In the process of ecological civilization that is moving towards human and nature in human society，Need ecological ethics concepts、Environmental governance policy、A comprehensive transformation of economic growth methods。Ecological ethics is responsible for basic concepts in the transformation、Basic specifications、The foundation of the method principles，Significant responsibility。The evolution of contemporary ecological ethics can be distinguished into two ways of individual orientation and overall orientation，Try to criticize、Weakened and hopes to surpass the ethical concept of human centralism。Both of them have spawned a series of changes in ecological ecological concepts，Also facing the difficulties of further development of theory and practice。The fundamental solution to promote human ecological environment problems，It is necessary to analyze and integrate these two roads with systemic concepts，Exploring the new path of ecological ethics。

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Generally speaking，Basic beliefs of human centralism ethics can be briefly described as: people with rational individuals are the only moral subject，Ethical care involves only human rights，All non -human existers have only tool value，They are the means to achieve human purpose。Tracing the Western ethical tradition，People also have the meaning of the "caregiver" of the earth and all the existence，Not opposite to nature。China's ethics tradition also advocates that the ethical sorting is determined recently based on the alienation of people，As Mencius Youyun: "Gentleman to things，Love and Entry; Yu Min also，Renzhi。Kissing and benevolent，Renmin and love things。""，Enhancement of the ability to transform the world with humans，The above -mentioned "people -oriented judgment scale" weak human center doctrine belief is excessively enlarged，"Conquering Nature" has become a sign and achievement that shows the subjectivity of human beings，But this has also caused the relationship between man and nature to become more tense。

Criticism based on human bet365 live casino games centralist stance，Ecological individual orientation aims to weaken the uniqueness of human subjects，Turn to the rights and value of individual life individuals other than people and people。Albert Schweitzer "Awe Fei"、Paul Taylor "Biological Equalism"、Peter Singer "Animal Liberation Theory"、Tom Regan "Animal Rights Theory" and other concepts or theories can be used as a representative。According to the position of these thinkers，Humans should be pregnant with the basic attitude of "awe life"。Including animals、Plants and many species, all of which are all life individuals, are equal，All have "your own good"，The intrinsic value of the life body has no interest and perception ability，As long as the purpose of its own life means that the life body has inherent value。Ethical subjects to obtain a moral status are no longer a benchmark。Animal emancipator theory advocates the use of "feelings of pain and happiness" as the condition for animals to enjoy moral rights。More radical animal protectors advocate that animals are no longer protected by human appendages。This is because of，Compared to humans，Animals can also be confident、Will、Intuition、Memory、bitter music、The ability to pursue desire and goals，Have a certain self -identity，Even the happiness that does not depend on the evaluation of the outside world (human)。It is these behavioral capabilities and psychological characteristics that can give the animal itself。

Ecological ethics individual orientation broaden the category of ethical subjects，Promoting human animal protection campaign，Expand ethical attention from a single species "person" to "all species and life"，Forms a actual challenge to the stand -in of human centerist。The weak standing field of this orientation，It advocates treating different lives as "the center of life destination"，Ensure that non -human life individuals have the right to human beings，Make them survive in their own unique way and realize their own good。Strong position of this orientation，It advocates the basic equality of various life forms，Human beings are just the "Advanced Species Collection" in the process of natural evolution and social history，We should expand human moral rhythm bet365 live casino games to animals or other broader lives，Cancel the species discrimination thoroughly。Ecological individuals take a weak position to get a lot of support，and strong positions face many challenges，Turn to a more thorough ecological ecosystem overall orientation。

　　Ecological overall orientation reconstruction of natural value

Different from ecological individuals，Ecological overall orientation does not pay special attention to "individual"，Instead, ecology is the scientific basis，More emphasis on the ecological interaction and symbiotic relationship between life or non -life individuals and environment，It advocates extending value from human exclusive to animals、Life，Extension to symbiosis、Balance、The entire ecosystem of dynamic and stream changes，shows the value and rights of the ecological overall。The Entry Road Ethical Ethics、Holmes Rolston III natural value theory、ARNE NAESS deep ecology is a typical representative。

Ecological overall orientation thinks，Any individual is in a certain system and the whole，Ecosystem、The community of life, etc. as a larger overall, has a priority in terms of moral status。Leo Po with the "Earth Community" as the main moral subject，Treatment of ethics between people and land in the ecosystem and the ethics between animals and plants growing on the land。According to the principle of overall orientation，Any completeness that is conducive to maintaining the community of life、Stable and beautiful behavior is good，Otherwise, it is not the same。The important task of the overall orientation ecological ethics is the reconstruction of natural value。From the perspective of the founder of natural value theory，Most ecological ethics is just a derivative sense ethics，That is, the value of nature and its existence is still ethical based on the judgment of human subjects。We should establish an ecological ethics that laid the fundamental significance on nature in nature。Mountains and rivers in nature、Rivers and all animals and plants are in the dynamic balance of ecology，According to the ecological level height，Different values ​​are distributed in order in the ecosystem，Forms an ecological value community。Ecological value is not Bet365 app download a tool for human value，but the basis of human value，Human behavior that violates ecological obligations is immoral。The overall orientation can also be described as a "deep ecology"，Pay special attention to the diversity and integrity of nature。Nas emphasized，Symbolism and coexistence inside natural、Harmony unity is the prerequisite for value，We can only realize the "big self" in the ecosystem's "big self"，Realize the unity of the "big ego" in the process of associated changes and identity。

According to human centralist positions，"Good" is a specific、The independent concept that is intuitive or only revealed by humans。Moral judgment in the final analysis is human value judgment，Nature itself is not valuable，It is difficult to give ethics judgment based on natural facts。This is the theoretical gap of the so -called facts and value of ecological ethics，Fundamental opposition to human and nature，Deep obstacles to become the advancement of ecological ethics。If the orientation of ecological individuals can generally be regarded as an extension of human ethics，So the bet365 live casino games overall orientation of the ecological shows stronger change，The theoretical gap that trys to completely cross the traditional ethics。Ecological ethics in the fundamental sense is not human ethics in the sense of derivation，but ecological ethics based on the whole value of nature as a whole。

　　System review of exploring ecological ethics

The key to the change of ecological ethics view is the in -depth reflection on human centralism。Analysis of system concept，Ecological individual orientation adopts the bottom -up life individual expansion into the way，Ecological overall orientation emphasizes the top -down overall perspective。Ecological individual orientation claim that only individual life is real existence，Species are a collection of a large number of individuals，All life individuals enjoy equal moral rights，Humans do not have the inevitable priority。Ecological overall orientation emphasizes that it is naturally an inseparable、Dynamic balance、Organic community full of inner association，Different individuals "Xiangshan" in the creation system of different individuals in nature，The completeness and continuation of the ecology，Any individual value including humans bet365 best casino games is only part of the overall value of ecology。Ecological individual orientation "Animal Non -matter" and "Obligations of Humans with Animals" and other claims have obtained more and more consensus，and promoted the formulation and implementation of a series of animal protection laws。，Due to its single individual orientation，Different individuals、Ethical conflicts between individuals and environment are difficult to resolve。Like an ant、A whale、One per capita is the individual of life，Is its ecological rights equal? What principles should be used to designate different ethical rights of different individuals?，Provide a certain ultimate solution to ecological ethics，But the reconstruction of human and natural value is facing theoretical and practical problems。The strong field of the overall orientation even advocates that it is difficult for individual individuals to leave the ecosystem to establish their unique rights or values，However, it is really difficult for us to establish the proper boundary of the "overall" in theory and practice，"Overall" and "Big I" and other is always relatively speaking。A practical problem in ecological practice is，What principles should we delineate a specific ecosystem、The appropriate boundary of ecological issues and its ethical responsibility?

Need to emphasize again，Although there are obvious differences in orientation，There are various difficulties in practice，But the goal of ecological ethics is unified: at different dimensions、To different degrees to different degrees of human centralism，Maintenanceer、Coexistence and coexistence of animals and nature。This is the starting point of ecological ethics，It is also an important extent for the change of human ethical concepts。Thinking with systemic concept，A possible new ecological ecosystem work plan is，Try to build a path of ecological overall orientation that takes into account the individual。One aspect，We need to start from the overall orientation，Incorporate the entire ecosystem including people into the scope of ethical considerations，Given the inner value of nature，The value of advocating the "community of life" is preferred。On the other hand，We also need to fully attach importance to and Bet365 lotto review distinguish the subjectivity of different members inside the community，When emphasizing the value of the ecology as a whole，It is not "cancellation" but the unique value of "taking into account" humans and individual life individuals。Yu Mouchang once pointed out，"People -Nature" is a complete system，The harmonious development of human and nature must recognize the interests of biology and nature，It is also necessary to recognize the survival of the organism and the integrity of the ecosystem。From this，Ecological ethics has shifted from strong overallism to a weak integrity，The theoretical overall position has shifted to the practice of fitting、Mild overall orientation that can be gradually implemented。

Although there are content in the special status of people who emphasize people in the East and West Culture，But in the early days, they also attached importance to the symbiosis of man and nature。For example，There is a "unity of heaven and man" in the Chinese tradition，Human beings are natural "caregivers" instead of "conqueror"。Today's Technology Age，Human beings are getting farther away from nature，Ethics that pay attention to the coexistence of man and nature, the more and more needed to be valued by contemporary ecological ethics。Rosson repeated warning，"Human life lives in an artificial technology circle，But still live in a biosphere。Even the most advanced culture，It also needs some tolerance environment adaptability "。The dual opposite of defense and critical，Liu Dachun proposed a scientific and technological review theory，Promote "In order to establish a new relationship between people and nature，To re -determine people to nature、For future generations、Responsibility for society "。"Trial" is not a compromise，Instead of integrating the opposite view，Is the two -purpose medium。We must make appropriate choices and actions according to the needs of ecological practice: in some scenarios，We need to hold an ecological ethics individual orientation; in other scenarios，Perhaps more orientation should be held; and science may also be introduced、Economy、Society of society，Making ecological ethics judgment and decision -making。In this sense，Taking into account the ecological bet365 live casino games overall orientation of the individual is not only a ethical belief，It is a kind of ecological practice based on individual and overall responsibility ethics。We need to depend on the human -nature -society interdependent system association，Practicing the general responsibility of ecological individuals including humans itself and overall，Integrated ecological ethics、Ecological、Environmental policy and other different paths，Only in order to finally reach the harmonious symbiosis of people and nature。

　　(This article is the "Research on the Philosophy Method Theory of Complex Systems" (23&ZD231) Staged results)

(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy of Renmin University of China; researcher at the Renmin University of China Humanities and Social Science Development Research Center)