Although bet365 new user promo has been an important research object of philosophy since ancient times，But "philosophy of bet365 new user promo" in the strict sense as an independent discipline has only a history of more than 200 years，And its founder is the German classical idealist philosopher Schelling。As early as 1800, Schelling proposed "the main principles of the philosophy of bet365 new user promo" as the capstone of the book，In 1802-1803, "bet365 new user promo Philosophy" was taught systematically and comprehensively for the first time in history，Brought a strong impact and lasting influence to the German intellectual community。Not long ago，The new translation of "Philosophy of bet365 new user promo" (Peking University Press 2021 edition) is officially published。This work not only contributed to the upsurge in studying Schelling’s philosophy in the Chinese philosophy community in recent years，And it made the wider intellectual community have a strong interest in Schelling’s artistic philosophy。

　bet365 new user promo philosophy, bet365 new user promo theory, and aesthetics

The first thing most people may be curious about is，What is the difference between "bet365 new user promo philosophy" and various "bet365 new user promo theories"？What is the relationship between "bet365 new user promo philosophy" and "aesthetics"？Actually，As long as people examine various artistic phenomena，Summary of its creative rules，Thinking about the value and significance of bet365 new user promo，etc.，These are already an bet365 new user promo theory。From this point of view，bet365 new user promo theory itself has a much longer history。But Schelling pointed out，To rise from bet365 new user promo theory to bet365 new user promo philosophy，There is a key here，That is, the essence of "bet365 new user promo" must be defined at the most fundamental level，Especially the realization that “bet365 new user promo” and “philosophy” are essentially the same thing。In other words，Must stand at the level of philosophy (not history、Look at bet365 new user promo from the standpoint of society and even bet365 new user promo itself，But this does not mean that we should point to bet365 new user promo in a condescending manner like many philosophers in the past such as Plato，Rather, we should recognize the relationship between bet365 new user promo and philosophy: if bet365 new user promo is a philosophy that presents truth through objective creation，Then philosophy is an bet365 new user promo that presents truth through conceptual thinking。According to the standard proposed by Schelling，Strictly speaking，The true philosophy of bet365 new user promo only exists in Schelling himself and Hegel, who was deeply influenced by him、Schopenhauer、Nietzsche and Heidegger，As for many of the so-called “philosophies of bet365 new user promo” that are popular today，It seems more appropriate to call it "bet365 new user promo theory"，Or at best, it is just some fragmented "philosophical thinking about bet365 new user promo"。

On the other hand，“bet365 new user promo philosophy” greatly broadens the dimension of “aesthetics”。Because when Kant founded the discipline of aesthetics，What it discusses is not so much objective "beauty"，Rather, it is a subjective "beauty"，And "aesthetics"The literal meaning is "perceptual science"。Because of this，Although Kant’s aesthetics reveals an important aspect of human thinking activities that has not been discovered for a long time，And bring far-reaching impact，But its flaws are also obvious，That is, it can easily fall into the quagmire of empirical psychology，Cannot lay an objective foundation for "beauty"，What’s more important is to put “artistic beauty” under “natural beauty”，Thus failing to truly see the essence and meaning of bet365 new user promo。In comparison，Schelling’s philosophy of bet365 new user promo does not exclude aesthetics and its important categories (such as “beauty”, “sublimity”, “purposiveness”, etc.)，But to keep them within oneself。But，He no longer limits all this to subjective feelings，But understand it as the internal structure of the thing itself and its reflection in human consciousness。The key is，The "thing itself" mentioned here is the same original creative activity，It connects nature and bet365 new user promo into a whole，Regard bet365 new user promo (and even all human activities) as an advanced version of the creative activities of nature，Thus fundamentally establishing the equal status of philosophy of bet365 new user promo and natural philosophy (which in Schelling is synonymous with philosophy itself)，Instead of just treating aesthetics as a department of philosophy like ordinary people。

　　The universal part and the special part of the philosophy of bet365 new user promo

Schelling’s “Philosophy of bet365 new user promo”, after dealing with the above basic issues，Expounds the philosophy of bet365 new user promo mainly from two aspects: "universal part" and "special part"。

The first part is based on the most general metaphysical principles，Explains the dialectical structure of the universe: The Absolute，Or origin，As original activity，Be sure of yourself，So three elements appeared，That is, the "affirmer" and the "affirmed person"，And the "no difference" between the two。In other words，The Absolute itself is the unity of opposites，Since it appears in all oppositions，Also presented as a unity of opposites。This structure manifests itself as an "idea" on many levels，It means everything as an "affirmed"，Embodied as reality、Limited、Something special，On the other hand as a "positive person"，Embodied as a concept、Unlimited、Universal things。At the same time，It is also the unity of the two。Nature creates natural things according to these prototypes，The artist also creates works of bet365 new user promo based on these prototypes。For that matter，Artists - Schelling sometimes called them "men of God"，Sometimes following Kant’s statement，Call them “geniuses” – no need to imitate nature，Because they are nature themselves，But they cannot escape from nature，Because through observing and experiencing the natural world，They can be more consciously aware of their mission，That is, to create a work that presents the "indifference" between "universals" and "particulars" (the pair of terms Schelling uses most in this book)。In this process，The artist is free，He can move from the universal to the special，So it mainly presents characteristics such as "sublimity", "style" and "simplicity"；He can also move from the particular to the universal，So it mainly presents characteristics such as "beauty", "technique" and "sentimentality"。

More specifically，bet365 new user promo has three ways of presentation: either using the universal as the medium to present something special, or the indifference between the two；Either use the particular as an intermediary to present the universal and the indifference between the two；Or directly present the indifference itself (at this time，The universal is directly the special thing，Special things are directly universal)。Schelling called these three modes of presentation "schematisch"、“allegorisch” and “symbolisch”。What is mentioned here is actually the three relationships between the content (i.e. universal or idea) and form of the work of bet365 new user promo。In the model bet365 new user promo work，The content is presented first，Only on this basis can its special manifestations be properly understood；In allegorical bet365 new user promo works，The first thing that appears are various special factors，The content can only be grasped through understanding and interpretation；And in symbolic works of bet365 new user promo，Content is as it appears，This whole must be understood as something "authentic"，Instead of being used as an intermediary for something else。Music、Architecture、Narrative poetry is a typical paradigm bet365 new user promo，Painting、Lyric poetry is a typical allegorical bet365 new user promo，And the statue、Drama, etc. are typical symbolic arts。There is no distinction between these three types of bet365 new user promo，Only when the artist adopts a presentation method that is inappropriate in his own field，will attract criticism。Example，The often-criticized “concept first” creative approach，In fact, it is the presentation method of paradigm bet365 new user promo，When it appears in painting、Statue、Lyric、When in drama and other fields，Really not good，But on the other hand，It's in music、Architecture、It is completely legal in fields such as narrative poetry，And has essential priority。

In the "Special Part" which occupies the main space of "Philosophy of bet365 new user promo"，For the first time in the history of philosophy, Schelling made a rigorous, detailed and scientific classification of specific bet365 new user promo forms。He first divided bet365 new user promo into two categories: "plastic bet365 new user promo" and "verbal bet365 new user promo"，Then distinguish music among the plastic arts、Three subcategories of painting and sculpture，Distinguishing lyric poetry in the bet365 new user promo of speech、narrative poetry、Three subcategories of dramatic poetry，And more branches are distinguished in each subcategory。In the process of specific elaboration，Schelling provided a lot of profound and interesting insights，Therefore any retelling here may be misleading。The only thing that needs to be pointed out is，Schelling’s approach of classifying music as a plastic bet365 new user promo，It’s so inspiring，Refreshing。Before this，Ordinary people only think of painting when they mention plastic arts、Architecture、Statues and other visible and tangible things，I don’t know the relationship between music and styling。But Schelling pointed out based on natural philosophy，“Sound” is a further manifestation of the core of an object, that is, “magnetism”，So it is the same as the "light" that painting relies on and the "material material" that sculpture relies on，All belong to the physical world。The essence of music is the periodic decomposition of sound as a universal，i.e. "rhythm"。Because of this，Not only music belongs to the plastic arts，And all bet365 new user promo forms with obvious rhythmic characteristics can be said to have musical and plastic elements，Like lyric poetry。Today we often hear the saying "architecture is solidified music"，These ideas originated from Schelling’s philosophy of bet365 new user promo。

Throughout the book "Philosophy of bet365 new user promo"，There is also the opposition between "ancient bet365 new user promo" and "modern bet365 new user promo" that Schelling repeatedly mentioned。

In his opinion，The opposition between the two is actually the opposition between the two routes of "from the universal to the special" and "from the special to the universal"。The reason why modern bet365 new user promo emerged，With self-awareness、Individuality、Subjectivity、The rise of concepts such as freedom in modern times is closely related，Therefore, it is in line with the inevitable trend of the spirit of the times。On the other hand，Schelling emphasized that this opposition does not involve the eternal nature of bet365 new user promo in itself，Just a temporal phenomenon，Thus confronting Hegel on this issue。Hegel also emphasized the opposition between ancient bet365 new user promo and modern bet365 new user promo，There is no difference from Schelling’s views in many specific characterizations，But the conclusion he drew from this，But bet365 new user promo has come to an end，The great mission of exploring the spirit must be transferred to religion and philosophy。This question also reflects the opposition between the philosophical systems of Hegel and Schelling，That is, Hegel’s bet365 new user promo、Religion and philosophy are understood as different stages from low to high on the spiritual path，But Schelling regarded these three as three equal aspects of the spirit。

　Because of this，Schelling preserved a bright future for bet365 new user promo，Also pointed out，"Future bet365 new user promo" must be the "most complete synthesis" achieved by modern bet365 new user promo by returning to ancient bet365 new user promo。Therefore，No matter for the philosophy world, the bet365 new user promo world or even the general intellectual world，Schelling's "Philosophy of bet365 new user promo" is a classic work worthy of cherishing and studying。

　(Author’s affiliation: Institute of Foreign Philosophy, Peking University、Aesthetics and Aesthetic Education Research Center)