Clinical，The biggest problem faced by organ transplantation is the shortage of human organs。such as，China has 300,000 patients waiting instruments for transplantation every year，Only less than 6%of people can get the source，Most people die in the waiting; in the United States，The average waiting time of kidney transplantation is about 3 to 5 years，On average 17 people died every day, waiting for this kind of waiting。How to solve this problem? People think of transplanted animal organs in the human body，that is, xenotransplantation，Different from the same organ transplantation)。early 20th century，French surgeon Alex Carel invented the blood vessel suture method，greatly promoted the development of organ transplantation technology。The future of Karel's assertive organ transplant depends on the possibility of animals such as pigs as the source of human organs，Because their organs are easier to get。But，Human pig evolution has been separated for more than 80 million years，This organ transplantation spanning biological species faces more technical difficulties than the same organ transplant，Such as ultra -acute immune exclusion reactions and endogenous reverse virus infection, etc.。In recent years，People constantly explore the gene sequence of transforming pigs，To Bet365 app download cultivate humanized donor pigs that can avoid these problems，Get an important breakthrough。September 2021，American researchers successfully transplanted the kidneys of a genetically modified pig to a brain death patient，This pig kidney worked in the human body for 54 hours; January 2022，The Surgical Team of the University of Maryland Medical College transplanted the heart of a gene modified pig to the heart failure David Bened，Helped him for nearly two months of life。

Differential organ transplantation technology brings new hope to the crisis of organ shortage。But like many biomedical technologies faced by their first birth，Alien organ transplantation has also caused some ethical disputes，People with different positions put forward different opinions on this，Among them, there are many voices of opposition。Some of them is indeed based，Some only originated from people's good and evil emotions。So，The author believes that it is necessary to correctly think about animal animals — ethical problems in human organ transplant，To make meaningful controversy around real problems。

Some people think that the transplantation of heterogeneous organs is non -natural，Therefore, it is evil。Similar to this，A view that criticizes the transplantation of heterogeneous organs is "fooling God"，Make people from the role of the creator 僭 僭 僭 僭。If you look closely，It is not difficult to find，This ethical attitude actually lacks a solid foundation，The reason is two。One，The concept of "non -natural" here is unclear。Many people Bet365 app download think that incest and similar foods are not natural，Therefore, it is evil，But this kind of behavior is common in nature。The question is not whether they violate nature，and what kind of consequences they have caused。In essence，People often have a disgusted attitude based on intuition，and link it with non -natural concepts，But this emotion cannot provide sufficient arguments for moral judgment。For this argument，As long as it reveals the vagueness of nature or non -natural concepts，can show their virtuality，The same is true of the puppet method that opposes the transplantation of heterogeneous organs in violation of nature。Its two，Even if there is a natural concept that defines clearly，The event that occurs in nature is natural，Human artificial intervention is non -natural，From this, it cannot be inferred that this non -natural incident is bad。Because natural events are not necessarily good，Such as a variety of natural disasters，Non -natural events are not necessarily bad，If various humanitarian measures that relieve natural disasters。Organic transplantation technology of heterogeneous device if it is mature，It can save many patients who died due to lack of organ supply，Principle of Benefication，So you cannot simply judge that it is bad。I think，Surrounding "Natural with the Transplantation of heterogeneous organs"，It can only produce unnecessary arguments。As far as people are concerned，Correctly think about the ethical Bet365 app download problems that may cause the transplantation of heterogeneous organs，It should be made from the following aspects，If the virus is transplanted by organ transplantation due to an endogenous reverse virus，and there are uncertain latent periods，Therefore，This may involve contradictions in maintaining personal privacy and promoting public health and safety;，Like the same organ transplant，Alien organ transplantation will also encounter a fair allocation problem for the supply of transplant organ supply。

Some people think that killing animals itself is evil，Therefore, I really refuses to use the animal as an organ donor。For this attitude，What needs to be pointed out is，The world kills more than 1 billion pigs per year，To get raw meat to make bacon、Ham、sausage, etc.。If this does not constitute an ethical problem，So cultivate thousands of medical pigs，To obtain the transplantable kidney、Hearts and other organs do not constitute ethical problems。In animal ethics，Except for certain extreme animal rights theories (such as Tom Reagan)，Few people oppose to kill animals for the purpose of eating。Similarly，Occascularity of the nursery -choice organizer thinks about medical practices，Can't be said to be evil in terms of morality。But this is not to say that people can indifferent to the growth environment of supply animals，Notice based on biological safety and other considerations，Supply animals are placed in a specific sterile environment and cultivated alone，Their biological and psychological habits are greatly suppressed。bet365 best casino games If in order，Supply pigs need to be cut through a caesarean section，and cultivate in a unique conservation box。Although the health of the donor is well guaranteed，But their habits (telos mentioned by Aristotle) ​​did not get attention。So，From the point of view of "Animal Welfare"，The overall welfare level of them is seriously damaged。Some contemporary animal ethics scientists particularly emphasize to respect the biology and psychological habits of animals，It is pointed out that the advantage of traditional agriculture and animal husbandry is that this is a good accommodation，The "ancient contractual relationship" that reflects the mutual benefit of man and animal (Noah's Ark is its symbol); and the rise of factory farms since the industrial revolution broke this contract relationship: humans to obtain more profits，​​No longer respects animal habits，For example, some modern beef -beef breeding companies put cattle in the "Gestation Cra"，Make him stand and turn around for life，and maintain a anemia state through a special feeding method，WHITE VEAL。With the concept of animal welfare like the famous "five major freedom" (animal has freedom to avoid hunger，Freedom with comfortable life，There is no pain、Freedom of damage and disease，The proposal that has the freedom of fear and sadness and the freedom of expression)，This cruel meat production model is gradually banned by many European and American countries。If the cultivation of organ donor pigs greatly Bet365 app download violates the biological and psychological habits of pigs，Then it constitutes a notable ethical problem。Kant once said，Even if people do not have direct obligations for animals，It also has indirect obligations。

Some ethical attitudes about animal organs，or even a non -ethical attitude，Often originated from the public's ignorance of scientific knowledge。such as，Some people who oppose the development of heterogeneous organ transplantation medical technology believe，The love and hatred of a person originated from the heart，Therefore, the person who transplants pigs will lose the characteristics of people。What is against the public's ignorance of science is，Scientists do not respect ethical issues。Many scientists adhere to the position of logical empiricalism，It is believed that science is the neutral value，It has nothing to do with ethics，Many ethical issues are just expressing an emotion，No rational basis。This further hinders the benign interaction between the scientific community and the public，It cultivates suitable soil for the occurrence of fake ethics issues。Actually，Science and ethics have close contact，As French mathematician、Philosopher Henry Poncale said，"Ethics shows us the goals we should pursue，After pointing out the goal，How to teach us how to reach it "。Scientific activities are not worthy of value，Instead, it has a clear value orientation，The important thing is to identify it。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Philosophy in Shandong Academy of Social Sciences)