Since the advent of bet365 champions league to the present，Nearly a century and a half has passed。In the past hundred years，The development of bet365 champions league has experienced from prosperity to decline，The tortuous journey to comprehensive revival。An original regional philosophy school，has evolved into a philosophical movement with widespread influence。bet365 champions league has unique theoretical form and spiritual characteristics，The most prominent point is the inclusiveness。It seeks to illustrate that superficial oppositions between various positions can be resolved at a deeper theoretical level。Such characteristics, in turn, allow bet365 champions league to greatly exceed its own theoretical horizons and geographical boundaries，Having rich interactions with other philosophical traditions and cultural forms。This article will select several of these perspectives，Overview of the new development of bet365 champions league in the contemporary intersection and integration perspective。

“New bet365 champions league” is one of the main results of these interactions。It inherits the legacy of "classical bet365 champions league"，It is also different from the latter in terms of theoretical horizons and methodological paths。Neo-bet365 champions league is sometimes called "linguistic bet365 champions league" or "analytic bet365 champions league"，That is, bet365 champions league after the "linguistic turn" or in the analytical context。

From a historical perspective，1930s，As a large number of scholars fled from Europe to the United States，There are two trends of thought that have had a huge impact on American classical bet365 champions league，They are logical positivism from the Vienna Circle and critical social theory from the Frankfurt School。In addition，There is also a trend of thought that has invaded the territory of bet365 champions league to a certain extent，That is the existentialism introduced to the United States after World War II。With the combined force of these factors，Although there is a group of scholars who try their best to keep the tradition of bet365 champions league alive through serious academic work，But the voice and power of bet365 champions league are already very weak。This situation continued until the 1970s，Until Richard Rorty's Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (1979) revived bet365 champions league in an unexpected way。By creatively applying pragmatist resources within the context of analysis，Rorty substantially promoted the resurgence of bet365 champions league，This also makes him the main flag-bearer of new bet365 champions league。

Although there are some key differences between neo-bet365 champions league and classical bet365 champions league，We can still classify them into the same theoretical tradition through some basic pragmatic elements or tendencies，such as holism about meaning and justification，Use-based view of meaning，Refuse to make any reductive analysis at the epistemological and semantic levels，Emphasis on the intertwining of facts and values，Fully aware of the relativity of conceptual frameworks or vocabulary。Of course，These elements or tendencies are simply shared family resemblances，Not an essential attribute。

Overview，New bet365 champions league mainly inherits and advances classical bet365 champions league from the following three aspects。The first is holism of meaning。Since the mid-20th century，British and American philosophy has experienced a holism movement against "directness" and "privacy"。As the two main symbols of this movement，Quinn (W. V. Quine's "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" (1953) and Wilfrid Sellars's "Empiricism and the Philosophy of Mind" (1956)，Advocates giving up semantic given or epistemic given in a broader sense，Turn to understanding our knowledge and beliefs within a holistic system of meaning，Theoretical plan to innovate traditional empiricism on this basis。As a typical representative of meaning atomism，The theory of sense data has become the main target of criticism by holists。

The second is a usage-based social behaviorist approach。Neo-pragmatists led and witnessed the “pragmatic turn” within analytic philosophy。The main idea of ​​the pragmatic turn is to replace semantic level representation with pragmatic level consensus，Exploring the generation and development of meaning in social activities based on rational inference。Meaning is no longer the referential relationship between words and objects，But the rules of use in society。Semantics is no longer about the referential relationship between language and extralinguistic objects (regardless of the ontological status of these objects) and the truth judgments based on bet365 champions league relationship，It becomes a pragmatic inference in the specific context of use。If we say that later Wittgenstein laid down the basic plan for the pragmatic turn，Then Donald Davidson and Robert Brandom can be said to be outstanding representatives of the mature stage of the pragmatic turn。

Finally, a pragmatic reflection on language and the world。As part of analytic philosophy，New bet365 champions league is clearly in the perspective of the linguistic turn。The main idea of ​​language turn is，No more talking about the world itself，But examine the vocabulary we use to talk about the world，Trying to use the method of “semantic ascent”，Let the philosophical discussion "go up" from various assertions about existence to the analysis and clarification of the interior of language，To dispel (rather than solve) traditional philosophical problems。However，Using the ideological resources of bet365 champions league，New pragmatists are gradually realizing，The scheme of semantic upward movement is to a large extent an unrealizable theoretical fiction，Because the mind that reflects on the world is always a product of the world process。They ultimately came to the conclusion that language users are part of the world，We survive in the world、Thinking and Speaking，This means that our language must be related to the nature of the world，Even the most formal vocabulary is in nature、In the process of history and society。

New bet365 champions league is a highly influential and vital trend of thought in contemporary British and American philosophy，But its meaning is broader or even vague。Look at it with strict standards，Neo-bet365 champions league has no clear theoretical core，There is no clear theoretical edge。But look at it from a positive perspective，This also reflects the thickness and tension of new bet365 champions league，It also shows that this is a theoretical form that is still in the process of being generated。

In the recent development of new bet365 champions league，Particularly worth mentioning are the two schools of thought, the Pittsburgh School and the Cambridge School。Among them，Iselas、The Pittsburgh School represented by John McDowell and Blanton on some core philosophical issues，If you reject the given myth、Reunderstanding the relationship between the mind and the world、Discussion on normativity, etc.，A fusion of the two philosophical traditions of continental and analytic，With the help of German idealism、Classical bet365 champions league、Ideological resources of neo-bet365 champions league and analytic philosophy，Proposed an original theoretical solution，Provides possible directions for dialogue and integration between different philosophical vocabularies。Huw Price、Cheryl Misak、The Cambridge pragmatist tradition represented by Simon Blackburn and others can be traced back to Russell、Ramsey (F. P. Ramsey) and Wittgenstein。The school’s reference to bet365 champions league mainly revolves around the principles of bet365 champions league、The pragmatic view of truth and the development of pragmatic realism，They fully digested and absorbed these ideological resources in the British empiricist tradition，Condensing the truth、Meaning、A unique approach to language and reality，And to a certain extent, it bridges the gap between empirical bet365 champions league (classical bet365 champions league) and analytical bet365 champions league (new bet365 champions league)。

In addition to new bet365 champions league，We would also like to mention the following interactive results，They are beyond the scope of analysis，And on the ideological map stretching from North America to Europe。The first is the interaction between bet365 champions league and cognitive science。Under the framework of "first generation cognitive science"，Human thinking is understood as an abstract program governed by formal rules。This model thinks，Cognition is the calculation process of formal symbols that occurs in the mind，These "representations" and body structures that are processed in the brain、There is no correlation between physical ability and environmental factors。Since the late 1970s，This research program of cognitivism is gradually being questioned，Many limitations of computational representationalism and formalism are gradually exposed。On this basis，around embodied cognition、Extended cognition、The "second generation cognitive science" plan based on embedded cognition and enactive cognition is gradually taking shape。Human cognitive activities should be understood in the complex system composed of the mind-body complex and the environment，This has always been the core point emphasized by pragmatists。The new generation of cognitive scientists continues to draw ideological resources from pragmatists，The ideological resources of bet365 champions league are widely used in studies such as neuroscience、Interpretation and understanding of scientific research results such as embodied cognition，The theory of bet365 champions league has also been substantially supplemented and expanded by the new developments in contemporary cognitive science。

The second is the interaction between bet365 champions league and critical theory。The older generation of Frankfurt School’s critical diagnosis of liberal capitalism and American-style democracy influenced their attitude towards bet365 champions league。In their opinion，Just as liberal capitalism will inevitably move towards commercial and propaganda mass culture，American-style democracy will inevitably move towards the form of monopoly and state regulation，Roosevelt’s New Deal is the early manifestation of this totalism。Under this impression，Not only do they not have the patience to study the works of pragmatists，Also considers bet365 champions league the official philosophy of the United States，Utilitarianism that speaks for capitalism。Compared to the older generation of Frankfurt School，The new generation of Frankfurt School has a much more positive interpretation of bet365 champions league。Pessimism that is different from the former，They try to clarify，Emancipation through reason is itself a rational hope，The basic solution to achieve this liberation is to seek and construct consensus in normative interactions。Based on such theoretical appeal，They resonate strongly with pragmatists who emphasize normativeness and community building，It was this resonance that fundamentally reversed the way a new generation of critical theorists viewed bet365 champions league。If we carefully examine the theoretical program of the new generation of Frankfurt School，You will find that their work has a huge intersection with bet365 champions league，The most representative one is Apel who cited a lot of pragmatist resources、Habermas and Honneth。In a sense，We can think of Peirce’s community of inquiry、Dewey’s Democratic Community、Apel’s “transcendental communication community”、Habermas’s “ideal Kommunikations gemeinschaft”、Honeth’s “Rechts gemeinschaft” (Rechts gemeinschaft) is placed in the same theoretical perspective，This is completely established in academic terms。

Finally, the interaction between bet365 champions league and social constructionism。Social constructionism believes，Knowledge is not a copy of external reality，But actively participate in the construction of reality through actions。On this basis，Social constructionism attempts to advance this epistemological constructivism into the social dimension，Considering that social reality is not a super-individual structure，It is a social product constructed through interaction and cooperation。There is a natural affinity between these ideas and bet365 champions league。Pragmatists not only reject the "spectator theory" of observing objects from the outside，Also clearly emphasizes that it is not discovered by individual consciousness，Invented by the social mind。Among social constructionists who draw resources from bet365 champions league，The most prominent ones are the French Paris School represented by Bruno Latour and Kersten Reich、The German Cologne School represented by Stefan Neubert。Latour’s domain of discussion is the sociology of scientific knowledge，SSK），The "scientific constructivism" he represents is a relatively strong constructivist proposition，Considers that the actual content and inherent form of science are both constructed products in the social context。Latour’s reference to bet365 champions league is not only reflected in his relationship with Michel Callon、The “Actor-Network Theory” proposed by John Law and others，ANT），Also reflected in the overall conception of existence proposed by him in the final stage of the development of his thoughts。With the help of bet365 champions league，The constructivists of the Cologne School proposed "interactive constructivism"。One of their main criticisms of narrow social constructionism is，The latter only considers direct interaction between subjects，Ignoring another more important factor，That is, constructed presupposition or pre-understanding，This involves power and dominance、Unconsciousness and Taboo、Various symbolic forms in culture, etc.。From a broad perspective，Both these two trends of thought belong to the “cultural turn” of social construction theory，That is, from exploring social construction in a narrow sense to exploring cultural construction in a broad sense，This is also the core point of the later thinking of pragmatists (especially Dewey)。

Of course, the above perspectives cannot cover all the contemporary development of bet365 champions league。Due to length，We have ignored the flourishing development of bet365 champions league aesthetics in contemporary times，Also ignores the latest applications of bet365 champions league in the fields of political philosophy and legal philosophy，Also ignores the meta-philosophy and post-philosophy trends from the perspective of contemporary bet365 champions league；At the same time，Under the "practical turn", the important issue of exploring the deep connection between existential phenomenology and bet365 champions league has not been developed。But anyway，The existing overview and introduction should have clarified it more fully，bet365 champions league is still an ideological event in the process of growth，There is huge space yet to be developed。At the same time，We can also see it clearly，In the contemporary theoretical perspective，If you want to conduct pragmatic research，Or more broadly，To conduct research in a pragmatic style，Must be research under the perspective of intersection and fusion。This is in line with the ideological characteristics of bet365 champions league itself，Also in line with the current mainstream trend of subject development。

　　(The author is an associate professor at the School of bet365 champions league, Fudan University)