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　　The research method of Aristotle's "Zaunalia" is quite similar to Tinbergen's so-called "extensive observation"。His structure of hundreds of animals in "Animala"、Habits and behaviors are described in detail，Trying to examine the differences between animals，Ask the reason behind it。Although there is also a discussion about humans in "Animals"，But because "people are political animals"，So the understanding of human beings is not in "Animals"，But only in "Politics" and "Metaphysics"。The complete separation of “animals” and “humans” in a bet365 bonus bets sense，is the basic structure of human self-understanding for thousands of years later，“The essential difference between humans and animals” is the transcendental premise of the glorious tradition of humanism。

　　The increasingly prosperous natural sciences in the 19th century，Continuously subverting human classical cognition。The publication of Darwin's "On the Origin of Species" in 1859，Called by Freud as mankind’s second “traumatic experience of narcissistic disillusionment” after the overthrow of the “geocentric theory”。No matter how hard philosophy tries to reshape various “conceptual walls” regarding the “essential differences between humans and animals”,，But the scientific fact that humans are animals in natural evolution，Determines the inevitable opening of a new bet365 bonus bets field。

　　1950s and 1960s，Conrad Lorenz and Nicholas Tinbergen and others founded ethology。They emphasized the need for extensive observation in natural settings，In order to provide reasons for various animal behaviors、Mechanism、Evolution and ontogeny provide scientific explanations。bet365 bonus bets has far-reaching influence，Morris's "The Naked Ape Trilogy"、Important works such as Wilson's "Sociobiology: A New Synthesis" were published one after another，Opened up a path through the study of animal social behavior，Promoting behavior towards humans，Even ethics、Research paths for understanding cultural customs and other phenomena，Causing violent repercussions in the social science community。Over the past few decades，Animal Behavior、Animal Cognition、Animal welfare and animal ethics、Research in the fields of behavior and philosophy is developing rapidly。Some research with international reputation，For example, Jane Goodall、France de Waal、Richard Dawkins、Works by Peter Singer and others，Has spread in our country。

　　To promote attention to "ethology methodology" in the field of philosophy and social science research，We organized this column。The column includes three articles: "Why there are laws in the world - Arguments from philosophical anthropology and philosophical zoology" This article demonstrates the philosophical point of view of "habits inspire cause and effect" from the perspectives of philosophical anthropology and philosophical zoology，Give an original answer to the question "Why is there order in the world?"。The article "Extensive Observation and Animal Ethology Methodology" summarizes Tinbergen's methodology that emphasizes extensive observation of animal behavior in natural environments，And demonstrates the general methodological value of this method for experimental philosophy and social science research。The article "Affordance: A New Methodology for Animal Mind Issues" discusses the affordance theory that explains animal adaptive behavior，Proposes that research on animal minds should expand from perception-action research to the explanation of animal social activities。We look forward to the combination of bet365 bonus bets and philosophical research，It can open up more new paths for the methodology of my country’s philosophy and social science research。

　　Why is there order bet365 bonus bets world——Arguments bet365 bonus bets and philosophical zoology

　　Abstract:Laws include both generative aspects，Also includes the aspect of dependence: generativity means that the world behaves in such and such a way and produces this or that event；Dependence means that we perceive the world in such and such a way and establish that there is this or that connection between events (regularization)。Principles of cosmic anthropology provide a general structure for bet365 bonus bets anthropological arguments，bet365 bonus bets zoology, as an expanded form of bet365 bonus bets anthropology, appeals to some kind of "innate necessity" of anthropology: if there are no laws，Some animals on the evolutionary ladder (with regularized conditioned reflexes) will not survive，Humans will not appear；Now that humans have appeared，Then the world is in order。The investigation of bet365 bonus bets zoology and bet365 bonus bets anthropology can provide motivational explanations for human behavior in seeking laws。When humans are still animals at a certain stage, they already live in the world with specific habits，When humans gain consciousness，This kind of regular existence constitutes "prior intentionality": when this intentionality is not satisfied，Humanity will pass reflective comparison，Reproduce content when satisfied，And the relationship between "goal" and "result" in the content constitutes an example of an unconscious law - a teleology、The concept of cause and effect of animism was born。The generalization of the causal relationships in consciousness forms clear laws。The explanation of "habits inspire causal concepts" is different from Hume's theory of cognitive habits，It is a bet365 bonus bets anthropological deepening of Kant’s theory of categories of innate understanding。

　　Keywords:Rule bet365 bonus bets Anthropology Cosmic Anthropology bet365 bonus bets Zoology habits

　　AuthorYan Qingshan，Professor, Department of bet365 bonus bets, East China Normal University (Shanghai 200241)。

Extensive observation and bet365 bonus bets behavior methodology

　　Abstract:Around 1950s，Lorenz、Tienbergen and others established and developed animal behavior。In methodology，They place special emphasis on extensive behavioral observations of target animals in their natural environment。This is due to the particularity of bet365 bonus bets，Also has general methodological significance。Basic features of a broad observational approach can be discovered through Tinbergen's ethological studies，Then clarify the reasons supporting the observation priority thesis，And the relationship between observation and experiment。Tinbergen’s theory has methodological implications for experimental philosophy research—experimental philosophy methods should not be understood as tools for discovery。Rather，They are controlled experiments based on extensive observations，The cognitive value is mainly testing and defending，Instead of discovering new facts。From a methodology perspective，A field of social science designed to explore the behavior of human groups and human social organizations，The cognitive value of extensive observation methods should be valued。

　　Keywords:Extensive observation Controlled Experiment Experimental bet365 bonus bets

　　AuthorLiu Xiaotao，Professor of the Department of bet365 bonus bets, Shanghai University；Zhou Congjia，Master’s student, School of bet365 bonus bets, Fudan University。（Shanghai 200433）

　　Dynamic Conditions: A New Methodology for bet365 bonus bets Mind Issues

　　Abstract:Conventional view，The meaning of the external world is given by the bet365 bonus bets’s psychological processing mechanism。In recent years，This view has been strongly refuted by ecological psychology。But，Because ecological psychology rarely talks about the role of brain neurons in theoretical development，So whether the physical basis or biological mechanism of its theory exists，It has also been questioned and criticized by scholars of traditional representationalism and computationalism。However，Through a survey of some recent research results in the field of neurology，Discovered that the meaning of the external world can actually be directly obtained through the sensory organs of animals，This undoubtedly provides strong neuroscientific support for the theoretical paradigm of anti-representationalism。At the same time，It also proves that bet365 bonus bets minds are not as simple as we traditionally think，Mental representations and related theories are not actually the best way to explain the mind。

　　Keywords:Dynamic Yuan Mental representation bet365 bonus bets Mind bet365 bonus bets Cognition Social motivation

　　AuthorXue Shaohua，Associate Professor, Institute of Science, Technology and Society, School of Humanities and bet365 bonus bets Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology (Beijing 100081)。