June 2021,The original manuscript of the fourth notebook of bet365 promo codes “Brussels Notes” is on display at the History Exhibition Hall of the Communist Party of China,This is the only relatively complete bet365 promo codes notebook preserved in our country so far。It was purchased by Chinese entrepreneurs in Europe and then donated to the country,Represents a new starting point and a new journey for the exploration of bet365 promo codes great thoughts by Chinese academic circles。However,bet365 promo codes “Brussels Notes” had actually been compiled and published in Germany as early as 1998,And it was publicly exhibited in China for the first time in 2018, the 200th anniversary of bet365 promo codes birth。But,my country’s academic community still has little interest in it。

　What is "Brussels Notes"?Based on MEGA2 editor’s research,"Brussels Notes" are economic research notes left by Marx in Brussels in 1845,It is bet365 promo codes second systematic study of economics notes group。From the text,"Brussels Notes" was first collected and published in "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" (Historical Textual Research Edition) (MEGA2) Part Ⅳ Volume 3,French for Marx、German、English excerpts from a series of economic works、Summary and Commentary。The original manuscript was a pamphlet Marx made himself from folded and interlaced paper,Paper format is 202×312 mm,folded to 202×156 mm。Judging from the content,The economists excerpted by Marx in the "Brussels Notes" are both "acquaintances" who have been studied in the "Paris Notes",There are also theorists who re-engaged Marx in his later economic research。Among them,Including Louis Say、Sismondi (Jean Charles Léonard Simonde de Sismondi)、Henri Storch、Pellegrino Rossi、Economists such as John Ramsay MacCulloch,And Auguste de Gasparin、Charles Babbage、Technology theorists represented by Andrew Ure。The manuscript of "Brussels Notes" on display this time has a total of 27 sheets、54 pages,49 pages of which are written,The main excerpt is Storch's "Political Economics Course"、"On Money" by Nicolas Franζois Dupré de Saint Maur、"On Circulation and Credit" by Isaac de Pinto、"On Trade and Interest" by Josias Child、"On Lack" by Benjamin Bell。The versions of excerpts from bet365 promo codes works are all in French or French translations,Insert German summary or comments。

Why "Brussels Notes" has important academic value?Everyone knows,Marx and Engels created a new scientific worldview-historical materialism in 1845's "The German Ideology"。What we have studied more in the past is "what is" the content of historical materialism,But the question of “where does historical materialism come from” is often ignored。"Brussels Notes" is precisely the eve of Marx's creation of historical materialism,One of the two important note groups ("Brussels Notes" and "Manchester Notes") left behind,It leaves us with the complete logic of the production discourse of historical materialism in the context of economics。First,In Brussels Notes,The Russian economist (also involved in this exhibition) Storch provided Marx with the determinism of material production。In Storch’s opinion,Material production is primary,Is the foundation and premise for the operation of the entire human society,Everyone’s life is not only based on material life,And it is reproduced on the premise of the material production of the previous generation;People cannot create laws,The laws of material production can only be discovered in the process of dealing with "things",Thus promoting the prosperity of the country。This view prompted bet365 promo codes theoretical interest to shift from “individual labor” to “material production”,And established bet365 promo codes basic views on material production and reproduction。It is worth mentioning,Marx commented on Storch in German: "After grain,People’s two major needs are clothing and housing。”This is very similar to the description of the premise of human creation of history in “The German Ideology”。Secondly,The Italian economist Rossi (who took over Say's position at the Collège de France after his death) provided Marx with a method of understanding material production from a relational perspective。Economists in the past believed that material production creates material wealth that is visible to the naked eye,Rossi denies this view,Because in the process of material production,People have neither changed the quality nor properties of the object,No new matter is created,It is just the purposeful shaping of material objects according to the design in people's minds,Make it meet human beings' need for "usefulness"。Therefore,What is actually created by material production is an invisible use relationship,And later entering the supply and demand relationship in the field of exchange。This constitutes an important theoretical basis for Marx and Engels’ historical materialism to oppose all old materialist “intuitive” methods,Also resonates with the classical philosophical approach lingering in bet365 promo codes mind,Is the source of bet365 promo codes understanding of the relationship between economic activities behind visible things。Finally,Baibiji、Ule’s technology provided Marx with the realistic basis for a new worldview。Historical materialism is a new world view based on machine mass production,bet365 promo codes past views on machines were purely negative in a certain sense,But the technological theorists not only told Marx,The new order created by machine production can reduce workers’ labor,May become the hope for human liberation in the future,And provided Marx with a micro-production analysis of "how to produce"。So,Marx until "London Notes",They are constantly re-studying technology,In order to improve its theoretical creation on the mode of production。

Why is "Brussels Notes" rarely read in the country?What must be admitted is,Although the "Brussels Notes" are where Marx's real thoughts occurred,However, note-taking documents are not actively “opened” to readers,The text structure and content are very complex,Academic study of this note requires language、Breakthroughs in disciplines and research paradigms。First,"Brussels Notes" is Marx's main text in French、German、Written in English,The excerpts are mainly from French and English documents,Marx himself would summarize or comment in German,Even two different languages ​​often appear in the same sentence。In the study of current domestic Marxist classic literature,Mostly based on the Chinese translation of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels"。Although the Chinese translation of "The Complete Works of Marx and Engels" is the result of the painstaking efforts of many Marxist scholars in our country,It is also my country’s authoritative version of Marx and Engels’ literature,But when we face Marx and Engels documents that have not been translated into Chinese,In other words,When we face the original textual context of Marx and Engels,Return to its own language,It may help us get closer to the original realm where his thoughts occurred。Secondly,Although "Brussels Notes" are Marx's notes on economics,But Marx never intended to be an economist,His research on economics is a practical weapon used to create a new worldview,It is permeated with his philosophical discourse。The study of bet365 promo codes philosophical thoughts cannot just stay in the field of philosophy,Can’t just stay in the field of economics,Cannot even simply splice philosophy and economics。What did Marx gain from his economic research?How bet365 promo codes philosophical thought was combined with economics and changed by it?How the two logics of philosophy and economics in historical materialism are revealed in the framework of the new worldview?These are very difficult questions to answer,And "Brussels Notes" provides us with an entrance to exploration。Finally,Our past research often stayed at the level of “is”,That is, only using "German Ideology" as the object to explain what historical materialism is,Or just use the "Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844" as an object to explain what the alienated labor theory is。However,We still need to study further,How historical materialism was generated;How the alienated labor theory was generated;What is its theoretical source。In other words,We must promote the transformation of the research paradigm of "ran" to the research paradigm of "why"。In addition to combining the real life of Marx and Engels to speculate on its external sources,It is also necessary to explore the ideological sources and specific details of the new worldview theory。Theory is not a rootless tree,The note text proves this to us very well。

With the continuous development of Marxism in the 21st century,The study of Marxist literature in my country is also facing a series of new problems and challenges。Facing richer text,Contains manuscripts of bet365 promo codes and Engels、Notes、Original texts such as letters,And detailed information compiled and published by "The Complete Works of bet365 promo codes and Engels" (Historical Textual Research Edition) (MEGA2),We must face and open these new documents from a higher research standpoint。In past research,The discussion of the source of Marxist theory is more from classical economics、Classical Philosophy、Looking for possible connections in works related to utopian socialism,Reverse notes on bet365 promo codes and Engels’ thoughts。Now,The note text we are facing not only provides the specific content of the theorists and their works excerpted by bet365 promo codes and Engels,Also includes how they rewrote and commented on these works。Compare the original texts of these works,We can clearly see bet365 promo codes and Engels’ views on each theory,This is a new theoretical vision for the study of Marxist philosophy。The new era calls for new textual research in Marxist philosophical research,Original manuscript of bet365 promo codes and Engels’ notes,Not only of historical significance,More importantly, they can help us accurately grasp the historical logic of the generation of Marxism。

　(Author’s unit: Marxist Social Theory bet365 promo codes Center and Department of Philosophy, Nanjing University)