December 2020，The Dutch journal "Information Polity" has launched a special issue "Algorithmic bet365 score in Government: Towards a Multi-Level Perspective"。Six of the papers analyze the challenges experienced by different levels of government in using algorithms to make decisions，Aims to help people better understand, at a conceptual and empirical level, how algorithms are used in government decision-making。

　Some bet365 score systems are biased

According to special issue guest editor、Introduced by Sarah Giest, assistant professor at the School of Public Administration, Leiden University, the Netherlands, and Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen, associate professor at the School of Governance, Utrecht University, the Netherlands，Previous research shows，Machine learning technology and bet365 score are expected to improve the fairness of government services、Validity，"Free" decision-making from human subjectivity。Today，bet365 score in medical care、The increasing popularity of justice and many other public services。For example，In the judicial system，bet365 score are more accurate in predicting the probability of criminals re-offending than human judges。

But，Algorithm-based decisions or recommendations may also have a disproportionate negative impact on vulnerable groups。For example，Some local governments in the Netherlands have introduced a system，Use algorithms to screen people who may commit social welfare fraud。The application of this system has been opposed by some people，And was determined to be “discriminatory” and “opaque” by a Dutch court in 2020，Because vulnerable groups are often predicted to be perpetrators suspected of fraud。A big problem behind this bias phenomenon is the lack of bet365 score in the algorithm。actually，Algorithms used in government decision-making are mostly developed by commercial organizations，These algorithms are considered intellectual property，Will not be disclosed to the public。It is risky for governments to make decisions based on opaque algorithms，Because biased decision-making will erode people’s trust in the government。Gest talks about，Criticism of government’s algorithmic decision-making as opaque grows rapidly，It is not enough to reveal the technical details of an algorithm，It is also necessary to examine the system of algorithm operation、Organization、Personal background，This is how we can truly ensure government bet365 score、Use algorithms responsibly。

　bet365 score reaches all levels of government

　Graemerick Wyson，bet365 score challenges in the use of algorithms cut across different levels of government。Legislative bodies can establish algorithmic bet365 score mechanisms，Administrative agencies can issue new policies on the use of algorithms，Government workers can have their own knowledge and skill base，All these layers interact and influence algorithmic bet365 score within public institutions。bet365 score challenges can also take different forms，Technical Tools、Regulatory Guidelines、Institutional policies can increase bet365 score，Can also limit bet365 score。The articles included in the special issue are in macro (macro-)、meso-)、bet365 score challenges explored at three micro-levels。Macro level describes phenomena from an institutional perspective: national system、Laws and Regulations、What role does culture play in algorithmic decision-making？Intermediate level focus on agencies and teams: How government agencies generally address algorithmic bet365 score issues？What institutional and team strategies have been developed？Focus on faith at the micro level、Motive、Interaction、Personal attributes such as behavior，For example，How community workers use algorithms？Would transparent algorithms allow them to make different or better decisions？

At the macro level，Pertti Ahonen and Tero Erkkil, professors of political science at the University of Helsinki, Finland?face-to-face) examines the conflicting ideas and conceptual shifts related to bet365 score in government algorithmic decision-making。By analyzing national and international official documents，Conduct semi-structured expert interviews，They found that EU and Finnish laws and regulations are intertwined in complex ways。Although binding norms exist，For example, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)，But member states have certain freedom in how to formulate and implement specific policies。In Finland，The concept of algorithmic bet365 score and other bet365 score in automated decision-making is in law、Ethics、Politics、Policy、Management、The complex interface between technology fields，There is a conflict of ideas in people’s interpretation of relevant laws。The research of Ahonen and Egila provides two important revelations: first，On the issue of bet365 score in algorithms and algorithmic decision-making，There are both constraints and facilitators within the EU and national legal frameworks and the public sphere traditions of the Member States，Comparative research should be conducted on this topic。Second，In order to allow researchers to have greater supervision and control，Also provide professional insights，It is necessary to examine the role of expert advisory bodies。

Alex Ingrams, assistant professor at the School of Public Administration at Leiden University in the Netherlands, used unsupervised machine learning to analyze the data received by the U.S. Transportation Security Administration (TSA). Thousands of public comments。After analysis，Researchers found prominent topic clusters，Can help policymakers understand a wealth of information during the public consultation process。This study shows，Not only the algorithm itself should be transparent，Algorithms can also be used as a tool to increase bet365 score in government decision-making。

At the meso level，Qualitative research method based on semi-structured interviews and document analysis，Professor of Political Science and International Relations at the Autonomous University of Madrid, SpainJ.Ignacio Criado (J. Ignacio Criado) and other scholars analyzed an algorithm system used by the Valencia Autonomous Region government。They hope to answer two questions: To what extent algorithms influence the discretion of government workers in making decisions？What impact does algorithmic bet365 score have on the discretion of government workers？This study shows，Algorithms have a positive effect on the discretion of government workers。Involve them actively in legally recognized R&D or review processes，Helps enhance algorithm bet365 score。

Proposed by Frank Bannister, Associate Professor of Information Systems, Trinity University, Dublin, Ireland, and Regina Connolly, Professor of Information Systems, Dublin City University, Ireland，With the development of artificial intelligence，Human decision-making is increasingly relying on bet365 score and machine learning technology。Ability to detect and classify the risks of algorithmic decisions，For systematic purposes、Accurate response to risks is crucial。

At the micro level，Presented by Rik Peeters, Professor of Public Administration, Center for Economic Research and Education (CIDE), Mexico，If you cannot understand how algorithms affect human decision-making，How algorithm design affects bet365 score and the actual possibility of autonomous human judgment，Calls to “keep humans in the loop” may prove futile。By reviewing recent academic literature，Peters discovered，bet365 score and human judgment are predicated on three key design variables (degree of automation、Algorithm type、Organization-wide) decision，bounded rationality、satisficing behavior、automation bias、The frontline coping mechanism plays a key role in how humans use supervision and override options in algorithms。

Scholars such as Justin Bullock, associate professor of the Department of bet365 score Service and Management at Texas A&M University in the United States, designed a project about artificial intelligence、Human independent judgment、A theoretical framework that integrates research on administrative institutional forms of bet365 score institutions，And in doing so examines two very different areas of use of AI in the bet365 score sector (Medicare auditing and policing)。Research results show，The impact of artificial intelligence on human independent judgment is non-linear、nonmonotonic。

said Guest and Graeme Rickwyson，To promote responsible behavior、Transparent bet365 score usage，Next research should explore the above macro、Mesocosm、Interactions between microscopic levels。