In the 1970s，French anthropologist Louis Dumont,1911-1998) In a speech, the definition and concept of our (Western Social Sciences) largely comes from our own modern culture，Even the experience of anthropology has changed more or less ... Therefore, our current definition expresses our own culture，And our own culture (that is, our own ideology) reflects a special development。Du Meng's words are based on his sober understanding of anthropological diversity of world culture，It is an important reflection on its own world: as a western civilization of the world at that time，It's just part of the world's civilization。Therefore, it originated from the words system of Western culture，Just developed from this special culture、It can only reflect some definitions and concepts of Western civilization。，Du Meng's point of view becomes a consensus in the human society，Western social sciences, especially the human academic circles, have been continuing，and the most deep and thorough，Non -American anthropologist Marshall Sahlins，1930-2021) is。

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Marshall Salle，American Jews，It is a famous scholar in the field of cultural research，Master of Structuralism Levi Strauss is called "the sage among anthropologists"。His teacher White from the famous American new evolutionary scholar，It is deeply determined by the latter to determine culture as a symbolic concept of order concept，Throughout your life, he devoted himself to cultural research。Through the study of the other, it perspective itself，It is the academic goal of the entire anthropological discipline，It is a portrayal of the academic trajectory of Salinus's life。Salinus's field research target is the indigenous people of the Pacific Islands，But，Field participating national ideas is not the long item of Salinus，His influence lies in the theoretical exploration based on national information。Salinus's life writings are quite abundant，There are 19 books that have been published now，There are more than 100 articles，From these works, you can see his academic development process。With his rich Bet365 app download and diverse research themes (economic system、King rights theory、relative system、Nature and Culture、The relationship between culture and practice、Cultural changes in globalization theory, etc.)，Salinus's theory has undergone a transition from new evolution theory from technical decision theory to cultural decision theory，This change also determines his criticism of the disciplines such as social biology and capitalist economic theory，Especially the criticism of the in -depth bone marrow behind the utilitarian thoughts behind it。Under these criticisms，Salle wants to do it completely to completely break the cognitive paradigm of Western anthropology or western social sciences，Find a more decentralized academic research paradigm。

Salins start war on Western Social Sciences，Beginning in his book "Economics of Stone Age"。This work published in 1972，Actually it is the crystallization of his thinking throughout the 1960s。Salle in the 1960s as a radical left -wing actor，Actively participate in social activities such as anti -Vietnam War;，Published "Culture and Evolution", "Mora: Culture and Nature on Fiji Island" and "Tribe" and so on。After the British -American human academic community about society and culture in the 1950s，Anthropology in the United States determines culture as a subject research object。The American human academic community in the 1950s and 1950s，Combining cultural research and evolution theory，created a new theory called new cultural evolution theory。This theory believes that the development form of social culture is the result of adapting to natural ecology，Therefore, social and cultural research should be combined with natural science，Statistics model、Quantitativeization, etc. Introduced in cultural research，Cultural ecology became a manifestation at that time。Salinus's early research belongs to this column。But，Salins did not stay in this field for a long time，He soon was attracted by Karl Polkani's economics theory，In the analysis of anthropology。The transformation from cultural ecology to economic anthropology，With inner consistency，Because both are concerned about labor、Land、allocation、exchange, etc.。If Karl Polki uses a large number of anthropological indigenous social materials Bet365 lotto review to demonstrate his point of view，So the Karl Polish -style economic anthropology research will be more convincing，Because anthropologists observe any indigenous society, you can see: Economy is deeply embedded in other social structures，There is no free market for independent system，Production and switching interweave is in other social structures, especially in the relative system，and deeply restricted and influenced by the latter。That is to say，In human history，Embedded economy is the norm，Free market economy is a mutation。This is the essential theory of economics theory mentioned in "Economics of Stone Age"。uphold this view，Compared to the modern capitalist society with great abundance，Salinus proposed the concept of "Original Passionate Society"，Try to collect the name of society as a hunt。That is to say，Our impression of hunting and collection of "barren and backward" in society，Actually it is a misunderstanding，Hunting Collection of Society is essentially a kind of high labor efficiency、Life state of abundant time; from the perspective of labor time and output ratio，Modern capitalism is an efficient production method。

Based on the above views，Salinus redefined the economy: economic activities are not just human rational choices，It is actually a cultural behavior，Economic rationality cannot escape the constraints of the meaning system。In order to more fully explore the relationship between the Chinese and rationalization of economic behavior and rationality，In the same year，Salinus published the book "Culture and Practical Reason"。In this book，His once again made the above perspective with a clear banner，Criticizing the utilitarian perspective that the culture is formed in the rational activity of individuals in the pursuit of its own maximum interests，Profitting a symbol or meaning rationality。Although Salins did not advocate cultural decision theory，and completely ignore the role of natural ecology，But he believes that the basic role of natural ecology needs to enter the cultural system to start operation，Therefore, the first is to choose natural facts from culture。In the mid -1960s，French structuralist master Levi Strauss's work is like a thunderbolt burst in the American anthropology community，Salinus also made a positive bet365 live casino games response to this new idea from France。He quickly showed fascination with structuralism，And went to France to France to study structureism in the late 1960s and early 1970s。This experience has an important impact on his theory that he later tried to develop structure and history，Using structuralism to analyze the symbol and meaning system，is the most important part of Salinus later research。At the same time，As one of the few American scholars who talk to Marx in the 1960s，Salins responded to the debate between Marxism and structuralism at the time，He believes that the economic foundation determines the Marxist analysis framework that needs to be faced with the need to face: how to analyze the indigenous society in the same structure。But what it seems to be more important is，Marxism and structuralism have important common points，All emphasize culture in practice，That is to say that they are concerned about the relationship between production practice and symbolic order。So，Breaking the theory of utilitarian，Emphasize cultural theory，is the real purpose of Salinus。Behind these discussions，Salinus believes that his highest goal is to help those who have not awakened escape their homemade economic decision -making。

　Capitalism originated from Western religious culture

Of course，Proposal of cultural theory is just the first step to break the cage of economic decision -making，reveals the philosophical foundation behind the economic decision theory and its final source is a thorough solution。Salinus really returned from the attention of exotic to the exploration of its own civilization in this sense。This is not only the requirements of the discipline，It is also a response to the real world。The development of American capitalism in the 1950s and 1950s，Along with a series of social problems: old morals such as love、generous、Self -restraint、Honesty、Loyalty and other collapse，Deception、impulse、disorder、Excessive consumption and other new phenomena emerged，This makes some social theorists start exploring what happened to the United States。Most people believe that the change of the social moral system based on Marxist perspective is the result of economic development，Especially the evil results brought by the development of the free market of capitalist。This has a bet365 best casino games long -standing academic discussion in the form of capitalist economy with continental Europe。Sambart in Germany、Weber，Tony in the UK，Hungarian Karl Polkani is the pioneer of capitalist issues。Although Salinus was deeply influenced by Karl Polki in the early days，But Polish -style historical economic and social history discussion is not recognized by it，He believes that the essence of the problem will never see the essence of the problem，Structured cultural inquiry can reveal the nature of things。So，He claims to treat capitalism as a culture to treat。

Capitalism culture is a historic local cultural structure of Western civilization，Hidden in Jewish -Christian Universe。1996，Salins published a long article "Sweet Sadness: Local Anthropology of Western Universe Outlook"，Concentrated this point of view。In order to find the truth from the view of the Western religious universe，Salins returned to the Bible，He explained from France to the analysis of the Bible from French explanatory scientist Paul Liko，reveals that "God is self -sufficient，People are limited. "The consequence of this cosmic view is that people are destined to exhaust their lives in the process of meeting their own needs。The birth of economics，It will satisfy the eternal shortcomings of human beings into a scientific empirical method。Humanity of human beings，Discussion by a generation of philosophers，The crime from the eyes of Augustine gradually evolved into the supreme source of social virtue in Adam Smith's eyes，and Western Social Sciences are constantly trying to demonstrate personal needs and greed are the basis of social。The utilitarianism that advocates the purpose of satisfying its own desire is the capitalist spirit in the general sense。Salinus believes that this kind of capitalist spirit that is different from the general sense that is distinguished by Weber in the ethics of Protestantism is also very important，It constitutes the real source of Western capitalism in the concept of Jewish -Christian universe。Salinus's position is obviously different from Weber，The latter attributes the rise of capitalism to the unique moral ethics of the Puritan after the reform of religious reforms，And this kind of utilitarianism that has been greedy since there are people is not within the scope of his Bet365 lotto review inspection。So，Religious reforms have become an important historical event for Weber to investigate the source of capitalism。For Salinus，utilitarianism in Western religious universe view，It is an indispensable part of investigating capitalism。The birth of capitalism in the West is not just the result of religious reform，More closely related to Western religious culture。

2008，Salins published the book "Western Phantom of Humanity"，The origin of the Western political system also discussed from the perspective of the religious universe。He thinks，Western political system is just based on the unique and metaphysics of human nature.。The description of the History of the Berobennesian war in Xiu Catabada for the Cosstagenia Revolution is the root cause of the two arguments of the monarchy and Adams' equal rights system。self -interest associated with evil，It is also the foundation of human nature，It was considered a evil in the early Christianity，But with the arrival of the new philosophical trend of philosophy during the Renaissance，Self -benefit as a nature，Instead of becoming the right of God's Fu，and then become the cornerstone of freedom。Salins firmly oppose human nature is a natural animal theory of social biology，He believes that human nature is based on the ability to understand a certain cultural graphic，Is in the formation，It is not born to exist。People are a social animal，And human nature is formed in society。So far，Salinus has completed the criticism of the two themes of Western civilization，also concluded that a conclusion that can cause Western civilization to collapse: Western civilization is based on the wrong view of human nature。

Explain the real world from the perspective of religious universe，is a structuralist method that transcends historicism。But，Salle is not a pure structuralist。As early as the research on the social history of the Pacific Islands，He developed the theory of the relationship between history and structure: history is a durable practice，Culture is a common structure。Cultural structure and historical practice are always interactive，Culture will be changed in a historical way in action，Actions in history are also affected by the cultural structure，The two are dialectical unified relationships。It is the combination of historical events such as the Jewish -Christian Universe and bet365 live casino games Renaissance，The concept of self -interest that keeps pursuing self -satisfaction becomes the mainstream concept of western social culture，Capitalism talents came into being。It is the history of Polinnenian War in Xiu Xishid，Show the conceptual structure of human nature，Guide the West to develop two political systems，and alternate with historical events。In the final analysis，Salinus's local anthropology research，It is a historical anthropology research on intelligent intellectual。Today's Western civilization is the result of the common role of structure and event，​​Finally, the product of human thoughts，It is not human nature to choose today's Western civilization，but a philosopher、thinker、Social scientists these intellectuals，Created a modern western civilization together，and this creation is still continuing。So，Salinus's entire thinking is talking to those of the intellectuals，This is probably the motivation and cause of his life in his life。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Religious Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)