The tradition of Qing Dynasty in ancient China first occurred in the late Eastern Han Dynasty。"Clear" of "Clear"，Contains pure、Noble moral meaning。This is an affirmation of the moral legitimacy of the "Clear" as a value judgment.，"Clear" can also be understood as "fair discussion"。But in some context，"Clear" may also only point to an objective behavior，Criticism of current affairs or politicians。There are some occasions，"Clearance" even connected with a certain derogatory evaluation，If unrealistic、Famous fishing，Even political speculation, etc.。The practical performance and social evaluation of the Qing Dynasty are complex。This article tries to the essence of it from the perspective of political communication、Meaning and limitations Analyze。

Qing discussion is essentially a political communication 

1941，Modern famous newspaper Zhang Jixuan in the "Declaration of the Chinese News Society"，The basic connotation of "literati discussion on politics" is preliminarily explained: newspapers and periodicals "make politics for literati"，"No intention of business";，Social elite consciousness，Criticism politics、Infiltration of new knowledge，To explore the people's wisdom。At the same time，Zhang Jiyu's newspaper literati in modern China is on politics，Tatto the "Scholars Angle" in the Spring and Autumn Period，and the later "Clear" tradition。Visible，Qing discussion is essentially a kind of ancient literati on politics，The scope Bet365 lotto review of political communication。

The political communication attributes of the Qing Dynasty are mainly reflected in multiple aspects。Look from the subject，Qing discussion reflects the clear Ming Dao Guardian consciousness of the Chinese class，But mainly criticize politics from the perspective of "Dao"; from the object of the object，Qing discussion is mainly for criticism of current affairs or politicians; in terms of nature，Qing discussion is a form of remarks for scholars' administration; from practice,，The Qing Dynasty in history has strong political influence，Sometimes even cause significant political events，If the Tai students in the late Eastern Han Dynasty were discussed、The activity of the Donglin party in the late Ming Dynasty。From the perspective of political communication，Qing discussion has its positive historical significance，There are also obvious limitations。

The positive significance of the Qing Dynasty 

The Qing Dynasty will undoubtedly have a positive historical significance。First，Circuit is conducive to the rulers to understand political conditions、Master some situations of bureaucratic or individuals; coupled with a certain statement of speech pressure effect，This makes the Qing Dynasty often have supervision or correction function for politicians or phenomena。The motivation for the Qing Dynasty is sometimes purely out of the maintenance of Confucian ideals，Sometimes it is also mixed with the circle of interests of the clearing group。But generally have a clear political pointing，If you require reforms and disadvantages。This forms an external speech supervision force。Especially the ruler consciously absorb the Qing Dynasty，and transform bet365 best casino games it into a political assistance factors in the system，The role of the clear discussion is even more significant。

Next，Inside the taxi class，Qing negotiated with group self -purification function。Starting from Confucian -dominated moral ideals，The Qing Dynasty played a strong punishment effect on the scholars。Clear not only plays an important role in talent inspections，More directly affects the social reputation of scholars。For ancient scholars，The significance of famous festivals is sometimes even more important than life。Under the atmosphere of the Qing Dynasty，Most of the officials of scholars consciously keep the ritual worship，Avoid being reprimanded by the Qing Dynasty。

again，The tradition of the Qing Dynasty gradually precipitated a Chinese literati spirit，Including the minds of Jihui World、The will of righteousness, etc.，and ultimately active factor for the national spirit，Play guidance at an important moment in history、The potential role of motivating the morale of the people。Although most of the later generations of the Qing Dynasty, most of them are mixed，But the Qi Festival shown by many scholars、With mind and character，Become a spiritual model of inspiring future generations。Gu Yanwu's "Knowing Record" highly affirmed the "Yi Renpi" of the "Party of the Party" at the end of the Han Dynasty，Self -reliance "performance，Think of "the beauty of the customs below three generations，None of the one in Tokyo。This literati spirit set by the tradition of the Qing Dynasty，Active evaluation of people。Qing people Chen Ding pointed out in "East Forest Biography": "The former dynasty Liangxi's gentlemen lecture on Donglin，Fifty years，Bet365 app download The world is so rushing to follow it，All Qi Festival、During the name。and the death of the country，Emperor Queen Martyrdom，Gongqing Hundred Times，and scholars、Hundred Engineering Arts、Women and women，Know the festival of donations，Kill the body to become benevolent，The efficacy of lectures will die after more than 50 years，There is light in light。”

Last，The tradition of the Qing Dynasty provided the spiritual demonstration and power of modern intellectuals using modern media to discuss politics and politics。Many modern newspapers are discussing the political discussion of newspapers and periodicals，Often crowned with "Clear"，to emphasize its reasonableness、Important。Mingjiajing Bing Department member Wairo Yang Jisheng's name "Iron Shoulder Daoyi、Spicy Hands Article "once became the spirit of the progress of the press in the press.。Li Dazhao changed it to "Iron Shoulder Daoyi，Wonderful articles "; Shao Piaoping's hand book" Iron Shoulder Spicy Hand "，Together with the "Beijing News" colleagues。

The historical limitations of the Qing Dynasty 

The Qing Dynasty has obvious limitations。This is also the reason for the long -term people's evaluation of the Qing Dynasty.。and with modern value and vision，There are many places that need to be reviewed by the Qing Dynasty。

First, the Pan -Taoist criticism from the Qing Dynasty，It does not guarantee that it has sufficient insight and wisdom。The knowledge structure of most traditional Puritans often exists in various limitations。This makes the Qing discussion although in many cases to occupy a moral high ground，But criticism of the political field may not be able to cide，Not to mention proposing a constructive solution。At the same time，bet365 Play online games Treating a political field with moral judgment，It is also easy to cause criticism of criticism，Demonstration from actual political operations and flowing in vast moral condemnation，Even becoming a personal moral attack。Dangqing discussed further from morally to judge the gentleman and villain，It is easier to lead to serious opposition from critics and critics，Finally, the criticism of criticism is reduced to irrational disputes，It is particularly destructive to politics。Fan Ye's "Houhan Book · Party Biography" evaluates the party's party in the late Han party "，Scholars Hengsheng "" Straight Wind，Yu Sixing "，probably this layer of meaning。

Second, the scholars advocated Confucian morality，But it may not be able to adhere to moral standards。Among the Qing Dynasty Scholarships of the Dynasties，There is also no shortage of people who are criticized for people。If the Donglin party in the late Ming Dynasty also departed from the purpose of the Qing Dynasty，Passionate party fight，"Qi Party", "Chu Party", "Zhejiang Party", "Xuan Party" and other intense fighting methods，The names of the assessment of officials are rolling with each other。

Third, under the traditional system and culture，The Qing Dynasty has never been able to use a long -term effect、Stable and reasonable way to participate in national political practice。The operation of the Qing Dynasty was carried out in the environment of human governance，The positive and negative size of its role，Depending on the personal factors of the Qing Dynasty and the administrator，with subjectivity、Annical。Politators use power to suppress the clearing、Necklessing of the scholars of the bet365 best casino games Qing Dynasty without saying，The Qing Submare uses its remarks to influence the interference in the government's political conventional operation，Even words and behaviors are overgraduate，As a result, the phenomenon of political communication and legal system at that time also occurred from time to time。The Qing Speaker has a strong willingness to work in politics，But the right to speak as a person directly converts the right to decision，The practice of political operation will inevitably cause damage。Late Ming Donglin Party person Gu Xiancheng and others interfered with the court politics with speech，It affects the independent operation of political order。"Xiancheng Yishu Saves Three Cai，sincerity，Chen Taste the blame，Xiancheng also regret。"(" History of Ming Dynasty "Volume 231" Gu Xiancheng Biography ")

Fourth, the Qing Sacrifice has a strong attachment for the traditional political pattern and ideological and cultural system，This makes the motivation of the Qing Dynasty often staying at the ideological level of "replenishing the relics" for the traditional political order。Confucian scholars, although emphasized the concept of "Tao" to respect "potential"，Promote inner cultivation to build a Hongdao personality guarantee，But they have always faced strong political power，It is easy to lead to "the Tao of the Tao"。The lack of economic foundation for the lack of the class of scholars，The realization of its journey and life value seriously depends on the absorption of real political order。The traditional political system architecture and cultural concepts have greatly binded the strength and space of the scholar "clear discussion" from the reality and psychological level。

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(The author is a professor at the School of Journalism and Communication of Hunan University)