As environmental issues entered the global political agenda in the 1970s，bet365 bonus code 2023, which explores the interaction between human society and the natural environment, has gradually received attention from Western academic circles。In recent years，Climate change、Urban and rural development、Global topics such as diaspora migration provide new research objects and methods for bet365 bonus code 2023，Broadened research ideas，Promoted many cross-field cooperation。Some scholars combine bet365 bonus code 2023 and decolonization theory，Re-examining the legacy of colonial history in the context of Western-centrism。On how bet365 bonus code 2023 presents Africa、Ecological values ​​and ecological civilization narratives of North Americans and Pacific Islanders，And how to promote the global historical process and other issues，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars。

　　bet365 bonus code 2023 reveals the decolonization process in Africa

Iva Pesa, Professor of Contemporary History at the University of Groningen, the Netherlands?觧a) told reporters，bet365 bonus code 2023 historical perspective enriches the world’s understanding of social changes in Africa、Understanding of cultural systems and ecological values，Also provides a new framework for exploring the complexity of the “legacy” of imperialism。For example，Over the past century，The Democratic Republic of the Congo produces large amounts of copper and cobalt。In recent decades，Congo (DRC) has successively exported tantalum、Rare minerals such as iron ore and lithium。These minerals are used to produce electric vehicles、Indispensable raw material for solar panels and “green” windmills。Although Congo’s mineral resources have helped northern countries such as the Netherlands reduce carbon emissions，But the mines in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remain among the most polluted places on earth。Benjamin Sovacool, professor of energy policy at the University of Sussex in the United Kingdom, calls the difference in decarbonization between the upstream and downstream product supply chains the “decarbonization gap”。Pesa talks，Imperialist countries compete for African soil、Trees、Water source、Copper、Gold and other natural resources，Established a strategy around exporting mineral resources、Extractivism of cash crops and timber。Until today，African countries are still dealing with the legacy of extractivism and the colonial production model。Therefore，bet365 bonus code 2023 historians reveal the historical reasons behind Africa’s ecological and bet365 bonus code 2023 degradation，The first step towards a sustainable future for all。

1970s and 1980s，American historian Alfred Crosby fully demonstrated the importance of bet365 bonus code 2023 as an analytical category for studying imperialism。Crosby thinks，The most profound impact of imperialism is reflected in the geographical environment and biota。Disease、Crops、Animal and environmental management concepts continue to exchange among various regions in the empire，Changed the colony’s ecosystem，Also affects the local economy、The development of social and political organizations。William Beinart, a professor at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, discusses wildlife protection measures during the colonial period、Changes in the South African environment through agricultural development and experts and expertise。Jane Carruthers, environmental historian, University of South Africa from Environment、A social and political perspective on the history of South Africa’s national parks，And demonstrate that these research perspectives are intertwined、Complement each other。However，Discovered in Pesa，African bet365 bonus code 2023 tends to explore topics such as wildlife conservation and anti-soil erosion measures，Only in recent years have scholars paid attention to environmental changes and the development of ecological values ​​in African cities and industrial areas。

Emily Brownell, professor of bet365 bonus code 2023 at the University of Edinburgh, UK, studied the impact of the replacement of building materials on the urban environment and the concept of "urbanization" in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania in the 1970s and 1980s.。Brownell thinks，People in Dar es Salaam have been re-conceptualizing building materials，City residents’ understanding of the environment reflects the political situation at that time。Concrete was originally praised by the West as a building material for building modern cities。Since the production of concrete is inseparable from imported oil and the guidance of foreign experts，When concrete became scarce during the world economic crisis of the 1970s，The locals labeled it "imperialism"。Later，People choose mud bricks produced in Tanzanian towns to build modern societies in third world countries。Brownell also discovered，Concrete、Soil、Sand、Thatch and bricks combined，Continuously repairing the buildings in the capital。The owner rents out the spare room，Purchasing concrete while doing so，Planning expansion plan。Brownell thinks，Dar es Salaamites secure urban space through housing expansion，Material changes in housing in Dar es Salaam reveal the good expectations of Tanzanian families for their motherland in the 1970s and 1980s。

In Brownell’s opinion，Writing a broader thematic bet365 bonus code 2023 of cities in the Global South is crucial。In informal activities such as food supply and waste disposal，Society、The history of interaction between material and environment not only shows the process of decolonization of African society and independent ecological values，Also provides case reference for dealing with future economic crises。

　　Valuing the ecological values ​​of bet365 bonus code 2023 Islanders

James Beattie, associate professor at the Center for Social Sciences at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, told reporters，The bet365 bonus code 2023 of the Pacific spans a long time，Including the Polynesian voyage in BC to the modern anti-nuclear movement。In addition，The topics chosen by scholars are also rich and colorful，Including ecosystem、Time change、Social changes and the localization process of environmental management, etc.。Admittedly，The vast area and species diversity of the Pacific Ocean are important for understanding the ecological environment of the Pacific Ocean、Integrating Pacific Islander ecological values ​​poses challenges，But scholars consult literature in different disciplines，Distinguish their practicality，Supported in devising the best path forward for Pacific Islander well-being and ecological development。

Bi Yidi talks，bet365 bonus code 2023 shows the colorful ecological civilization of the Pacific world，Reveals similar but different historical development trajectories in the Pacific。From providing food ingredients to producing medicines，Natural resources are not only the basis for the functioning of Pacific Island societies，It’s also culture、The core of the development of religion and art。Professor of History at Roanoke College of Arts and Sciences G. S. Gregory Samantha Rosenthal thinks，Currently，Historical circles have fully discussed the mobility of Europeans in the Pacific，But ignores the non-elite and non-white communities who are trapped in place。The word "Polynesia" means "many islands"，Originated from the conceptualization of maritime space by early Western colonists，Conveys the idea of ​​isolation among Pacific islands。As opposed to this，Epeli Hau’ofa, a writer who grew up in Pacific island countries, sees the oceans between Pacific islands as connecting points，Instead of separate spaces。It’s not just Pacific Islanders moving through ocean spaces，Building materials、Agricultural machinery、Motor vehicles、Handcrafts、Tropical fruits、Man-made and natural objects such as root crops and dried sea creatures are also migrating。

On the basis of Haoufa’s theory，Rosenthal sees the Pacific as a population、Plant、Animals、A world where diseases continue to spread。Rosenthal’s theory of Pacific diaspora questions two classical views of Pacific history and bet365 bonus code 2023。One，Exogenous factors rather than local factors affect ecological changes；Part 2，Islands and land are the main historical stages for Aboriginal people。Rosenthal pointed out，Sweet potatoes originating from South America moved between islands with the Polynesians，Appeared on the Polynesian islands in the 12th or 13th century at the latest。Pacific Islanders introduced sweet potatoes into Aboriginal agricultural practices and diets，Planted with traditional tuber crops such as taro and yams。This is an environmental transformation process led by indigenous people，Challenges the historical narrative of Western Inland Empire exerting influence over isolated islands。

Biedi mentioned in "The Ecology of Migration: An bet365 bonus code 2023 of the Pacific World"，Imperialists’ control and claim of natural and human resources in the Pacific，Involving the islanders and the ecological environment into the process of capitalism and globalization。Even after the Pacific island countries implemented decolonization reforms，Western forces still try to control the resources and industries of the Pacific through private companies or government assistance。To this，bet365 bonus code 2023 shows Pacific Islanders are not afraid of challenges，Active adaptation、Protect、Transforming the environment of the open sea and offshore，Inheriting the ecological values ​​​​from our ancestors，Dominant Society、Culture、The concept of harmonious development of economy and nature。

　　Climate ecology reshapes North American bet365 bonus code 2023 narrative

Bi Yidi said，Integrating climate science research results will help bet365 bonus code 2023 historians break away from the traditional perspective of nation-state history，Exploring the impact of bet365 bonus code 2023 transition and climate change on human civilization at global and local scales。Robert Morrissey, professor of history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, places early American frontier history in the context of climate change，From the ecological values ​​of Indians、The motivations for the migration of Illinois tribes at the end of the 17th century are reinterpreted from the perspectives of changes in production patterns and ecological environment。

Morrissey pointed out，Early historians drew on highly Eurocentric primary sources from the 17th century，Believe that the Illinois tribes moved to be closer to the newly established French Louisiana colonial outpost，Thus facilitating trade with French colonists。In recent years，More and more historians question the assumption that foreign colonists are the main promoters bet365 bonus code 2023 historical process of North American Indians，Turn to look for the Indians’ own logic of action and the native motivations of North America。Morrissey thinks，Drought may have been the main factor driving Illinois tribes to migrate。

The settlement bet365 bonus code 2023 Illinois tribe is one bet365 bonus code 2023 most important "communal ecotones" in North America，Covering the present-day state of Illinois in the United States、Iowa、Minnesota、Wisconsin、Most of Kansas and Missouri。Tallgrass prairie lies in the heart of this vast ecological transition zone，Rich vegetation，Contains woodland and grassland species。Morrissey also pointed out，The “edge effect” bet365 bonus code 2023 region，That is, the biodiversity caused by the overlap of two vegetation areas or plant communities，Provides unique conditions for the Indians to thrive。

Morrissey said，Illinois tribe transformed tallgrass prairie landscape through unique ecological interactions，Maximized productivity。The Indians annually burned the brush that bordered the woodlands，Encourage grassland growth，Expand grazing and hunting range。They also relocated beavers from lowland ponds，Turning the river bottom into a dense forest with moderate humidity，Promote the growth of hardwood species such as maples。Although the Indians took the initiative to transform the environment to facilitate the development of the tribe，But they cannot control bet365 bonus code 2023 changes。Therefore，The location of a village often determines what ecological advantages a tribe can claim。

Some scholars believe，The "Maunder Minimum" occurred between 1645 and 1715，The North American continent and other parts bet365 bonus code 2023 North Atlantic were unusually cold during this period。Average rainfall across the central continent of North America has dropped significantly，Three short-term drought events occurred between 1661 and 1705。Morrissey thinks，Drought interrupts forest succession in tallgrass prairie，That is, the process in which woodland species continue to migrate eastward to the transition zone between forests and grasslands。Morrissey speculates，Species diversity in Illinois Indian settlements declined sharply during the driest period bet365 bonus code 2023 1690s。All the Illinois tribes moved from the villages near Starved Rock to the village of Pimitui。Pimitoui literally means "the place where the fire bypasses"，Refers to a place where the forest has not been burned into grassland。It can be seen from this，To adapt to climate change，Indians actively migrated to areas with dense forests and abundant water sources，Thus maintaining the normal operation bet365 bonus code 2023 tribe’s unique “community ecotone” ecological interaction method and production model。

Morrissey’s National History、bet365 bonus code 2023、Climate science and ecology combined in an interdisciplinary narrative，Not only adds a new dimension to understanding the rise and fall of the Illinois Indian civilization in the central continent of North America，It also provides a historical mirror for studying the impact of future climate change on society。