，And psychological power, etc. are incorporated into the structure of the concept of responsibility。The major issue of epochal significance of being born out of the world (liberation) and joining the world (jingshi) still surrounds bet365 offer，To explore the origin of responsibility only from the perspective of the subject's will rather than the world，Of course it cannot satisfy him。"Original Ming" summarizes the mainstream tradition of Chinese philosophy: it neither adheres to Determinism，Nor does it advocate freedom of will，Therefore, the unresolved conflict between determinism and free will theory in Western philosophy，Also avoided。By understanding Kant’s “limitations”，Chinese philosophy can be taken seriously。

　Facing the dilemma of bet365 offer and credibility

bet365 offer, who is self-motivated in Western philosophy，The result of the up-and-down exploration is to integrate one’s own personal spiritual liberation with the economical requirements of the times，From this comes the great meaning of "human world"。“Human World” represents the conclusion of bet365 offer’s philosophical exploration，This conclusion was finally reached in the re-understanding of Confucius。Perfect Man，Not attached to one’s own liberation，But unfold liberation "between" people，We stand side by side，Jida Master，This is the fundamental meaning of being born in the "human world"。Those who are addicted to utilitarianism and cannot extricate themselves are people in the "human world"，Same，Those who seek freedom from utilitarianism and desire are also people in the "human world"。"The world" is between people，“Between” constitutes the starting point for people to understand and describe their own position: managing the world for practical purposes is nothing more than entering the “human world”，And liberation is just beyond the "human world"，However, regardless of birth and entry into the world，“The human world” constitutes its real foundation。Therefore, the word "human world" can be described as the destination that bet365 offer reached from the time he started to study Western learning in 1902 to the end of his Western study exploration。bet365 offer began to use "human world" extensively and deliberately in 1906。"Human Ci Draft A", "Human Ci Draft B", "Human Ci Hua", etc.，All named after "human world"。bet365 offer himself even uses the nickname "Human World"，Wu Changshou called bet365 offer "Mr. Human" in his letter to bet365 offer，Members of Luo Zhenyu’s family often call bet365 offer “human being”。The word "human world" reflects bet365 offer's understanding of the ultimate meaning of life that has long troubled him。Exactly the understanding of this，It bid farewell to the period of philosophical inquiry in his life，Turn to literature。

July 1907，bet365 offer reveals his mood of "being tired of philosophy"。At bet365 offer，Philosophy cannot resolve the contradiction between cuteness and credibility。The Metaphysics of Greatness、Strict ethics and pure aesthetics can correspond to Kant’s three major criticisms，But in the end, it’s cute but not trustworthy。The positivist trend in philosophy makes systematic philosophy almost impossible，The subsequent philosophers are credible but no longer cute。When philosophy is no longer obsessed with the construction of systems，Self-seeking is based on experience，When it becomes a synthesis and revision of experience and thus becomes credible，It will lose its cute nature。The greatness bet365 offer longs for、solemn、Pure philosophy also fades。In this case，Become a "philosopher，Zhishi Philosophy Historian Er”。For bet365 offer，Pure philosophy enables people to transcend utility、Forget about me，It has the meaning of spiritual liberation，But I want to build my own philosophical system，One thing that cannot be done by oneself，Two things are not allowed by the current situation，And he is not satisfied with his identity as a historian of philosophy。

In terms of current situation，On the one hand，Philosophy’s own trends，Already more believable than cute，The current trend in philosophy often falls into the secondary meaning of not pursuing purity；On the other hand，Pure philosophy for the national character that is practical but not speculative，There are differences in the historical tradition of using academics as a tool for health and well-being，Therefore, it is difficult to complement the "world" (of China at that time)，Even philosophy is not as direct as art and religion。So in terms of "self"，Establish a purely self-created philosophical system，It was extremely difficult for bet365 offer at that time。Therefore，The great scholarship he pursues without any support，We must transcend philosophy and search again in the big family of humanities。In terms of "the world"，Pure philosophy was not conducive to the liberation of the Chinese people at that time，I don’t want to。Therefore，After two-phase weighing，He had to seek a new academic direction。

Focusing on the "human world"，The significance of art and religion is emphasized。Personally，The non-utilitarian nature of art that transcends interests and provides spiritual comfort；As far as customs are concerned，Art is the same as religion，Transfer of customs by affecting people's emotions。Emotional illnesses such as spiritual emptiness and pain，It cannot be cured by dry science and serious morality。Emotional diseases can only be cured by emotions，The method is to give people something to focus on during their free time，Then you can take care of yourself，Engraving、Painting、Music、Literature, etc.，These are all what bet365 offer calls the “consolation of art” in a broad sense。What’s more important，Literature and art are not troubled by the contradiction between credibility and cuteness。

　　Comprehension of the meaning of "human bet365 offer"

bet365 offer’s so-called “turn” from philosophy to literature，It is the continuation of exploring the meaning of "human world"。“人间” means “between” people，The "world" is composed of the relationships between people，Horizontally there are individuals, family, country and society，Vertically, there is history and future。bet365 offer’s understanding of literature，Also focusing on the "human world"。“Poetry is the Tao，It’s all about describing life，The born person，A non-isolated life，In the family、Life in the country and society。”Therefore, human beings are the beings in the “human world”，We can’t help but “worry about life” and “worry about the world”，As Peng Yuping said，"In comparison，Worstness focuses on worries about individuals - especially the fate of scholar-bureaucrats，Because of his broad vision and deep emotion，Concerns about the world focus on the country、Worry about the fate of society”；And "worrying about life also means worrying about the world"，“Worrying about the world should also mean worrying about life”。Liu Xizai's "Art Summary" says: "The changes in "Daya"，Concerned about the world；Changes in "Xiaoya"，The meaning of worrying about life。"Worrying about life and the world is the tradition of "Poetry"。The ancient scholars and gentlemen had to live in the tension between "life" and "life"，However, we must seek relief from it，That is, transcending attachment to worldly affairs。

bet365 offer divided Chinese literature into two schools，That is, the northern faction and the southern faction，The former aristocratic faction，The latter civilian faction；The former WTO sect，The latter’s reclusive sect；The former hot sex faction，The latter is a cold-hearted person；The former national faction，The latter individual faction。"The Northern ideal，Place it in the society of that day；The Southern Ideal，The tree was outside the society of that day。”In bet365 offer’s view，Great literature and poetry must come from the Huitong two schools。Qu Yuan’s significance to bet365 offer is，He answered the meaning of "human world" from the perspective of literature (a great poet)，About to retire、Detached escape and worry about life、Worry about the world and worldliness are deeply combined，Thus forming his honest character，Both transcending the “human world” without abandoning the “human world”。Compare this with the "big doubt" of relief in the "Commentary on a Dream of Red Mansions"，The difference is that the "human world" forms the basis for transcendent liberation，Rebirth is a way of affirming the "human world" (life and the world)。

This meaning of "human world" is clearly expressed in "Human Words"。No. 60 of "Human Words" says: "The poet's view of the universe and life，Must enter it，It must be unexpected。Enter it，So I can write it。Unexpected，So we can observe it。Enter it，Therefore there is life。Unexpected，Therefore, there is Gaozhi。Meicheng can enter but cannot exit。Since White Rock，I have never dreamed of either of these things。”This is undoubtedly bet365 offer’s profound experience of the righteousness of “the world”。Those who enter it，I can’t help but love my life，Treasure the world，Do your duty，His life in this world is a gesture of his whole life，Sharing the sorrows of the living people，Rise and fall with the fate of the country，Death with Sven，I miss you so much，No escape，Thus, life will never end，Isolated from the world；But someone who is beyond the ordinary，The so-called "trying to reach the peak to see the bright moon"，I open my eyes to the mortal world”。Mountains and rivers seen in the sky、The world seen in the Dharmakaya，It means "out of the ordinary"。The so-called transcendence，Also cherish me，It is the "state of no self"。Poets on things，“What he writes is what he sees，What he sees is what he stores”，And the human being itself is a worldly thing that "enters into it"，Once you reach the point where "things and I are inseparable and Taoism and art are one"，Being in harmony with Heaven and Pluto without knowing why”，It’s “out of the ordinary”。Let what is outside come inside，There is a high state；Those who are outside but cannot enter inside，It’s not true that it’s beyond imagination。This is why personal relief and relief from worries must be integrated，“Being born” is not the way to stay away from the “human world”，It is a way of caring for the "human world" in a higher dimension of time and space。Skyi gained the great righteousness of "human being" for bet365 offer。Comparatively speaking，Schopenhauer and Kant's pure philosophy focuses on "not being realistic" and striving to be "outside of the ordinary"，Literature enters people’s hearts through feelings，So it can penetrate deeply into people’s temperament and worldly sentiments，So it can be said to be "entering it"。

Going in and out of Western learning，Detour to Kant，For bet365 offer, who is in the "human world" of China, it can be said to be "out of the ordinary"。Re-enter the historical and cultural world of China with a new perspective，It is "entering into it" at a new level。So，The academic and life of bet365 offer in his late period begins: turning to the study of Chinese classics and history，Even turned to opera, which was regarded as a "little path" by scholar-bureaucrats but had a folk foundation，This is its "entering into" the Chinese society and historical and cultural world。

The trend of doubting the past is booming、In the atmosphere of the times when the narrative of the three generations is questioned，Wu Guowei turned to the study of classics and history，Double evidence method using paper materials and underground new materials to corroborate each other，Basically confirmed the lineage of the Yin king written by Sima Qian，Confirmed the reliability of Yin and Shang history。He loves the three generations of etiquette，With the mentality of survival，Written "On the System of Yin and Zhou Dynasties"，And considers this article to be the "big text" of classics and history。At bet365 offer，The most worrying thing is the fate of Chinese culture formed in history。In the context of the great uncertainty that the First World War brought to the world and mankind，In the ideological situation of "the Tao comes out of two" brought about by the academic encounter between China and the West，bet365 offer rethinks the future significance of Chinese civilization through "On Political Studies"，The beginning of reconstructing Chinese civilization through "The Theory of Yin and Zhou Institutions"。He will bring about the changes during the Yin and Zhou dynasties，Regarded as the old system is abolished and the new system is emerging、Old culture is abandoned and new culture is emerging，And summarized the essence of the creation of the Zhou people's system as "taking the superior and the inferior into morality，Hehetianzi、Princes、Qing、Doctor、Science、Common people form a moral group"，To achieve a world picture of “One World, One Family”，This insight is full of understanding of the essence of Chinese civilization。At the same time，bet365 offer reviewed Zhou Li with extreme rationality and ruthlessness，Discovered that the system of concubines formed the institutional basis for all the creations of Duke Zhou，For the kiss inherent in Zhou rites、The principle of respect has a very profound elucidation，A more nuanced understanding of the tension between virtue and etiquette inherent in it。He has a deep understanding of Chinese and Western education，With an “outside the ordinary” perspective，Deep into the Yin and Zhou time and space of Chinese civilization，Gives inspiration and direction for its reconstruction。

　(The author bet365 offer deputy dean of Ma Yifu College of Zhejiang University、Professor)