Since Plato’s Cratylus，The relationship between names and the things they name，The problem of bonus bet365，becomes a core issue in the field of general philosophy of language。The development of linguistic philosophy theory further refines the general bonus bet365 problem，Scholars focus on the referential relationship (bonus bet365) between referring expressions (referring expressions) and referents (referents)。These referential expressions include proper names、qualifying descriptor、Demonstratives and category words, etc.。Differences in semantic performance based on different types of expressions，The answer to the question of bonus bet365 has given rise to many complex theories: deflationist bonus bet365 theory that focuses on linguistic form、Following Mill’s theory of direct bonus bet365、Exploring the descriptivist theory of bonus bet365 in two-dimensional semantics、Intentional theory of bonus bet365 that emphasizes the speaker’s intention, etc.。Getting to the root of it，These criss-crossing theories actually reflect the multi-dimensionality of the problem of bonus bet365，No simple framework is sufficient to summarize the problem。

According to the general view，The concept of bonus bet365 is a semantic relation concept，Represents the relationship between a specific bonus bet365 expression "R" and the bonus bet365 object r，Referential expressions and referent objects are in two different categories: language and reality。Dyadic relations surrounding bonus bet365，We can ask the following question: What does "R" refer to or what is its semantic value？If "R" refers to r，How “R” refers to r？What extra-linguistic facts can ground the referential relationship between "R" and r？

Take Kaplan (D. Kaplan）、Starnek (R. C. Contemporary scholars represented by Stalnaker and Ori Simchen have keenly observed，These alleged related questions should be of different types，And distinguishes generally between metasemantics and semantics。In terms of referring expressions，Semantics aims to determine the referent or semantic value of an expression，Metasemantics explores what factors related to expressions can fix the bonus bet365 (fixing bonus bet365) and how to fix the bonus bet365。Under this framework，The first question above is a semantic issue，The latter two questions belong to metasemantics。Although not all philosophers of language explicitly distinguish between the two in their discussions，But we can always use this framework to analyze the classic theory of bonus bet365。The typical representative is Kripke (S. Kripke’s theory of direct bonus bet365。At the semantic level，Kripke believes that proper names are not mediated by description，Direct bonus bet365 object。At the metasemantic level，He also provided a theory of historical causation to explain specifically how a proper name obtains its bonus bet365。

The semantic/meta-semantic framework distinguishes two different types of problems，Making the two independent of each other、Do not affect each other，Exploration at the metasemantic level does not affect the determined semantic value of specific language expressions。However，There are at least two problems with this framework。First，This framework does not well accommodate possible theoretical connections between ontology and semantics。Meta-semantics is mostly based on the given semantic value or referent object，The study of metaphysical features of semantic values ​​or related semantic facts。The results of metasemantic inquiry complement rather than subvert specific semantic explanations。But since ancient Greece，Philosophers pay more attention to the connection between semantics and ontology，And trying to read ontological commitments out of natural or artificial languages。The concepts of "bonus bet365" and "truth" play a key role in linking language and reality。For example，Aristotle’s derivation of categories in Categories relies on ordinary language facts。The beginning of analytic philosophy，Frege also qualified the concept of objects through the referential status of singular terms。After that，Carnap (R. Carnap) denounces metaphysical (external) questions as meaningless from the linguistic framework，And Quin(W. V. Quine) and Estrawson (P. F. Strawson) each reconstructs ontology from the perspective of first-order language and everyday language。Second，Under this framework，The answer to the semantic question is simply to give the referent of the specific referential expression，Thus flattening the problem of linguistic bonus bet365，Compressed the complex dimensions of the bonus bet365 problem。Influenced by truth conditional semantics，The bonus bet365 of a structurally simple expression is reduced to a direct semantic assignment，The bonus bet365 of a complex expression is determined by the semantic assignment of its constituent components through the compositional semantic mechanism。This semantic assignment assigns the object r in the domain of discourse to the expression "R" as its referent，This object is the expression's contribution to the truth condition of the statement in which it appears。However，As Chomsky and Quinn et al observed，Many language structures in natural language cannot simply be incorporated into truth conditional semantics，As in "Sun Wukong", "gavagai" and "Beijing" in "Beijing is big and friendly"。It is difficult for us to give the above expression a definite bonus bet365。

Linguistic bonus bet365 is not a simple semantic assignment，But it also has a certain theoretical connection with ontology，The classification of semantic/meta-semantic issues is insufficient to exhaust the inherent complexity of the problem of bonus bet365。The problem of bonus bet365 can actually be considered from three dimensions，That is, the expression "R"、Referent object r and bonus bet365 relationship。In principle，Referential relations can only be presented in a metalinguistic way，“R” refers to r。Among them，"R" is an expression in object language，“r” is an expression used to describe the referent object in the metalanguage。Basic referential issues，Why “R” refers to r，Can be decomposed into three problems in three dimensions。

The first is the metaphysical dimension of words for the first component (“R”)，We first need to find out which word "R" belongs to in which bonus bet365。There are a large number of homophones and homonyms in the same natural bonus bet365，There are also many synonyms (so-called “false friends”) between different natural languages。Therefore，Before answering the alleged question，We need to first confirm which word the referential term is，This question belongs to the metaphysics of words。Generally speaking，The metaphysics of words aims to answer two core questions: the problem of identity，How can two different bonus bet365 types be counted as the same word，What is the criterion for its identity；Ontological issues，That is, what ontological category the word type can be assigned to，What is its metaphysical nature。This dimension is to answer the question of word identity，Acyclic disambiguation of words in use。

The second is the ontological dimension for the second component (referent object)，What are included in the ontological domain to which the referent object belongs。The answer to this question is related to whether the expression can be used as a referential expression，So-called empty terms such as "the current king of France" and "Sun Wukong"，And the "Beijing" and "gavagai" mentioned above。If we adhere to sound realism，Does not ontologically admit fictional objects、All exotic objects, including synthetic objects，Then the above expressions do not refer to objects，Need to eliminate or dilute the concept of bonus bet365 through language analysis。Opposite，If we adhere to the expanded ontology，Accommodate into fictional objects、Possible objects、Synthetic objects, etc.，Then these expressions are no different from everyday uncontroversial referential expressions，Can be semantically processed together。

Finally, there is the metasemantic dimension for the third component (referential relationship)，The question we need to answer is: how to establish the referential relationship between the disambiguated "R" and r in the ontological domain。After appropriate expansion，Many theoretical resources can lay the foundation for referential relations，As the speaker intended、Historical cause and effect、Interpretability and bonus bet365 magnets, etc.。A typical example is the referential relationship between fictitious names and fictitious objects。Creationist view of fictional objects，The author(s) created the fictional object，And devise a corresponding fictitious name to refer to the fictitious object。Follow the historical causal chain starting from the author(s)，Others followed the author’s use of relevant names in the narration process，Thus using the same name to refer to the same fictional object，Achieved literal communication。

The above three dimensions actually reveal to us the synthesis method of bonus bet365:

The metaphysical dimension of words: “R” belongs to bonus bet365 L.

bonus bet365 dimension: r exists.

Metasemantic bonus bet365: "R" is related to r in some way。

Therefore，“RL” refers to r。("RL" is the specific bonus bet365 after disambiguation in L)

Under this multi-dimensional portrayal，The problem of bonus bet365 and the corresponding concept of bonus bet365 can show their rich connotations，Many entanglements、The complex theoretical clues can also be clearly presented in three dimensions。

(Author’s Affiliation: School of bonus bet365, Northwest University)