With environmental problems in the 1970s, it became a global political agenda，The environment history of exploring the relationship between human society and the interaction of natural environment has gradually been valued by the western academic community。In recent years，Climate change、Urban and rural development、Global topics such as flowing immigration provides new research objects and methods for environmental history，Greed up research ideas，It has promoted many cross -domain cooperation。Some scholars combine environmental history with the theory of colonization，Re -examine the problem left by colonial history under the context of the Confucianism in the Western Center。How to show Africa for environmental history、The ecological values ​​and ecological civilization narratives of North America and Pacific Islanders，How to promote global historical processes and other issues，The reporter interviewed relevant scholars。

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The Contemporary History professor of the University of Grogonen University in the Netherlands Eva Pesa (Iva PE? 觢 A) told reporters，Environmental History enriches the world's social change、Understanding of cultural system and ecological values，At the same time, it provides a new framework for the complexity of the "heritage" of imperialist "heritage"。For example，In the past more than a century，The Democratic Republic of the Congo produced a large number of copper and cobalt。In recent decades，Congo (Gold) has been exported one after another、Rare minerals such as iron ore and lithium。These minerals are producing electric vehicles、Solar panels and "green" windmills indispensable raw materials。Although the mineral resources of the Congo (Gold) help the Netherlands and other northern countries to reduce carbon emissions，But the mine of the Congo (Gold) is still one of the most polluted places on the earth。Benjamin Sovacool, a professor Bet365 lotto review of energy policy at the University of Sussex University, refers to the decontamination difference between the upstream and downstream of the product supply chain as the "decarbon gap"。Pesa talk，Imperialist countries compete for soil in Africa、Tree、Water source、Copper、Gold and other natural resources，Established a type of mineral resources around exports、miningism of economic crops and wood。until today，African countries are still dealing with the leftover problems of squeezingism and colonial production models。So，Environmental historians reveal the historical reasons behind the degradation of African ecological environment，It is the first step that allows everyone to have sustainable future。

The 1970s and 1980s，American historian Alfred Crosby fully proves the importance of environmental history as an analysis category to study imperialism。Crusby thinks，The most far -reaching influence of imperialism is reflected in the geographical environment and biological groups。Disease、Crop、The concept of animals and environmental management continues to communicate between the empires，Change the ecosystem of the colony，At the same time, it affects the local economy、Development of Social and Political Organization。William Beinart, a professor at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, discussed the wild animal protection measures during the colonial period、Agricultural development and experts and professional knowledge changes in South Africa environment。Southern African University environmental historians Jane Carruthers from the environment、Social and political perspective analyzed the history of South Africa National Park，and prove that these research angles intertwine each other、complement each other。But，Pesa discovery，African environmental history tends to explore themes such as wildlife protection and anti -water loss measures，In recent years, scholars have paid attention to the development of environmental changes and ecological values ​​in African cities and industrial areas。

Emily Brownel, a professor at the University of Edinburgh, a professor of environmental history of the University of Edinburgh, studied the impact of the concept Bet365 app download of urban environment and the concept of "urbanization" in the concept of urbanization and "urbanization" in the 1970s and 1970s.。Brownel thinks，The Dhaim people have been re -conceptual architectural materials，Urban residents' awareness of the environment embodies the political situation at that time。The concrete was originally hailed by the West as the building material for building a modern city。Because the production concrete is inseparable from the guidance of imported oil and foreign experts，When the concrete becomes scarce during the world economic crisis in the 1970s，The locals label it "imperialism"。Subsequent，People choose mud bricks produced by Tanzania's townships to build a modern society in the third world country。Brownl also found，concrete、Earth、Sand、Tm and bricks are combined，Continuously repaired the building of the capital。The homeowner rented the idle room while the homeowner，Buy concrete while buying，Planning and expansion plan。Brownel thinks，The Dhaim of the Darglands ensures the safety of urban space through the expansion of the housing，The material changes in the house of Dhaim Salam revealed the beautiful expectations of the Tanzania family in the Tanzania family in the 1970s and 1980s。

From the view of Brownl，Writing a wider environmental history for the global cities in the world is important。In non -formal activities such as food supply and waste treatment，Society、The history of material and environmental interaction not only shows the process of going to African society and the independent ecological values，It also provides case reference for the future economic crisis。

　　Pay attention to the ecological values ​​of the Pacific Islanders

James Beattie, Associate Professor James Beattie, New Zealand's Victoria University of Victoria University in New Zealand.，The time span of the history of the Pacific Environment is very long，Including Polynesi Voyage from Polynesia to modern anti -nuclear campaign。，Scholars' choices are also rich and colorful，Including an ecosystem、Transformation in the period、The localization process of social changes and environmental management。Very true，The huge area bet365 Play online games and species of the Pacific Ocean understand the ecological environment of the Pacific Ocean、Integrating the ecological values ​​of the Pacific Islanders brings challenges，But the scholars checked the literature of different studies，Different from their practicality，It provides support for the best path that is conducive to the best path that is conducive to the well -being and ecological development of the Pacific Island.。

Bi Yidi talks，Environment history shows the colorful ecological civilization of the Pacific world，reveals the similar and different historical development trajectory of the Pacific area。From providing ingredients to production medicines，Natural resources are not only the basis for the operation of the Pacific Island society，Also culture、The core of religious and artistic development。Gregory Samantha Rosenthal, a professor at History at the University of Ronok University of Arts and Sciences, believes，Current，The historic community fully explores the liquidity of the Europeans in the Pacific，But ignored the non -elites and non -white people who were trapped in place。"Polynesia" means "many islands"，originated from early Western colonists' conceptualization of marine space，The concept of isolated between the Pacific islands is conveyed。Compared with this，writer Epeli Hau’ofa, a writer who grew up in the Pacific Island country, regards the ocean between the Pacific Islands as a connection point，instead of separation space。Not only the Pacific Islanders move in the marine space，Agricultural Machinery、Agricultural Machinery、Motor vehicle、Handicrafts、tropical fruits、Rhizome crops and dried marine life and other artificial substances and natural objects are also migrating。

Based on the theory of Haoyi，Rosenteal regards the Pacific as a population、Plants、Animals、The world of disease constantly "scattered"。The Pacific Sanda theory of Rosentear questioned the classic viewpoints of two types of Pacific history and environmental history。One，Foreign factors instead of local factors affect ecological changes;，Island and land are the main historical stage of the Aboriginal people。Rosenteal pointed out，Sweet potatoes native to South America bet365 best casino games flow with Polynesians between the islands，At the latest in the 12th or 13th century, it appeared on the islands of Polynesia。Pacific Islanders introduce sweet potatoes into the agricultural practice and diet structure of Aboriginal people，Plant with traditional block crops such as taro and yam。This is a process of changing the environment led by the aboriginal people，Challenge the historical narrative that the Western Inland Empire exerted its influence on an isolated islands。

Bi Di mentioned in "Ecological: History of the Pacific World Environment"，Imperialists' control and request for the control and human resources of the Pacific Ocean，The islanders and ecological environment are involved in the process of capitalism and globalization。Even after the non -colonization reform in the Pacific Island country，Western forces are still trying to control the Pacific resources and industries through private companies or government assistance。For this，The history of the environment shows the Pacific Islanders who are not afraid of challenges，Active adaptation、Protection、Transforming the environment of the sea and offshore，Inherit the ecological values ​​of the ancestors，Leading society、Culture、The concept of harmonious development of economy and nature。

　　Climate ecology to reshape North American historical narrative

Bi Yidi said，The research results of incorporated climate science are conducive to environmental historians out of the perspective of traditional national national history，Exploring the impact of environmental transformation and climate change on human civilization in global and local area。Robert Morrissey, a professor of history at the University of Illinois, the University of Illinois -Champagne.，Ecological values ​​from the Indians、Production model and changes in the ecological environment reinterpreted the motivation of the Illinois migration at the end of the 17th century。

Moriti pointed out，Early historians refer to the first -hand information of European centralist colors in the 17th century，I believe that the Illinois tribe migration is to approach the newly built French Louisiana colony outpost base，so as to facilitate trade with French colonists。In recent years，More and more historians bet365 best casino games have questioned the hypothesis of the main promoter of the North American Indian history process，Turn to find the India's own action logic and local motivation in North America。Moriti thinks，Drought may be the main factor that drives the migration of the Illinois tribe。

The settlement of the Illinois tribe is one of the most important "community staggered areas" in North America，Covering Illinois in the United States today、Aiwa、Minnesota、Wisconsin、Most of the areas of Kansas and Missouri。Gao Prairie is located in the center of this vast ecological transition area，Rich vegetation，Including forest land and grassland species。Moriti also pointed out，"Edge Effect" in the area，That is, the biological diversity caused by two vegetation areas or plant community overlap areas，provides unique conditions for the reproduction of the Indians。

Moriti said，Illinois tribes changed the landform of the Gao Prairie through a unique ecological interaction，Maximum productive forces。The Indians burn the bushes of the forest border every year，Encourage grassland growth，Expand the scope of grazing and hunting。They also transferred the beaver of the low -ground pond，Turning the bottom of the river into a dense forest with medium humidity，Promote the growth of hardwood species such as maple trees。Although the Indians actively transform the environment to facilitate tribal development，But they cannot control the environmental change。So，The location of the village usually determines which ecological advantages of the tribe can occupy。

Some scholars think，1645-1715 The "Monde's Extraordinary Phase" appeared，The North American continent and other areas of North Atlantic during this period are extremely cold。The average rainfall of the mainland of central North America has decreased significantly，Three short -term drought incidents occurred during 1661-1705。Moriti thinks，Drought interrupted forest replacement of the grassland，That is, the process of continuous migration from the forest species to the transition band between the forest and the grassland。Moriti speculation，The diversity of the species of Indian residential residence in Illinois in the 1990s was dropped Bet365 app download sharply in the most drought period of the 1990s。All Illinois tribes have been relocated from villages near the hungry rock to the village of Pippui。Piphtwuy literally means "where the fire is bypass"，refers to a place where a forest is not burned into a grassland。This can be seen，To adapt to climate change，Indians actively migrated to areas with dense forests and plenty of water，thus maintaining the unique "community -intertwined area" ecological interaction method and normal operation of the production mode。

Moriti General's History of the Nation、History of the Environment、Climate science and ecology are combined in a cross -disciplinary narrative，Not only does it add a dimension of understanding the rise and fall of Indian civilization in the central mainland of North America，It also provides a historical mirrorbook for studying the impact of future climate change on society。