Facing the intensifying global bet365 apuestas crisis，More and more ecologists advocate examining the internal logic of capitalism from the perspective of radical ecology and bet365 apuestas politics，Emphasis on the impossibility of solving the current bet365 apuestas crisis within a capitalist framework，The capitalist mode of production must be fundamentally changed，Only by linking the immediate struggle for environmental reform to the long-term goal of revolutionary transformation，In order to reconstruct the harmonious relationship between man and nature。Contemporary foreign ecologists transform from ecology、Anthropocene、Rethink the intrinsic relationship between humans and nature from the perspective of degrowth，Find the root cause and treatment plan，Highlighting its revolutionary and radical dimension。

　bet365 apuestas transformation:Systemic bet365 apuestas not climate bet365 apuestas

As the bet365 apuestas crisis becomes increasingly imminent，Some foreign ecologists emphasize that，bet365 apuestas transformation must be carried out，Enter systemic change，Create a new bet365 apuestas civilization，In this way, humans can avoid going towards bet365 apuestas extinction，Restore bet365 apuestas sustainability。John Bellamy Foster、Brett Clark and other scholars who hold the view of "metabolic rupture" believe，The unlimited accumulation of capitalism，Resulting in unlimited exploitation of the environment，Resulting in an irreparable "gap" between nature and society。Capitalism is contrary to sustainable development，It is inherently hostile to nature。Because the logic of capital will lead to "extinctionism"。bet365 apuestas destruction or bet365 apuestas revolution is the choice for the great turning point of capitalism，Only ecosocialism is the only way for mankind to achieve sustainable development in the future。In the opinion of Michael Lowe，Ecosocialism puts social and bet365 apuestas well-being first，Focus on existence rather than possession。What capitalism pursues is nothing more than the unlimited accumulation of capital，Commodifying the world and exploiting labor and nature，Seriously damaging the foundation of sustainable development，Threaten the survival of mankind。Japanese scholar Saito Yukihei refutes those who think Marx is a "productivist" or "economic determinist"，further elucidates Marx’s metabolism theory。In Saito Yukihei’s view，Capitalism for the purpose of proliferation has seriously eroded the foundation of human free development。In the context of global bet365 apuestas crisis，The social movement pursuing “climate justice” must contain elements of class struggle，The "environmental proletariat" must step onto the stage of history as the subject of the revolution，The fight against capitalism on a global scale。Simply rely on market mechanisms or technical means for adjustment，Unable to cope with climate change。

The capitalist mode of production has created a series of rifts in the biogeochemical processes of the Earth system，Breaking through critical bet365 apuestas thresholds and planetary limits，Puts all existing ecosystems on Earth and industrial civilization itself at risk。To truly solve the bet365 apuestas crisis，The dominant social relations of production must be overthrown，This requires a long-term revolution derived from mass movements。Matthew Huber emphasizes，The climate crisis is not primarily a consumer issue such as “personal carbon footprint”，It’s a class issue，The root lies in who owns it、Control material means of production and profit from them。Huber positions the working class as a key player in climate politics，And stress the need to win the climate fight，Internationalism based on forms of global working class solidarity，Reorganize production to ensure the survival of all life on Earth。Environmental activist Martin Empson highlights，The capitalist system alienates workers from the natural world，And the alienation of working people from each other。In Empson’s opinion，Capitalism is driven by profit，Consumption of a lot of energy，Bringing humanity to the brink of disaster。We must protect the common home of mankind，Revolutionary change is necessary to escape a system that destroys the planet for profit。Ulrich Brand and Marcus Wesson profoundly reveal global bet365 apuestas inequality and hegemonic social-natural relations under capitalism。On the one hand，Human society’s unrestricted use of the earth’s environment，Highlighting capital’s conquest of nature；On the other hand，Northern countries use politics、Laws and forms of violence occupy the resources of southern countries、Space、labor force，And transfer contaminants。They think，To truly solve the bet365 apuestas crisis，We must transcend the “imperial lifestyle”，Towards a “lifestyle of unity”，Realizing social and bet365 apuestas transformation。

　　The Anthropocene: A new perspective on understanding bet365 apuestas disaster

The term "Anthropocene" is often used informally to describe the current geological age bet365 apuestas Earth。Paul Joseph Crutzen thinks，The Anthropocene reflects the sense of crisis and transformation in the relationship between humans and the earth。Specifically，Human emissions through greenhouse gases、Deforestation、Activities such as nuclear testing have changed the natural environment on a large scale，And leave traces all over the earth’s surface。As per Jeremy Davis，“The Anthropocene provides a perspective to understand the current environmental crisis in the context of deep time”。Global warming、Environmental pollution、Resource depletion、The endangered species are all prominent issues in the Anthropocene period。Human beings are increasingly moving towards the limits bet365 apuestas earth，And bring irreversible consequences。

Ian Angus is based on Marxist bet365 apuestas thought，Systematic explanation of how the rapid burning of fossil fuels is pushing the world to the brink of disaster，Believe that the root cause of the global environmental crisis lies in fossil capitalism’s crazy pursuit of profits。“If fossil capitalism still dominates，Then the Anthropocene will be a new dark age of brutal rule by the few and suffering by the majority。”Survival in the Anthropocene requires radical social change，Replace it with a new eco-socialist civilization，Containing capitalism’s damage to the earth system，Thus providing a decent life for everyone，Eliminate the oppression of people by people，Value life over capital accumulation，Rebuilding the unity between human and natural systems。Alf Hornborg discusses nature in the Anthropocene、Social and Justice Issues，Considering that human activities have changed the metabolism of the biosphere，So much so that it threatens the future survival of the species。Because humans are viewed as a geological force，We not only need to rethink the relationship between the natural sciences and the social sciences，We still need to rethink history、Modernity and the concept of humanity，Asking what is value、Progress and wealth。Hornburg emphasizes，The artefact of modernity, the money-energy-technology complex, must be radically redesigned，Thereby freeing people from the global system of exploitation，Saving civilization from the current collapse of global ecosystem systems。

The only thing capitalists care about is monetary income and the profits generated。Climate change will not put an end to the logic of capital，As long as capitalism continues to pursue capital accumulation，The bet365 apuestas crisis will continue to worsen，It will also inevitably create global “environmental refugees”。Caroline Mercier conducted a profound reflection on the capitalist mode of production，Believes that this mode of production has caused a rupture in the relationship between man and the earth，Resulting in "natural death"。In Mercite’s opinion，The Anthropocene means human activities impact nature in devastating ways，We need to examine nature in the Anthropocene from the perspective of the humanities，That is, from the emergence of the steam engine in the 18th century to today’s fossil fuels (coal、Large-scale combustion of oil and natural gas。John Bellamy Foster thinks，The concept of the Anthropocene reflects both the growing recognition that anthropogenic drivers are accelerating the expansion of the planetary boundaries of the Earth system；Also issuing a warning to humans，If "business as usual"，The world will fall into a dilemma that is not conducive to maintaining the stability of human civilization。Camilla Royal emphasized，If capitalism is allowed to continue，Human extinction is a very real possibility。In this case，The Anthropocene is unlikely to last long，But only for a short geological time。Another option is，We can overthrow capitalism，Replace it with a society that allows our species to continue to exist。Takuya Kobayashi believes that the Anthropocene is nothing but a synonym for extractivism，To be specific, it means blindly asking for the earth，Emphasis on the relationship between humans and the natural environment of domination and being dominated。Capitalist countries pursue economic development，Voluntarily abandon effective countermeasures to delay or avoid climate change，Continuous over-exploitation of limited natural resources，Continue to increase the burden on the bet365 apuestas environment。Coping with climate change brought about by the Anthropocene，We must abandon the capitalist economic model whose sole goal is to pursue class interests。

　　De-bet365 apuestas: Rethinking the limits of bet365 apuestas

1972，The Club of Rome clearly stated in the book "The Limits to Growth", a research report on the human predicament，"The current growth model of population and capital，Virtually widening the gap between rich and poor around the world，According to the current model，Continuously trying to grow，It will inevitably end in a catastrophic collapse"。Today，With the population explosion、Shortage of resources、Energy crisis and economic recession caused by the new crown epidemic，Foreign ecologists are increasingly paying attention to “degrowth” (degrowth，Also translated as "reduced growth") theory。Environmental activists and researchers think，“De-growth” advocates prioritizing social and bet365 apuestas well-being，Instead of corporate profits；Oppose overproduction and overconsumption，Advocates reducing the physical size of the global economy，Shifting Shared Values ​​to Care、Solidarity and autonomy。Facing the increasingly serious global bet365 apuestas crisis，“De-growth” means changing the socio-economic system driven by endless economic growth，Eliminate exploitative relations under capitalist production conditions，Ensuring environmental justice and good life for all within planetary boundaries。As Jason Hickel pointed out，In the face of the reality of climate disaster and bet365 apuestas collapse，We must face the reality that capitalism is destroying the living world。There is only one solution that can bring about meaningful and immediate change，That is, "de-growth"。Of course，“De-growth” does not mean rejection of growth，It is against capitalist “growthism”。Developing countries are getting rid of poverty at the same time，It is appropriate to develop the economy for the benefit of the people，But in rich countries，Growth for the sake of growth is the problem。The unrestricted expansion of human beings has caused irreversible damage to the natural environment，Rich countries should reduce production and consumption，Control the scale of the economy within the limits that the earth can bear。

"De-growth" theory means: planned reduction of energy and resource use，Reduce bet365 apuestas damage，Restore the balance between the economy and the living world，Improve the well-being of human existence；Seeking to expand universal public goods and services，such as health、Education、Transportation and Housing，To decommodify the basic items people need to live prosperous lives；Enabling the transition to renewable energy、Restore soil fertility and biodiversity。“De-growth” directly confronts capitalism and growthism，Emphasize that the main means of production and reproduction should be owned by society，And practice democracy、Participatory bet365 apuestas economic plan，Believe that the people themselves should mainly decide the priorities of production and consumption，To meet actual social needs，While respecting the bet365 apuestas limits of the Earth，Fundamentally changing the way the economy is organized and social wealth is distributed。Saito Yukihei puts forward the view of “de-growth communism”，Considers that capitalism’s greedy pursuit of profit is the root cause of the climate crisis，Only "de-growth" can make up for the damage by slowing down social production and sharing wealth，Finding a new way of life for mankind。

From an bet365 apuestas socialist perspective，“De-growth” theory emphasizes，Development is first of all qualitative development，Because even the most useful activities must respect the limits of the Earth，No commodity can be produced “infinitely”。In addition，“De-Growth” Emphasizes People in Food、Genuine needs for housing and basic services，Instead of extracting more and more raw materials and fossil fuels for the capitalist world market。“De-growth” also involves transforming existing consumption patterns through a democratic consultation process，If non-repairable goods are scrapped as planned。In short，“De-growth” is not only a change in production and consumption patterns，It is a transformation of civilization，One based on unity、Democracy、A new way of life with values ​​of equality and respect for the earth，For radical imagination、Practice and experience open up space。

　　(The author is a postdoctoral fellow bet365 apuestas School of Marxism, East China University of Political Science and Law)