Clinical，The biggest problem facing nj bet365 is the shortage of human organs。For example，300,000 patients in China are waiting for organ transplants every year，Less than 6% of people have access to supplies，Most people died while waiting；In the United States，The average waiting time for a kidney transplant is approximately 3 to 5 years，An average of 17 people die every day from this kind of waiting。How to solve this problem？People thought of transplanting animal organs into humans，xenotransplantation，Different from homologous nj bet365)。Early 20th century，French surgeon Alexis Carrel invented the blood vessel suturing method，Greatly promoted the development of nj bet365 technology。Carrel asserts that the future of nj bet365 depends on the possibility of animals such as pigs as a source of human organs，Because their organs are easier to obtain。However，Humans and pigs have been evolutionary separated for more than 80 million years，This kind of nj bet365 across biological species faces more technical difficulties than homogeneous nj bet365，Such as hyperacute immune rejection and endogenous retroviral infection。In recent years，People continue to explore the genetic sequence of modified pigs，To create humanized donor pigs that can circumvent these problems，An important breakthrough has been made。September 2021，American researchers successfully transplanted a kidney from a genetically modified pig to a brain-dead patient，This pig kidney worked in the human body for 54 hours；January 2022，A surgical team at the University of Maryland School of Medicine transplanted the heart of a genetically modified pig into heart failure patient David Bennett，Help him extend his life for nearly two months。

Xenogeneic nj bet365 technology brings new hope to deal with the organ shortage crisis。But just like the situation faced by many biomedical technologies in their infancy，Xenogeneic nj bet365 has also caused some ethical controversies，People with different positions have put forward different views on this，There are many voices of opposition。Some of them are indeed well-founded，Some are just derived from people’s likes and dislikes。Therefore，The author believes that it is necessary to correctly think about the ethical issues in animal-human nj bet365，In order to have meaningful debates around real issues。

Some people believe that xenotransplantation is unnatural，Therefore evil。Similar to this，One point of view criticizing xenotransplantation is "fooling God"，To make people usurp the role of created beings into creators。If you look carefully，Easy to find，This ethical attitude actually lacks a solid foundation，There are two reasons。One，The concept of "unnatural" here is ambiguous。Many people believe that incest and cannibalism are unnatural，Therefore evil，But such behavior is common in nature。The question is not whether they are contrary to nature，It’s about what consequences they lead to。In essence，People often have an aversion to something based solely on intuition，And connect it with the concept of unnatural，But this emotion does not provide sufficient evidence for moral judgment。For this argument，As long as the ambiguity of the concept of natural or unnatural is revealed，This will reveal their falsehood，The same applies to opposition to xenotransplantation in the name of going against nature。Part 2，Even if there is a clearly defined concept of nature，If events occurring in nature are natural，Human intervention is unnatural，It cannot be inferred that unnatural events such as xenogeneic nj bet365 are bad。Because natural events are not necessarily good，Such as various natural disasters，Unnatural events are not necessarily bad，Various humanitarian measures to alleviate natural disasters。If xenogeneic nj bet365 technology reaches maturity，Can save many patients who died due to lack of organ supply，Conform to the principle of beneficence in medical ethics，So it cannot be judged as bad simply because it is unnatural。The author thinks，Revolving around “whether xenogeneic nj bet365 is natural or not”，It can only produce meaningless arguments。In terms of people，Correctly consider the ethical issues that may arise from xenogeneic nj bet365，Efforts should be made from the following aspects，For example, because endogenous retroviruses may be transmitted to humans through nj bet365，And there is an uncertain incubation period，Therefore, patients undergoing this surgery and their relatives and friends must be monitored for a long time，This may involve conflicting issues between maintaining personal privacy and promoting public health and safety；Zairu，Like nj bet365，Xenogeneic nj bet365 will also encounter the problem of fair distribution of transplantable organ supplies。

Some people believe that killing animals is inherently evil，Therefore, we strongly reject the use of animals as nj bet365 donors。For this attitude，It needs to be pointed out，More than 1 billion pigs are killed in the world every year，To obtain raw meat to make bacon、Ham、Sausage, etc.。If this does not constitute an ethical issue，Then breed thousands of medical pigs，To obtain a transplantable kidney、The heart and other organs do not pose ethical issues。In Animal Ethics，Except for some extreme animal rights activists (such as Tom Regan)，Few people object to killing animals for food。Same，The practice of selecting and breeding nj bet365 donor animals for medical use，It cannot be said to be morally evil。But this does not mean that people can be indifferent to the growing environment of donor animals，Note based on biosafety considerations，Donor animals are placed in a specific sterile environment and cultured individually，Their biological and psychological habits are greatly suppressed。For example, to reduce contact with pathogenic microorganisms in the birth canal，The donor piglet needs to be removed by caesarean section，and cultured in a unique incubator。Although the health of the donor pig is well protected，But their habits (what Aristotle called telos) were not taken seriously。Therefore，From the standpoint of "animal welfare"，Their overall welfare levels are seriously compromised。Some contemporary animal ethicists particularly emphasize respecting the biological and psychological habits of animals，Point out that the advantage of traditional agriculture and animal husbandry is that it accommodates this well，Reflects the "ancient contractual relationship" of mutual benefit between humans and animals (Noah's Ark is its symbol)；The rise of factory farms since the Industrial Revolution has broken this contractual relationship: humans are in order to obtain more profits，No longer respect animal habits，For example, some modern beef cattle raising enterprises place cattle in 6/2.In a 5/3 foot square “gestation crate”，Made him unable to stand or turn around for the rest of his life，And maintain a state of anemia through special feeding methods，To obtain soft white beef for human consumption。With animal welfare concepts such as the famous "Five Freedoms" (animals have freedom from hunger and thirst，Freedom to live comfortably，Is there any pain、Freedom from injury and disease，Freedom from fear and sorrow and freedom to express one's nature)，This cruel meat production model is gradually banned by many European and American countries。If the cultivation of nj bet365 donor pigs greatly violates the biological and psychological habits of pigs，This constitutes an ethical issue worth noting。Kant once said，Even if humans do not have direct obligations to animals，Also has indirect obligations。

Some ethical attitudes regarding animal-human nj bet365，Even unethical attitude，Often due to public ignorance of scientific knowledge。For example，Some people who oppose the development of xenotransplantation medical technology believe that，Human love and hate come from the heart，Therefore, a person transplanted with a pig heart will lose his human characteristics。Contrasted with public ignorance of science is，Scientists don’t have enough respect for ethical issues。Many scientists adhere to the position of logical positivism，Consider science to be value-neutral，Not related to ethics，Many ethical issues are simply expressing an emotion，No rational basis。This further hinders the healthy interaction between the scientific community and the public，Creating suitable soil for the emergence of false ethical issues。actually，Science and ethics are closely linked，Like a French mathematician、Words by philosopher Henri Poincaré，“Ethics shows us the goals we should pursue，After pointing out the target，Science teaches us how to achieve it”。Scientific activities are not value-neutral，But it has a clear value orientation，The important thing is to analyze it。

　　(Author’s unit: Institute of Philosophy, Shandong Academy of nj bet365)