Since Plato's "Claido"，The relationship between the name and their naming things，refers to the question，It has become the core topic in the field of general language philosophy。The development of language philosophy theory has further refined generally referring to problems，Scholars concentrate their attention on the reference relationship between the refressions and the reference (Reference)。These indications include the special name、Limited description words、Demonstratives and types of words。Semantic expression differences based on different types of expressions，Answers on the question of the problem derived many complex theories: the theory of tighteningism in the form of language form、Specifies the direct referral theory of Micreya、Exploring the descriptor of the two -dimensional semantics refers to the theory、The theory of intentional indexes that emphasize the intention of the speaker。The fundamental，These staggered theories actually reflect the multi -dimensional nature of the problem of the problem，Any simple framework is not enough to summarize this problem。

According to the general view，Index concept is a concept of semantic relationship，It means the relationship between a specific instrument "R" and the object R，Indications and Indications are in the two different categories of the objects and reality。Dual relationship around the referred to，We can ask the following questions: What is "R" refers to Bet365 lotto review what or its semantic value? If "R" refers to R，How does "R" refer to R? What kind of language can lay the foundation for the relationship between "R" and R?

D. Kaplan、R. C. StalNaker and Ori Simchen, contemporary scholars, keenly observed，These references should be divided into different types，and generally divided into metasemantics and semantics。It is referred to as the expression，Semantics aims to determine the object or semantic value of the expression of the expression，Metropolis semantics, what factors that are related to expression related to expression can be fixed (FIXING Reference) and how to fix the index。Under this framework，The first question in the above is a semantic problem，The latter two problems belong to the problem of the alarm science。Although not all language philosophers clearly distinguish between two in their discussion，But we can always use this framework to analyze the classic index theory。The typical representative is the direct indication theory of S. Kripke。At the level of semantics，Cripk believes that the special name does not describe the intermediary，Directly referred to the object。At the level of meta semantics，He also provided the theory of historical cause and effect to explain the specifically what the special name is obtained。

Semantic/Menxin Framework distinguishes two different types of problems，Make the two of them do not belong to each other、It does not affect each other，Discovery at the semantic semantic level does not affect the determination semantic value of the specific language expression。But，There are at least two problems in this framework。First，This framework cannot bet365 Play online games accommodate the possible theoretical association between the theory and semantics。Metropolis semantics is mostly in the case of giving attribute values ​​or reference objects，Research quantity value or related semantic facts of metaphysics。The result of the inquiry of meta semantics is the supplement to the explanation of specific semantics rather than subversion。But since ancient times,，Philosophers pay more attention to the connection between semantics and the theory of the body，and try to read this body theory commitment from nature or artificial language。The concepts of "referring to" and "true" play a key role in the process of hooking language and real。For example，Aristotle's derivation of the category in the "Category" depends on daily language facts。Analysis of the birth of philosophy，Freder also limited the concept of the object through the indexes of the word item。Later，R. Carnap (R. Carnap) starting from the language framework will be metaphysical (outside) the problem of reprimand is meaningless，and the daily linguistic school represented by W. V. Quine (W. V. Quine) and the daily linguistic school represented by P. F. Strawson has rebuilt this body theory from the perspective of first -order language and daily language。2，Under this framework，The answer to semantic science questions is simply given the object of the specifically referring to the expression of the expression，Therefore, the problem of the language is flat，Compressed complex dimension that refers to the problem。Affected by the true value condition semantics，Simple expression of the structure of the structure is attributed bet365 Play online games to direct semantic assignment，and the refers to the complex expressions are determined by the semantic assignment of the composition of the composition through a combined semantic mechanism。This semantic assignment gives the object R in the domain R to the expression "R" as its index，This object is the contribution of this expression to the true value of its statement。But，Just as the observations observed by Jamesky, Quinn and others，Many language structures in natural language cannot be simply incorporated into the true value condition semantics，such as "Sun Wukong", "Gavagai" and "Beijing" in "Beijing"。It is difficult for us to give the above expression to determine the index。

Language Indications are not simple semantic assignments，Instead, there is a certain theoretical correlation with the ontology at the same time，Semantic/Metropolis Questions Classification is not enough to exhaust the internal complexity of the problem。Indications can actually consider from three dimensions，That is the expression "R"、Indication object R and refers to the relationship。In principle，Indications that the relationship can only be presented in the form of meta language，"R" refers to R。Where，"R" is an expression in the object language，"R" is an expression used in the meta language to describe the object of the object。Basic instructions Questions，"R" Why does it mean R，Can be decomposed into three problems in three dimensions。

First is the metaphysics (Metaphysics of Words) dimension for the first constituent component ("R")，We must first figure out which word "R" belongs to which language。There are a lot of homogeneous Bet365 lotto review and exotic words in the same natural language，There are also many neutralized words between different natural languages ​​(so -called "False Friends")。So，Before answering the question，We must first confirm which word is the sexual term.，This problem belongs to the metaphysical field of words。Generally speaking，The metaphysics of words aims to answer two core questions: the same sexual question，How can two different languages ​​be regarded as the same word，What is the standard of the same sex; the problem of ontology，The type of words can be attributed to the category of the subject theory，What is its metaphysical nature。This dimension is to answer the same sexual question of the word，Non -cyclic dysfunction of words in use。

The second is the ontology dimension for the second constituent ingredient (referred to)，Indicates what the subject theory of the object belongs is included。The answer to this question is related to whether the expression can be used as a indication expression，The so -called empty words such as "The King of France today" and "Sun Wukong"，and the "Beijing", "Gavagai" mentioned above。If we adhere to the sound realism，Do not recognize the body theory, including fiction、All strange objects including the synthetic object，Then the above expression does not refer to the object，Need to be eliminated or dilutes the concept of a language analysis method。Contrary to，If we insist on expanding ontology，Idoly pseudo -fictional object、Possible objects、Synthetic objects, etc.，So there is no difference between these expressions and no controversial incentives bet365 Play online games in daily life，It can be processed with semantics。

Finally, the meaning of the first component (referred to) for the third constituent ingredient (referred to)，The question we need to answer is: how is the relationship between the "R" and the internal reference domain of the body and the R。Appropriate expansion，Many theoretical resources can lay the foundation for the relationship between the relationship，If the speaker's intention、History causality、Interpretability and Reference Magnets。A typical example is the relationship between fictional names and fictional objects。Creator of fictional objects believes，The author (of them) created a fictional object，and design the corresponding fiction name to accuse the fictional object。Along the historical causality chain from the author (of them)，Other people followed the author's use of the author's name during the recounting process，Therefore, the same name is used to refer to the same fictional object，Realized literal communication。

The above three dimensions actually reveal the synthesis of the relationship between the relationship:

Settlement of words: "R" belongs to Language L.

Anthology dimension: R exists.

Metropolitanian dimension: "R" is associated to R in some way。

So，"RL" refers to R。("RL" is the specific expression after the departure in L)

Under this multi -dimensional depiction，Indications and corresponding tolerance concepts can show their rich connotation，Many entanglement、The complicated theoretical clues can also be clearly presented above three dimensions。

(Author Unit: School of Philosophy of Northwest University)