Self -Pragmatism has come to the present，The nearly a half century passed。In the past 100 years，The development of pragmatism has gone from prosperity to decline，Then go to the twists and turns of the full revival。The original regional philosophy genre，It has evolved into a philosophical movement with extensive influence。Practicalism has a unique theoretical form and spiritual characteristics，One of the most prominent points is the tolerance of both harmony。It is committed to clarifying the surface opposition between various positions can be eliminated at a deeper theoretical level。This characteristic in turn allows pragmatism to greatly exceed its own theoretical perspective and geographical territory，A rich interaction with other philosophical traditions and cultural forms。This article will choose a few of them，Overview of the new development of overview of pragmatism in contemporary cross and integration。

"New Pragmatism" is one of the main achievements of these interactions。It inherits the heritage of "Classic Pragmatism"，Different from the latter in the theoretical perspective and method path。New pragmatism is sometimes also known as "Linguistic Pragmatism" or "Analytic Pragmatism"，that is, "Linguistic Turn" after or analyzed the pragmatism in the context of the language。

From the historical perspective，The 1930s，With a large number of scholars exiled from Europe to the United States，There are two trends of thoughts that have brought a huge impact on the classical pragmatism of the United States，They are logical empiricalism from the Vienna school and the social critical theory from the Frankfurt School。In addition，There is also a trend of thought to a certain extent to a certain extent.，That is the existentialism introduced to the United States after World War II。Under the combination of these factors，Although a group of scholars survive the traditional tradition of practicalism as much as possible through serious academic work，But the sound and strength of pragmatism have been very weak。This situation lasted until the 1970s，Until bet365 best casino games Richard Rorty's "Philosophy and Nature Mirror" (1979) revives pragmatism in an unexpected way。Practical resources through creatively use pragmatic resources in the analysis context，Rodity substantially promoted the tide of pragmatism，This also makes him the main flag of the new pragmatism。

Although there are some key differences between new pragmatism and classical pragmatism，We can still attribute them to the same theoretical tradition through some basic pragmatism elements or tendencies，If the overallism of meaning and syndrome，Outlook based on the meaning of use，Analysis of any restoration at the level of epistemology and semantics，Emphasize the entanglement of facts and values，Fully recognize the relative nature of the conceptual frame or vocabulary。Of course，These elements or tendencies are just shared family similarity，instead of essential attributes。

Overview，New pragmatism mainly inherit and promote classical pragmatism from the following three aspects。First is the overallism of meaning (Holism)。Starting from the middle of the 20th century，British and American philosophy has experienced an overallist movement against "direct" and "private"。As the two main signs of this movement，Queen (W. V. Quine) 's "Two Demand of Experience" (1953) and Wilfrid Sellars's "Experience and Mind Philosophy" (1956)，It advocates giving up semantic given or a more broad sense of cognition (EPISTEMIC GIVEN，Instead，On this basis, the theoretical solution of innovation of traditional empiricalism。Typical representative of meaning atomic，Feeling material theory becomes the main critical object of overallists。

Followed by the useful social behaviorist solution。New Practicalists led and witnessed the "Pragmatic Turn" inside the analytical philosophy。The main idea of ​​the persistence steering is the consensus of the word -based consensus replacement of the sign of the semantic level，Explore the generation and development of meaning in social activities based on rational inference。Significance is no longer the index of words and objects，but the rules of use in society。Semantic is no longer the index of language and language external objects (no matter how these objects are theoretical state) and the true judgment based on this relationship，It Bet365 lotto review has become a specific inference in the context。If Wittgenstein lays the basic solution for the use of the coronom steering later，So Donald Davidson and Robert Brandom can be said to be an outstanding representative of the transition to the mature stage。

Finally, the pragmatism -based reflection on language and world。As part of analytical philosophy，New pragmatism is clear in the perspective of language steering。The main idea of ​​language turning is，No longer talk about the world itself，Instead of examining what kind of vocabulary we use to talk about the world，Attempts，Letting the discussion of philosophy from the analysis and clarification of the existence "uplink" to the internal language of the language，From this to eliminate (rather than solve) traditional philosophical problems。But，With the help of practical ideological resources，New pragmatists gradually realize，Semantic upward plan is a large extent a theoretical fiction that cannot be achieved，The mind that reflection on the world is always a genetic material in the world's process。They finally concluded that language users are part of the world，We survive in the world、Thinking and saying，This means that our language must be related to the nature of the world，Even the most formal vocabulary is in nature、In the process of history and society。

New pragmatism is a trend of influential and vitality in the contemporary British beauty philosophy，But it means broadly or even blurred。Look at it with strict standards，New pragmatism does not have a clear theoretical core，There is no clear theoretical edge。But from a positive point of view，This also reflects the thickness and tension of new pragmatism，At the same time, it also shows that this is a theoretical form that is still in the process of generation。

In the late development of new pragmatism，Especially worth mentioning is the two trends of thoughts of Pittsburgh School and Cambridge School。where，Ellas、John McDowell and Porton, represented by Branton, are on some core philosophy issues，If you reject the myth、Re -understand the relationship between the soul and the world、Discussion of standardization, etc.，Increased the two philosophical traditions of the continental and analysis，With the help Bet365 lotto review of German concept、Classical pragmatism、New pragmatism and analytical philosophy of ideological resources，Proposed an original theoretical solution，Provides a possible direction for the dialogue and fusion between different philosophical vocabulary。、Cheryl Misak、Cambridge practicalism represented by Simon Blackburn can be traced back to Russell、F. P. Ramsey and Wittgenstein。The reference of the academic party's pragmatism mainly focuses on the guidelines of pragmatism、Pragmatic view of truth and practicalism of practicalism，They fully digest and absorb these ideological resources in Britain's experience theory，Concentrated about truth、meaning、Language and real unique solution，and to a certain extent, the differences in empirical pragmatism (classical pragmatism) and analytical pragmatism (new pragmatism)。

In addition to new pragmatism，We also have to mention the following interactive results，They all exceed the analysis domain，and extend from North America to Europe on the ideological map。First is the interaction between pragmatism and cognitive science。Under the framework of "First Generation Cognitive Science"，People’s thinking is understood as abstract procedures dominated by formal rules。This model believes，Cognition is the calculation process of formal symbols that occur in the mind，These "representations" and body structure that are treated in the brain、There is no association for physical ability and environmental factors。Since the end of the 1970s，The research program of this cognitism (Cognitivism) began to be questioned gradually，Many limitations of computing expressism and formalism have also begun to expose。Based on this，Embodied Cognition、Extended Cognition、Embedded Cognition and the "second -generation cognitive science" scheme gradually formed。Understand the cognitive activities of people in the complex system composed of physical and mental complexes and environment composition，This has always been the core essential meaning emphasized by pragmatics。The new generation of cognitive scientists constantly draw ideological resources from practicalists，The ideological resources of pragmatism are used in large quantities to be used as neuroscience、bet365 best casino games Explanation and understanding of scientific research results such as personal cognition，The theory of pragmatism is also substantially supplemented and expanded due to the new development of contemporary cognitive sciences。

Followed by the interaction between pragmatism and critical theory。The critical diagnosis of free capitalism and American -style democracy in the old generation of Frankfurt party affects their attitude towards pragmatism。In their opinion，​​Just as free capitalism will inevitably move towards commercial and propaganda popular culture，American -style democracy will also inevitably move towards the form of monopoly and national regulation，Roosevelt New Deal is the initial performance of this generalist。Under this impression，Not only did they not be patient to study the works of pragmatists，Practicalism also regards pragmatism as the official philosophy of the United States，is the utilitarian endorsement of capitalism。Compared to the old generation Frankfurt School，The interpretation of the new generation of Frankfurt parties is much positive。Different pessimism of the former，They try to clarify，Liberation itself through rationality is a rational hope，The basic plan to realize this liberation is to seek and construct consensus in standardized communication。Based on this theoretical appeal，The actualists who emphasize the normative and community constructed together have a strong resonance，This resonance fundamentally reversed the view of the new generation of critical theorists' views on pragmatics。If we carefully examine the theoretical solution of the new generation of Frankfurt School，I will find that there is a huge intersection with their work with pragmatism，Among them, the most representative is Apel, which quoted a large number of practical resources、Habermas and Hogeite。In a sense，We can take Porser's inquiry community、Demon's democratic community、Apel's "Transcendental Communication Community)、Habermas' "Ideale Kommunikations Gemeinschaft)、Hogen's "Rechts Gemeinschaft) is placed in the same theoretical vision，This is completely established in the theory。

Finally, the interaction between pragmatism and social constructionism。Social constructionism believes，Knowing is not a reality of the external，Bet365 lotto review Instead, actively participate in real construction with action。Based on this，Social constructivism attempts to advance this conceptual constructivism to social dimension，I believe that social reality is not a super -individual structure，Instead of social products built in interaction and cooperation。There is a natural love between these ideas and pragmatism。Practicalists not only refuse to reject the "Spectator Theory"，It also clearly emphasizes that it is not discovered by individual consciousness，Instead of being invented by social soul。Among the social construction theoreticals who drawn resources from pragmatism，The most prominent is the French Parisian school represented by Bruno Latour and Kersten Reich、The German Cologne School represented by Stefan Neubert。Latur's domain is the sociology of scientific knowledge (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge，SSK)，"Scientific Construction", which he represented，It is believed that the actual content and internal form of science are constructive products in social context。Latur's reference on pragmatism is not only reflected in Michel Callon、John Law et al.，ant)，It is also reflected in the overall concept of existence in the final stage of his ideological development。With the help of pragmatism，Cologne school constructivist proposed "Interactive Constructure"。One of their main criticisms of the narrow social constructionism is，The latter only considers the direct interaction between the subject，I ignored another more important factor，is the preset or previous understanding of the constructed，This involves power and liberation、Unconscious and contraindications、Various symbolic forms in culture, etc.。From a broad perspective，Both trends of thoughts belong to the "cultural steering" of social construction theory，That is, from exploring the narrow social construction to exploring the broad cultural construction，This is also the core point of the later thinking of practicalists (especially Dewey)。

Of course, the above perspective cannot cover the entire development of pragmatism in contemporary contemporary。Due to space，We ignored the booming of pragmatism aesthetics in the contemporary contemporary，It also ignored the latest apps of pragmatism in bet365 live casino games the field of political philosophy and philosophy of law，It also ignored the philosophy and post -philosophical thoughts in the perspective of contemporary pragmatism; at the same time，Discussing the in -depth relationship of survival theory phenomenology and practicalism under the "practical steering" this important issue may not be expanded。But no matter what，Existing overview and introduction should have been fully clarified，Practicalism is still an ideological event in the process of growth，There is a huge space to be unfold。At the same time，We can also clearly see，Under the contemporary theoretical perspective，If you want to conduct practicalism research，or more broadly say，Study on a practicalist style，Studies must be in the perspective of intersection and integration。This is in line with the ideological characteristics of pragmatism itself，It is also in line with the mainstream trend of the current discipline development。

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