Kim Stelny, a professor of philosophy at the National University of Australia, recently published an article "How Do I Wit away"，Analysis of inequality is how to sprout and develop in primitive society and farming society。

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In the primitive society，Hunting collectors or foraviers basically take dozens of people as a life unit，and in a state of frequent movement，Living with other relatives and friends live in a society containing hundreds to thousands of people。Facers in different geographical environments have different cultural traditions，But their social life is very similar in terms of key aspects。American cultural anthropologist Marshall Sahlins proposed in the book "Stone Age Economics"，In terms of material life and safety,，The life of the hunting collector can be called "rich"。This description may be a bit exaggerated，But it reflects the actual situation of hunting collectors to meet the needs of survival。Part of the reason for this situation is the sharing commitment made by the foravida，Therefore，The community of the foragmo has a high degree of equality is not accidental，but because they are actively seeking equality。

Class does not appear out of thin air，There Bet365 lotto review is a process of developing development。Two processes in the primitive society created conditions for the establishment of unequal relationships。

The first event is the generation of clan structure。clan has collective identity，Based on a certain ancestral spectrum relationship，and strengthen it through strict enrollment rituals and enthusiastic collective activities。American cultural anthropologist Raymond Case Kelly talked about the book "The Origin of Society and the Origin of the War" in the book，clan plays a vital role in individual social identity，Individuals know yourself through the clan and be recognized by others，They mainly get social support within their own clan。When farming and food storage activities appear，The just -rising ruling group uses clan membership to mobilize social and material support。

The second event is the quasi -rule group based on the control of information，The hierarchical system with reputation and respect is followed by the key factors。This system was originally based on the survival skills of the hunter。These skills include determining a position in hunting、Tracking prey、Identification of special technologies and hands -on capabilities such as identifying plant characteristics and animal behavior。Joseph Henrich, a professor of human evolutionary biology at Harvard University in the United States, believes，In the hunting bet365 Play online games collector society，The purpose of sharing knowledge of excellent hunters is to get the respect of others。Jerome Lewis, a professor of social anthropology at the University of London, England, said，The information economy of the original society includes stories、Music，also includes ritual and social specifications。If the narrative is used as a medium for encoding important space and positioning information，Relic information and livelihood information may be combined。The exchange between specialized knowledge and respect may be conducive to both parties，But specification、Social communication of the ceremony is easy to benefit a group，is not good for other groups。

　　Unprecedented development of farming society

With the transformation of the foraviers society into a farming society，Class further has development conditions。

First，For the foravarians，Share behavior is more reliable and useful。Hunting collection is a very uncertain activity，requires both luck and technology。Everyone may encounter poor luck、When you need to help others，But sharing is certain，It is a behavior that is good for everyone。and，The intimacy of the Foray community means that it is difficult to hide，The social cost of refusing to share is high。On the contrary，Farming society，People are more willing to use storage of grain as a means of risk control，The uncertainty Bet365 app download of farming activities is far less than hunting activities。

Next，Food farming is laborious and time -consuming，Need to continue to rectify the land for a long time、Irrigation、Dispectoral removal of weeds，Therefore, short -term return low。If there is no property rights protection，It is not worth investing so much labor。Similarly，If you can't inherit it because of no property right，It is not worth working to stay on the land of the parents。From this，Grain farming and storage have spawned an independent family economy。Enter the era of farming，Private property and differentiation of the rich and poor。Once the differentiation of the rich and the poor is formed，It is inclined to strengthen yourself。

Period of the original society，Low productivity，The original clan adopts a collective collaboration production method，Unlikely to produce exploitation。Enter farming society，With the emergence of private ownership of the means of production，The exploitation class starts to squeeze the remaining labor and products。

Social scale is also one of the influencing factors of inequality。Compared with the foragy，The social scope of farmers is larger、Careful intimacy，It is difficult to form a collective consensus that restricts the ambitions of elite groups。and，The interests of other classes are not completely consistent，Some members of the society bet365 live casino games are exchanged for returns by supporting the elite。They may want the elite's ambitions to be limited to a certain degree，But equality does not fully meet their interests。At the same time，Internal conflict of the community will increase the risk of external intervention，It is not beneficial to them。

other，The possibility of the possibility of violence between the community increases。Whether the foray society frequently explode violence between society，There is no sufficient archeological evidence at present。From the perspective of Streini，The material wealth of the foragmo is rare、Have weapons、Good at tracking and judging the characteristics of the terrain means it is difficult to launch a sudden attack on them，The adjacent community may not know each other's territory very well，It is not cost -effective to treat other communities as attack targets。On the contrary，People in farming society can accumulate wealth，Increase social influence。One community may be in the production materials and labor of another community，And they may be used as targets by other communities。Therefore，Each community is a temptation and threat to each other。This long -term threat allows emerging elites to have the opportunity to play and coordinate ability，Represents your own community to conduct peaceful negotiations with other communities、Establish alliance。

With the development Bet365 lotto review of productivity，The value created by the workers except satisfies itself and the family needs，There is still a small amount of surplus，The surplus value is generated with it。The ruling class exploits the remaining value，Excessive inequality。

Sterreini said，Exploitation is based on the private ownership of the means of production。Ineviation originated from a primitive society with the following characteristics: established a clan structure，Ritual and social specifications Master in the hands of a few people，violence between communities is a moderate degree that can be managed。but，Wide sharing and consensus decision -making does not violate "human nature"，Equality、Cooperative human society is fully possible to realize -in history most of the time，People live in such a society。but but，Equality、Society of cooperation is unstable，Need to actively protect it。When social scale expands、When economic complexity rises，If the development of social technology does not keep up with，It will exacerbate inequality。Therefore，We must actively use and reintermine the current social technology，to alleviate wealth and power inequality。