Although art has been an important research object of philosophy since ancient times，But the "art philosophy" as an independent discipline in the strict sense is only more than 200 years of history，and its pioneer is Xie Lin, German classical idealist philosopher。Xie Lin proposed the "main principle of artistic philosophy" as the peacker stone of the whole book as early as 1800 in 1800，It was the first time in history to comprehensively teach "art philosophy" from 1802 to 1803，It has brought a strong impact and lasting impact to the German ideological world。Not long ago，The new translation of "Art Philosophy" (Peking University Press 2021) is officially published。This book not only promoted the boom of Xie Lin's philosophy in the Chinese philosophy study in recent years，And let the wider intellectual industry have a strong interest in Xie Lin's artistic philosophy。

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Most people may feel curious first，What is the difference between "artistic philosophy" and a variety of "art theory"? What is the relationship between "artistic philosophy" and "aesthetics"?，As long as people inspect various art phenomena，I summarizes its creative rules，Think about the value and meaning of art，, etc.，These are already an art theory。From this point of view，The theory of art itself has a much long history。But Xie Lin pointed out，From the theory of art to the philosophy of art，There is a key here，That is to define the essence of "art" at the most fundamental level，Especially realizing that "art" and "philosophy" are essentially the same thing。In other words，Must stand at the height of philosophy (rather than history、Even the position bet365 live casino games of the society itself) Look at art，But this is not to say that many philosophers in the past should give pointers in a high attitude like Plato，Instead, you should recognize the relationship between the two sides of art and philosophy: if art is a philosophy that presents truth through objective creation，Then philosophy is an art that presents truth through conceptual thinking。According to this standard proposed by Xie Lin，Strictly speaking，Real art philosophy exists only in Sie Lin himself and Hegel, which is deeply affected by it、Schopenhua、Nietzsche and Heidegger，As for many popular things that are popular in today's "artistic philosophy"，It seems to be more appropriate to call it "art theory"，or at best, it is just some fragmented "philosophical thinking about art"。

On the other hand，"Art Philosophy" greatly broaden the dimension of "aesthetics"。Because Kant was founded when the subject was founded，The discussion is not so objective "beauty"，I am rather a subjective "beauty"，"Aesthetics"The literal meaning was originally "perceptual learning"。Because of this，Although Kant's aesthetics reveals an important aspect of not being excavated for a long time，and bring a profound impact，But its defects are also obvious，that is, it can easily fall into the mud of empirical psychology，Can't lay an objective foundation for "beauty"，More importantly, putting "artistic beauty" under "natural beauty"，So I do not really see the nature and meaning of art。Comparison of comparison，Xie Lin's artistic philosophy does not exclude aesthetics and its important categories (such as "beauty", "lofty", "purposefulness", etc.，Instead of taking them in themselves。but，He no longer limits all this on subjective feelings，Instead, it is understood as the inherent structure bet365 best casino games of the thing itself and the reflection of its consciousness。The key is，The "thing itself" mentioned here is the same creative activity of the original，It connects nature and art into a whole，Taking the art (even all activities of the human) as a high -end version of the Nature Creation Activities，Therefore, the status of art philosophy and natural philosophy (which is synonymous with philosophy itself) is fundamentally established，instead of just seeing aesthetics as a department of philosophy like ordinary people。

　　General parts and special parts of art philosophy

Xie Lin’s "Philosophy of Art" after dealing with the above basic problems，Mainly elaborate art philosophy from "universal parts" and "special parts"。

The first part of the first part is based on the most general metaphysical principle，Explained the dialectical structure of the universe: absolute person，or original original，As an original activity，I must be myself，So three elements appeared，That is "affirmative" and "affirmative"，and the "No Difference" of the two。In other words，The absolute person is the unity of the opposition，Presentity of all oppositions，also presents the unity of opposition。This structure is manifested as "ideas" at many levels，It means that everything is the one as the one as a "affirmative person"，reflected as real、Limited、Special things，On the other hand, as a "affirmative"，reflected as the concept、Unlimited、General things。At the same time，It is still the uniform of the two。Nature creates natural things according to these prototypes，and the artist also created art works in accordance with these prototypes。In this case，Artist -Sometimes Xie Lin calls them "people in God"，Sometimes Kant's statement，Call them "genius" -ly don't need to imitate nature，Because they are in nature，But Bet365 app download they cannot get rid of nature，Because of observation and insight into nature，They can consciously realize their mission，Create a work presented by the "non -difference" of "unlimited" (this is the term Xie Lin used the most of the term in this book。In this process，The artist is freedom，He can move from universal to special things，So it mainly presents the characteristics of "lofty", "style" and "plain simplicity"; he can also move from special things to the common person，So it mainly presents characteristics such as "beauty", "technique" and "sensory injury"。

More specifically，There are three ways to present art: either the universal person presents special things and the difference between the two; or the intermediary is used as the intermediary. Itself (at this time，The general person is directly special thing，Special things are common ones)。Xie Lin referred to these three ways of presentation as "Schematisch)、"Allegorisch" and "symbolisch"。What mentioned here is actually the content of the content of art works (that is, universal or ideal) and form of form。In a model -type art work，The content is presented first，Only based on it can it be appropriately understood its special expression;，The first presentation is a variety of special factors，It can only be grasped by understanding and interpretation; and in symbolic art works，The content is what it is presented，This whole must be understood as "true" things，instead of being regarded as an intermediary of something else。Music、Architecture、narrative poems, etc. belong to the typical model art，Painting、lyric poetry belongs to the typical trustees，and the statue、Drama, etc. belongs to the typical symbolic art。These three types of art have no difference in height，Only the artist adopts an unsuitable presentation bet365 best casino games method in his own field，will cause criticism。For example，The creative method of "conceptual first" that is often criticized，In fact, it is the way to present the model art，When it appears in painting、Statue、lyric poems、Drama and other fields，It is really poor，But on the other hand，It is in music、Architecture、Narrative Poetry and other fields are completely legal，and have essential priority position。

In the "Special Part" in the main length of "Philosophy of Art"，Xie Lin first made strict and meticulous and scientific classification sorting for the first time in the history of philosophy。He first divided the art zone as the two major categories: "modeling art" and "speech art"，Then distinguish music in the art of styling、Painting and sculpture three small categories，Dividing lyric poems in words and art、narrative poem、Three small categories of drama poems，and divide more branches in each small category。In the specific explanation process，Xie Lin proposed a lot of profound and interesting insights，Therefore, any retest here is suspected of leakage。The only thing that needs to be specifically pointed out is，Xie Lin's practice of scratching music to styling art，Can be described as deaf，refreshing people。Before that，Ordinary people only think of painting when they mention the art of modeling、Architecture、Statue, etc.，I don’t know what is the relationship between music and shape。But Xie Lin pointed out according to natural philosophy，"Sound" is the further expression of the kernel of the object, that is, "magnetic"，Therefore, the same "light" dependent on painting and the "material material" dependent on sculpture dependencies，All belong to the body world。The essence of music is the cyclical decomposition that occurs as a general bet365 live casino games person，"Rhythm"。Because of this，Not only does music belong to the art of styling，And all obvious artistic forms with rhythmic characteristics can be said to have musical and styling factors，Such as lyric poems。Today we can often hear the saying such as "architecture is solidified music"，And these thoughts originated from Xie Lin's artistic philosophy。

Permination of the whole book of "Philosophy of Art"，And Xie Lin repeatedly mentioned the opposition of "ancient art" and "modern art"。

In his opinion，The opposition between the two is actually the two lines of "from universal to special things" and "from special things to universal"。The reason why modern art produces，Self -consciousness、individuality、subjectivity、Freedom and other concepts are closely related to the rise of modernity，Therefore, the inevitable trend of the spirit of the times。On the other hand，Xie Lin emphasized that this opposition does not involve the eternal essence of art free，It's just a phenomenon of time，Therefore, in this issue, opposite Hegel's tit。Hegel also emphasizes the opposition between ancient art and modern art，There is no difference between many specific portrayal and Xie Lin's point of view，But the conclusion he extended from this，But the art has already ended，The greatness of the inquiry spirit must be transferred to religion and philosophy。This problem also reflects the opposition of Hegel and Xie Lin's philosophical system itself，That is the art、Religion and philosophy is understood as different stages from low to high from the path of spiritual path，But Xie Lin regards these three as three equal orientation of spirit。

Because of this，Xie Lin has retained a beautiful prospect for art，Point out at the same time，"Future Art" must be a "most complete composite" that modern art has achieved bet365 best casino games by returning to ancient art。So，Regardless of the philosophy or the art world and even the general intellectual circles，Xie Lin's "Art Philosophy" is a classic book worthy of cherishing and research。

　(Author Unit: Institute of Foreign Philosophy of Peking University、Aesthetics and Aesthetic Education Research Center)