In the global landscape of knowledge production and academic publishing，Academic bet365 best casino games are an important medium for publishing and disseminating research results，Received by scholars、Scientific research evaluation agency、Funding agency、Attention from policymakers and other parties；The journal impact factor is often considered to represent the quality of the journal，Even the scientific research level and productivity of the authors of journal articles。Nearly ten years，A phenomenon of “predatory publishing” has emerged in the world’s academic bet365 best casino games，Become one of the hot topics in academic circles。Predatory publishing is a form of charging the author，But they basically don’t check the quality of the article、A commercial academic publishing model that does not provide editing and publishing services，It is exploitative，Reflecting the inequality in global knowledge production and academic publishing that is traditionally dominated by Western countries。Days ago，Our reporter’s definition of predatory publishing、Cause、Problems such as solutions，And the problems these issues reflect in global knowledge production and dissemination，Interviewed relevant foreign scholars。

　The quality and integrity of predatory bet365 best casino games are worrying

　The concept of “predatory publishing” was developed by an academic librarian at the University of Colorado Denver Library、Formally presented by Associate Professor Jeffrey Beall。Introduced by Bill in an article published in 2013，Since 2009，He started receiving emails inviting submissions from publishers he had never heard of。Email name，After paying a fee to these bet365 best casino games and passing peer review，His article will be published。Bill also noticed，The websites of these publishers do not look professional，There are even a lot of grammatical and spelling errors。2010，Bill coined the term "predatory publishing house"，And published the first list of “predatory” publishing houses on his personal blog。The reason why we use "predatory" to describe these publishing houses，Their mission is not to promote、Preserve scholarly work and make it available，Instead, use the open access model to your own benefit。

　2012，Bill renamed his personal blog，And developed a “List of Potentially Predatory Publishers and Predatory bet365 best casino games”，The famous "Bill's List"。Same year，Bill published an article in "Nature" magazine "Predatory publishers are corrupting open access" saying，Predatory publishers are dishonest、opaque，Using the author-pays open access model to deceive researchers，Especially for scientific researchers who lack academic communication experience，bet365 best casino games with poor or inferior publishing quality。Predatory publishers and their bet365 best casino games often sound sophisticated、Formal name，But does not perform the screening and review duties of traditional academic publishing；As long as the author is willing to pay the fee，Predatory bet365 best casino games are willing to accept almost any submission。

The characteristics of predatory bet365 best casino games listed in the "Predatory Report" include: rapid acceptance of submissions，Peer review or quality control is completely absent or minimal；The author will be notified of the need to pay the article processing fee after receiving the submission；Extremely active in mobilizing scholars to contribute articles or serve as editorial board members；Listing the scholar as an editorial board member without the scholar’s ​​permission，And resigning from this position is not allowed；Appoint fake scholars as editorial board members；Making misleading statements about publishing operations；Inappropriate use of International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN)；Use false impact factors, etc.。

　2017，Bill closed his personal blog and removed "Bill's List"，The reason is that "the employer exerted tremendous pressure"，But a spokesman for the University of Colorado said, "This is Bill's personal decision"。Currently，“Bill’s List” is still available on the Internet，Other organizations have also released similar lists。Except "Predatory Reports"，Cabell, an American academic publishing service company, provides a paid journal database，Subscribers can check the "whitelist" and "blacklist" of academic bet365 best casino games，And submission requirements and other information；From 2021，Norwegian Scientific Journal、Added "X-rated" classification to the list of book series and publishers，That is, a journal that is not officially recognized yet。

Some scholars proposed，The criteria of the "Bill List" are too subjective and the formulation process is not transparent。In comparison，Cabell’s “blacklist” is more transparent – ​​each journal is evaluated through 78 well-defined quality indexes，And describe the operations and extent of violations of good bet365 best casino games practices for each suspected journal。However，The main drawback of "Kabel's List" is the high subscription fee，Unavailable to many scholars。

　Suspicious bet365 best casino games will also be cited by reliable bet365 best casino games

February 2023，Composed of volunteers from anonymous scientific researchers、Predatory Report, a platform dedicated to exposing predatory publishing activities，Add more than 400 bet365 best casino games under the Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI) to the list of predatory bet365 best casino games；March，199 bet365 best casino games under Frontier Media Publishing House were also added to the list of predatory bet365 best casino games by the "Predatory Report"。Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing and Frontier Media Publishing are both open access journal publishers headquartered in Switzerland，Many publications under its umbrella、High volume of posts，This time, almost all bet365 best casino games of the two publishers were included in the "blacklist", which caused heated discussions in the academic community。Regarding the "big move" of "predatory reporting"，Some scholars expressed welcome，There are also scholars who have reservations。

Emanuel Kulczycki, head of the academic communication research team at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland，From my own experience studying predatory publishing activities in the past ten years，Creating a list of predatory bet365 best casino games does not help promote research integrity，Because the key reason for the emergence of bet365 best casino games of questionable quality is that researchers are under pressure to publish more and more articles。Kulchitsky said in an interview with this reporter，Predatory bet365 best casino games are often viewed as inferior to others，Researchers are often advised to be cautious about citing articles published by predatory bet365 best casino games。Included in Web of Science、bet365 best casino games with large scientific abstracts and citation databases such as Scopus are considered reliable，But according to the research of scholars such as Kurchitsky，Articles published in questionable bet365 best casino games will also be cited by articles published in reliable bet365 best casino games。

In the 2021 study "Impact factors and citation patterns between questionable bet365 best casino games" Kurczycki et al.，Analyzed 3234 "suspicious articles" and 5964 "reliable articles" published from 2012 to 2019；Suspicious articles come from 65 predatory bet365 best casino games on "Bill's List" and Cabell's "Blacklist"，"Reliable articles" come from 2338 bet365 best casino games included in the Science Network。Result display，13% of “suspicious articles” are cited by “reliable articles”。The top three countries of origin of the cited "suspicious articles" authors are Türkiye、India、Malaysia，The top three countries of origin of authors citing “suspicious articles” are the United States、Türkiye、Malaysia。

Kurchitsky et al.’s 2023 study "Are Articles Published in Predatory bet365 best casino games Worthless？》uses content-based citation analysis method，To understand the specific situation of articles published by predatory bet365 best casino games being cited by reliable bet365 best casino games。They looked at 6706 articles included in the Web of Science Core Collection，These articles all cite articles published by predatory bet365 best casino games，There are 9995 quotation sentences (the sentence in which the quotation is located)。Result display，97.3% of citations are neutral，Negative citations only account for 0.8%。In other words，Articles in reliable bet365 best casino games are not overtly critical of articles in questionable bet365 best casino games。

Kurchitsky and others stated，Judging from the above findings，At least some of the articles published in predatory bet365 best casino games are considered useful by the academic community，These bet365 best casino games are not entirely worthless。What’s more important，A common reason for “suspicious articles” to be cited is，They are the only source of data on countries in the academic periphery。Analysis display of quotation sentences，The most frequently mentioned country is India、Malaysia、Iran，Western countries are rarely mentioned，This shows that predatory bet365 best casino games provide a "display" platform for some research topics that are easily ignored by other bet365 best casino games。

　"bet365 best casino games" label masks geopolitical inequality

In the view of Kurchitsky and others，The succinct label “predatory journal” masks the profound inequalities between the global academic center and academic periphery。Predatory publishing is complicated、Multi-dimensional academic communication practice，Tools such as “Bill’s List” help researchers avoid pitfalls，But it also sends an oversimplified signal: English-language bet365 best casino games in academic center countries are mostly reliable bet365 best casino games，English bet365 best casino games from academic peripheral and semi-peripheral countries are mostly questionable bet365 best casino games。

Kurchitsky told reporters，Many scholars from academic (semi-)peripheral countries publish in predatory bet365 best casino games because，Their national scientific research policy recognizes these bet365 best casino games。For example，In the evaluation of scientific research in Polish higher education institutions，Some of the bet365 best casino games under the multidisciplinary digital publishing organization are highly recognized。Therefore，Whether it is for individual scholars or administrators of higher education institutions，Publishing in predatory bet365 best casino games brings recognition and rewards，Good for career advancement。Another “benefit” of predatory bet365 best casino games is that their article processing fees are significantly lower than those of Elsevier、bet365 best casino games from internationally renowned publishing houses such as Springer，Greatly lowered the economic threshold for scholars from non-rich countries to publish articles。

Therefore，Rethinking the language used to describe predatory bet365 best casino games，Avoid blindly condemning scholars or journal publishers who publish articles in these bet365 best casino games as having “bad intentions”，It becomes extremely important。Kulchitsky and others introduced the concept of "mispositioned academic communication center"，Introduced regarding predatory publishing、A discussion of open access and geopolitical inequalities in knowledge production。If a journal meets the following conditions，Can be defined as "the wrongly positioned academic communication center": first，Invisible or considered “inappropriate” in academic center countries；Second，Seems to be related to the academic center country，Thus considered "legitimate" in academic peripheral countries。

Kurchitsky said，The concept of “misplaced scholarly communication centers” doesn’t just apply to typical predatory bet365 best casino games，Also applies to controversial “suspected” predatory bet365 best casino games，For example, bet365 best casino games owned by publishers such as Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute。Many scholars from academic (semi-)peripheral countries participate in the creation of "mispositioned academic communication centers" or publish articles in such bet365 best casino games，This is an unfortunate consequence of global academic inequality along geopolitical dimensions，Does not necessarily mean that research integrity or research quality is low。

In addition to raising questions about the legitimacy of peer review in a certain journal，Questions should also be asked about the primary source of value for a journal in a given country context，This is also crucial。Common sources of value include specific languages ​​and publishing regions、Impact Factor、Being included in citation index databases and other key indicators indicating "international reputation"。If you only value these signs，Research systems in countries on the academic (semi-)periphery may waste resources seeking to publish in “misplaced centers of academic communication”，Researchers may think that their articles are published in well-known bet365 best casino games，In fact, these bet365 best casino games have been labeled "predatory" by academic center countries。

Previously，Other scholars have discussed the publication difficulties faced by academics working outside the English-speaking bet365 best casino games centers。For example，Suresh Canagarajah, professor of English at Pennsylvania State University in the United States, criticized the unequal ways of constructing and justifying bet365 best casino games knowledge in his book "The Geopolitics of bet365 best casino games Writing"。Based on the center-periphery theory of Argentine economist Raúl Prebisch、American sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein’s world systems theory and other theories，Kanagarajja distinguishes between the “centre” and the “periphery” of global knowledge production and bet365 best casino games publishing: the former mainly refers to the developed English-speaking countries that benefit from intellectual and material inequality，The latter mainly refers to developing countries that have been invaded by European colonists。Kanagarajja title，The Western tradition’s dominance of bet365 best casino games communication directly leads to the marginalization or misappropriation of knowledge in developing countries，Current bet365 best casino games publishing practices are one of the reasons why the contributions of scholars from less developed countries are often relegated to the margins of bet365 best casino games discourse。

Theresa Lillis, Emeritus Professor of English Language and Applied Linguistics at the Open University in the UK, and Mary Jane Curry, Associate Professor at the Warner School of Education at the University of Rochester, co-authored "Academic Writing in a Global Context: The Politics and Practice of Publishing in English"，Compared to “local” languages ​​and publications，English and “international” publications receive preferential treatment in both formal and informal research assessment systems。English increasingly dominates academic writing and publishing，Influencing the lives and work of scholars who do not speak English as the official language，Also highlights political issues related to academic publishing。Lilith and Curry criticize the one-way nature of knowledge transfer: scholars from non-academic center countries seek to publish in bet365 best casino games from English-speaking academic center countries，And translate the center’s knowledge into your own local context，But scholars from central countries rarely step outside the center。

　Oppose exploitation and monopoly bet365 best casino games field of knowledge production and dissemination

Kurchitsky and others emphasized，If you want to effectively mitigate the risk of predatory publishing，The shortcomings of scholarly publishing must be thought of in a larger context。For example，Some predatory bet365 best casino games have been temporarily included in the Science Network、Citation index databases such as Scopus may gain credibility by obtaining journal impact factors，From this perspective，Recognized international standards legitimize some predatory bet365 best casino games at the bibliometric level。The best solution to the problem of predatory publishing may be to relieve researchers from the increasing pressure to publish，But this is a long-term goal。The current key measures that can be taken are，Build more reliable indexing databases for multilingual academic bet365 best casino games that adhere to basic academic publishing standards，For example, the European Science Research Index in the Humanities and Social Sciences (ERIH PLUS) created in cooperation with the European Science Foundation and the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research。

Kurchitsky told reporters，Weakness in any review link、bet365 best casino games with lower than normal editorial standards pose risks to scientific research quality，Many publications classified as predatory bet365 best casino games should work on improving in these areas。However，There are many other threats to research quality and research integrity that deserve attention。For example，Well-known academic bet365 best casino games in Western countries also have problems with peer review，This has prompted some to propose post-publication review as a supplement to or alternative to traditional peer review。Another example，Commercialization of the academic publishing market、Seller oligopoly brings huge challenges to scientific research integrity，It may have a more negative impact than predatory publishing。If only scholars from financially strong scientific research institutions have the opportunity to publish articles in reliable bet365 best casino games，It is impossible to build a truly inclusive international academic discourse system。

The relationship between predatory bet365 best casino games and open access is often emphasized，This is mainly related to the origin of the concept of predatory bet365 best casino games: "Bill's List" is very influential，And Bill himself is a staunch opponent of the open access movement。However，If the key characteristic of predatory publishing is that the review process is flawed，There are also various other bet365 best casino games with similar problems，Many of these are non-open access bet365 best casino games。Kulczycki and others encourage scholars interested in studying predatory publishing，Think critically about this connection，Open Access should not be considered the primary cause of predatory publishing。It is undesirable for bet365 best casino games to reduce the rigor of their review process to attract more submissions，But the bigger problem is that commercial publishers extract considerable surplus value from free academic labor，But does not give any value in return。Many bet365 best casino games，Not just bet365 best casino games where the review process is “going through the motions”，They are all using the open access model and article processing fees to exploit researchers。

　“We believe that the biggest challenge currently facing the academic publishing field is determining the line between good practice and bad practice。” Kurchitsky et al. said，A common goal among research managers and policymakers is to identify the “gaps” that enable poor practice，For example, predatory bet365 best casino games。However，These “gaps” are the result, not the cause, of flawed scholarly publishing practices。If you want to prevent and reduce bad practices，The way scientific research evaluation must be changed and expanded。

In the view of Kurchitsky and others，Strengthening the geopolitical fairness of academic communication can avoid the creation of new “mispositioned academic communication centers”，This involves three aspects。First，European and American scientific researchers should adopt a more accepting attitude，Treat academic publications from other parts of the world，Avoid labeling these publications "predatory" because of a bias against the open access model or seeing English language errors that are not serious。Second，Research institutions in non-academic hub countries must find new ways to measure the value of academic bet365 best casino games，Rather than simply relying on academic center countries、Superficial "prestige" indicator，For example, whether the journal impact factor is included in the international citation index database。Third，The academic community should recognize it，Whether English is used or not does not determine the quality of scientific research。Multilingualism has always existed in academic communication activities，It is very necessary to fully recognize and reward this valuable practice in scientific research evaluation，And recognize its true value – achieving the social impact of scientific research。

According to Kurchitsky and others，Beyond the Open Access Movement，Other major shifts in global scholarly publishing in recent years include the continued growth in the number of scholarly publications、Increased diversity in publishing regions、The seller’s oligopoly exists for a long time。The bet365 best casino games publishing market is now dominated by a small number of private companies，The essence is unequal、Exploitative。A growing number of articles published outside Europe and North America，Creates opportunities for academics to recognize this essence。

Academia needs more public funding、High-quality international academic journal run by non-private organizations。Ideally, a “Diamond Open Access” (free for both authors and readers) or similar model，To ensure that scholars from severely underfunded scientific research institutions also have the opportunity to publish articles。This will provide some scholars with more viable publishing options，Especially those scholars who have no choice but to publish high-value research results in bet365 best casino games with low article processing fees but irregular review processes，Also provides strong support for bet365 best casino games sponsored or owned by academics。Kulchitsky and others expressed expectantly，"We believe，Strive to improve the geopolitical fairness of academic communication，Able to promote public funding、The establishment of a new batch of bet365 best casino games controlled by academia”。