The Qing discussion tradition in ancient China first occurred in the late Eastern Han Dynasty。"Qing" in "Qing Yi"，Contains purity、The noble moral meaning。This is an affirmation of the moral legitimacy of "clear discussion" as an act of value judgment，"Qing Yi" can also be understood as "fair discussion"。But in certain contexts，"Qingyi" may also only point to an objective behavior，Critical discussion of current affairs or bet365 live casino games figures。Some more occasions，“Qingyi” is even associated with some kind of derogatory evaluation，If impractical、Buying fame and reputation，Even bet365 live casino games speculation, etc.。The practical performance and social evaluation of Qingyi are complicated。This article attempts to explore its essence from the perspective of bet365 live casino games communication、Analysis of meaning and limitations。

Qingyi is essentially a kind of bet365 live casino games communication

　1941，Zhang Jiluan, a famous modern journalist, in the "Declaration of the Chinese Journalism Society"，Preliminary elaboration of the basic connotation of "literati discussing politics": newspapers and periodicals are "set up for literati to express bet365 live casino games opinions"，“Not intended for commercial purposes”；The writer who runs the newspaper "has the style of claiming to be a national scholar"，Have a sense of social elite，Critical Politics、Instill new knowledge，To enlighten people’s wisdom。At the same time，Zhang Jiluan’s bet365 live casino games atmosphere among newspaper literati in modern China，Dating back to the "Chishi Hengyi" in the Spring and Autumn Period，And the later "Qing Yi" tradition。Visible，Qingyi is essentially a kind of bet365 live casino games discussion by ancient literati，Belongs to the scope of bet365 live casino games communication。

The bet365 live casino games communication attributes of Qingyi are mainly reflected in many aspects。Viewed from the main body，Qingyi embodies the distinct awareness of enlightenment and protection among Chinese scholars，But it mainly criticizes politics from the perspective of "Tao"；Viewed from the object，Qingyi is mainly a critical discussion on current affairs or bet365 live casino games figures；From the nature，Qing discussion is a form of speech for scholars to intervene in politics；From a practical perspective，Qing discussions in history ultimately had a strong bet365 live casino games impact，Sometimes even causing significant bet365 live casino games incidents，For example, the Imperial College students discussing politics in the late Eastern Han Dynasty、Activities of Donglin Party members in the late Ming Dynasty, etc.。From the perspective of bet365 live casino games communication，The Qing discussion has its positive historical significance，There are also obvious limitations。

The positive significance bet365 live casino games

The Qing discussion undoubtedly has positive historical significance。First，Qing discussion is helpful for rulers to understand the bet365 live casino games situation、Understand some situations of bureaucracy or individuals；In addition, Qingyi itself also has a certain pressure effect of speech，This makes Qingyi often have the function of supervising or correcting bet365 live casino games figures or phenomena。The motivation for the Qing Dynasty discussion was sometimes purely out of the defense of Confucian ideals，Sometimes it is also mixed with the interests of the circle of Qing discussion groups。But it generally has a clear bet365 live casino games orientation，If you want to reform the bad government。This forms an external power to supervise speech。Especially the rulers consciously absorb Qing’s opinions，When transforming it into a bet365 live casino games auxiliary factor within the system，The role of Qingyi is even more significant。

Secondly，Within the scholar class，Qingyi has the function of group self-purification。Starting from the moral ideals dominated by Confucianism，Qingyi played a relatively strong role in persuading and punishing bet365 live casino games。Qingyi not only plays an important role in talent detection and promotion，more directly affects the social reputation of bet365 live casino games。For ancient bet365 live casino games，The meaning of honor is sometimes even more important than life。Under the atmosphere of Qingyi，Most bet365 live casino games and officials consciously observe etiquette and respect the Tao，Avoid being criticized by Qingyi。

AGAIN，The tradition of Qing discussion gradually precipitated a Chinese literati spirit，Including the ambition to benefit the world、The will to support justice, etc.，And ultimately serve as a positive factor in the national spirit，Provide leadership at important moments in history、Potential role in boosting public morale。Although later generations have mostly mixed praise and criticism for the Qing discussion movement in history，But the integrity shown by many Qing scholars、Mind and character，Become a spiritual example that inspires future generations。Gu Yanwu's "Rizhilu" highly affirms the "Party Supervisors" in the late Han Dynasty who "followed benevolence and righteousness"，Perseverance in sacrificing one’s life，Think of "the beauty of customs below three generations，Nothing better than Tokyo”。This literati spirit precipitated by the Qingyi tradition，Getting positive reviews from people。Chen Ding of bet365 live casino games pointed out in "Biography of Donglin": "The gentlemen of Liangxi in the previous dynasty gave lectures on Donglin，multiplied by fifty years，The world is following it，Everyone respects integrity、Re-name。And the country’s demise，The emperor and empress died for the country，Hundred positions of public officials，As well as scholars and common people、Hundred Craftsmanship、Woman，Everyone knows that sacrifice is a festival，Sacrifice one's life，The effectiveness of lectures led to the collapse of the country after more than fifty years，There is light in the light and strong in the bright。”

Finally，The Qing discussion tradition provides a spiritual example and source of motivation for modern intellectuals to use modern media to discuss politics。Many journalists in modern times discuss bet365 live casino games discussions in newspapers，Often called "Qingyi"，To emphasize its rationality、Importance。The famous couplet of Yang Jisheng, a foreign minister of the Jiajing Military Department in the Ming Dynasty, "Iron shoulders bear moral justice"、Tricky article" once became the spiritual standard of progressive journalism。Li Dazhao renamed it "Iron Shoulders to Bear Morality"，Writing articles with wonderful hands”；Shao Piaoping wrote in handwriting "Iron Shoulders and Dangerous Hands"，To encourage others from the Beijing News。

The historical limitations bet365 live casino games

Qingyi has obvious limitations。This is also the reason why people’s evaluation of Qingyi has been controversial for a long time。View bet365 live casino games with modern values ​​and perspectives，There are many areas in Qingyi that need to be re-examined。

The first is Qingyi’s pan-moral criticism，There is no guarantee that it has sufficient insight and wisdom。The knowledge structure of most traditional Qing scholars often has various limitations。This allows Qing Yi to occupy the moral high ground in many situations，But criticism of the bet365 live casino games field may not be to the point，Let alone come up with constructive solutions。At the same time，Treat issues in the bet365 live casino games field with moral judgment，It is also easy to cause criticism to lose focus，Depart from actual bet365 live casino games operations and turn into empty moral condemnation，Even turned into a personal moral attack。The Qing Dynasty will further strictly judge gentlemen and villains morally，It is more likely to lead to serious antagonism between the critic and the target of criticism，Ultimately, criticism becomes an irrational battle of wills，Then its destructive effect on politics is also particularly obvious。Fan Ye's "Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Dang Guo" comments on the party members' discussion in the late Han Dynasty as "every man resists anger，Cushi Hengyi" "Feng Zhizhi"，Here we go”，That’s probably the meaning。

The second is that the scholars of bet365 live casino games advocated Confucian morality，But it may not be able to adhere to moral standards。Among the Qing scholars of all dynasties，There are also people whose moral character is criticized by others。For example, in the late Ming Dynasty, the Donglin Party members also deviated from the purpose of bet365 live casino games，Passionate about party strife，Fighting fiercely with the "Qi Party", "Chu Party", "Zhe Party" and "Xuan Party"，Strife with each other in the name of official assessment。

The third is under the traditional system and culture，Qingyi has never been able to achieve a long-term effect、Participate in national bet365 live casino games practice in a stable and reasonable way。The operation of Qingyi is carried out in an environment governed by people，The positive and negative effects of it，Depends on the personal factors of the Qing scholars and those in power，Subjective、arbitrariness。Those in power use power to suppress Qing discussions、Needless to say suppressing the Qing scholars，Qing scholars used their words to influence and interfere with the routine operations of officialdom，Even excessive words and actions，As a result, phenomena such as the destruction of bet365 live casino games ethics and legal systems at that time also occurred from time to time。Qing scholars had a strong desire to interfere in politics，But the right of speech of scholars was directly converted into the right of decision-making，It will inevitably cause damage to the practice of bet365 live casino games operation。Gu Xiancheng, a member of the Donglin Party in the late Ming Dynasty, and others interfered in court politics with their speeches，It affects the independent operation of the bet365 live casino games order。"Xian Cheng Yi Shu Saves Three Talents，Sincerity is the best，I take the blame，Xian Cheng also regrets himself。” ("History of the Ming Dynasty" Volume 231 "Biography of Gu Xiancheng")

Fourth, the scholars of the Qing Dynasty had a strong dependence on the traditional bet365 live casino games structure and ideological and cultural system，This makes the motives of the Qing Dynasty often stay at the ideological level of "filling in the gaps" of the traditional bet365 live casino games order。Although Confucian scholars emphasized the concept that "Tao" is superior to "Shi"，Promote inner cultivation to establish a personality guarantee for spreading the Tao，But they have always faced powerful bet365 live casino games forces，It is very easy to lead to "following the trend in vain"。The scholar class lacks the economic foundation to ensure its survival，His career path and realization of his life value are heavily dependent on the absorption of the real bet365 live casino games order。The traditional bet365 live casino games system structure and cultural concepts have greatly restricted the strength and space of scholars' "clear deliberation" from the practical and psychological levels。

　　(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project “Research on the Modern Transformation of Chinese Newspaper Literati’s bet365 live casino games Concepts” (18BXW018)

(The author is a professor at the School of Journalism and bet365 live casino games, Hunan University)