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Located in the Gansu and Qinghai New Areas in northwest China，In the origin and development process of early Chinese civilization，Has an irreplaceable and important role。Speaking of Gansu，The Silk Road during the Han and Tang Dynasties is the most impressive one for everyone，still remains to this day、World-renowned slips dropped from quicksand and Dunhuang treasures，I don’t know，An earlier road to painted pottery、Jade Road、Bronze Road，They all set sail here first。

　　Cultural relics passed down in an orderly manner

Gansu is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River，Located in Qinghai-Tibet、The intersection of Mongolia, Xinjiang and the Loess Plateau，River valleys criss-cross the river。Loess terraces on both sides of the river valley，Fertile soil，Suitable for farming，Provides good conditions for human survival，Extremely rich ancient cultural relics。Long-term archaeological work gradually proves，Ganlong area is one of the cradle of early human civilization。

1980s，An ancient human mandible fossil was discovered in the Baishiya Cave in the Ganga Basin in Xiahe County, southern Gansu。Now analyzed and determined to be an ancient type of Homo sapiens from the Middle Pleistocene，The Denisovans，160,000 years ago。Xiahe Denisovan Fossils，Excluding Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains of Siberia，The first Denisovan fossil found elsewhere。This will be the earliest time for prehistoric human activities on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau，Push forward from 40,000 years ago to 160,000 years ago，It is also the earliest relic of human activities discovered so far on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau。

　2018，The Lanzhou University Environmental Archeology Team and the Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology excavated the Baishiya Karst Cave，The large number of stone artifacts and animal bone fossils unearthed bet365 live casino games show that，Ancient humans lived here for a long time。Preliminary dating results show，The upper cultural layer of the site was formed at least 40,000 years ago，The bottom cultural layer can be traced back to hundreds of thousands of years ago。Baishiya Karst Cave is the earliest known prehistoric human site on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau。

The excavation of the Dadiwan Cultural Site in Qin'an, Tianshui, Gansu, which dates back to about 8000-5000 years ago, shows that，The ancestors of the Neolithic Age once thrived here。Painted pottery that appeared in the Dadiwan Phase I culture of Qin'an 7800 years ago，It is one of the earliest painted pottery cultures in the world。

Majiayao culture from 5000 to 4000 years ago，is a representative of prehistoric culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River，Painted pottery culture becomes more developed，Represents the highest achievement of Chinese prehistoric painted pottery art。July 1924，Swedish geologist Andersen is in Majiayao Village on the west bank of the Tao River, about ten kilometers southwest of Lintao County, Gansu，Discover ancient cultural relics characterized by gorgeous painted pottery，The painted pottery obtained is "excellent and exquisite，Can be the crown of pottery at the end of the Neolithic Age in Europe and Asia" ("Gansu Archeology")。

Qijia Culture from the Late Neolithic Age to the Early Bronze Age，It is an archaeological culture of special value in the upper reaches of the Yellow River，Because Anderson was first discovered at the Qijiaping site in Guanghe County, Gansu Province in 1924，hence the name。Qijia culture features distinctive pottery、Self-contained jade culture and advanced metallurgy are the main features，Dated from 2400 BC to 1500 BC，Roughly the same age as Longshan Culture and Erlitou Culture。Red copper products found in Qijia culture tombs，Reflects the improvement in productivity levels at that time，Laid the foundation for the later development of bronze culture。The development of bronze alloy technology in the Erlitou Culture in the Central Plains，Maybe it’s related to bet365 live casino games the inspiration from Qijia culture。

　　■Qijia Cultural Jade，Excavated in Jingning, Gansu Province in 1984 Author/Photo provided

，And then expanded to most of Gansu and Qinghai、Ningxia Region，In the late period, it spread far east to the Guanzhong and Shangluo areas。It is related to Guanzhong and even Shanxi、There have always been close cultural exchanges between Henan and other Central Plains regions，Indirectly influenced by Central Asian and other cultures，And bring its fresh blood to the Central Plains，Contributed to the birth of Erlitou "Kingdom" civilization。Played an important role as a bridge in China’s “Bronze Age Revolution”，Made an important contribution to the late development of Xia culture (Han Jianye "The Development and Evolution of Qijia Culture-Cultural Interaction and Eurasian Background"，"Cultural Relics" Issue 7, 2019)。current，As the research continues to deepen，Qijia culture has become one of the important research objects to explore the formation and early development of Chinese civilization。

　　The birthplace of Qin culture and Zhou culture

Qin culture as an important part of the pluralistic and unified Chinese culture，Long-term gestation and development in Gansu。

As early as the Yin and Shang Dynasties，The ancestors of the Qin people were the right-hand men who guarded Xirong，He became a prince。The sixth year of King Zhou Xiao (905 BC)，Feizi, the ancestor of Qin, was granted the title of Qinyi (now northeast of Qingshui County, Gansu Province) by Emperor Zhou for his meritorious service in raising horses，Establish the State of Qin，Historically known as "Ying Qin"。821 BC，Qin Zhuanggong defeated Xirong，Being named Doctor of the West Frontier by King Xuan of Zhou，Given the land of Quanqiu (now Tianshui, Gansu) where the Daluo clan lived。771 BC，Quirong invades Haojing，Qin Xianggong led his troops to save Zhou；770 BC，Qin Xianggong sent troops to escort King Zhou Ping to move eastward，The land west of Qishan was sealed off，Officially became a prince of Zhou。

The Tsinghua Slips "Xinian" says: "King Wu of Zhou conquered Yin，Three prisons Bet365 app download were set up in Yin。Wu Wangzhi，Shang Yi rebels，Kill the three prison guards and establish Ji Zigeng。King Cheng conquered the merchants，Shaji Zigeng，Fei Lian fled to the Shang Yan clan。King Cheng conquered Shang Dynasty，Sha Feilian，The people of Shang Dynasty moved westward to Zhuyu，To control the army of slaves，An ancestor of Qin。”After the fall of the Shang Dynasty，Feilian heads east from Shangdu，Escape from Shang Yan。After the failure of the Dongfang nation with the surname Ying to fight against the Zhou Dynasty，The Zhou Dynasty sealed Bo Qin, the eldest son of Duke Zhou, to the land of the former Yan Kingdom，Establish the State of Lu，Ruling the "People of Shang Dynasty"，Move Yanjun to Pugu at the same time，Move the ancestors of Qin westward to "Zhu" and banish them to the garrison (royal army)。"Zhu" is the "Zhu Yu" in Yongzhou in "Shang Shu Yu Gong"，"Zhu Yu" in Ji County, Tianshui County in "Hanshu Geography"，Gathering at Nanwu Middle School in Hebei County，Today’s southwest of Gangu County, Gansu。In recent years，Xishan excavated by archaeologists in the upper reaches of the Western Han River in Li County、Relics such as Dabaozi Mountain and Shanping，It is the remains of the early activities of the Qin people (Li Xueqin's "Important Discovery of the Origin of the Qin People on Tsinghua Bamboo Slips"，"Guangming Daily" September 8, 2011)。

This is also one of the important birthplaces of Zhou people。The Zhou people arose in today’s Shaanxi-Gansu area，When the time comes，Moved to the Qingcheng County area，Gong Liu moved to Bin (now Bin County, Shaanxi)、Xunyi County area)。Chongxin Yujiawan Site, which is adjacent to both places，Bronze found in 1980。Researched，This is a Zhou cemetery in the early Western Zhou Dynasty，Date from the early Zhou Dynasty to the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty。1967 and 1972，Early Western Zhou aristocratic cemeteries excavated in Baicaopo Village, Lingtai County，During the Kangzhao period。

"Poetry·Daya·Huangyi" says，The time of King Wen，"Secret people are bet365 live casino games disrespectful，Dare to stay away from the big country，Invasion of the Ruan Communist Party"，"Wang Hesi is angry，Love the journey，Invasion from Ruanjiang，I am my lover，To deal with the world。Yi Qi is in Beijing，Invasion from Ruanjiang，Zhiwo Gaogang。Wuya Mausoleum，I am my lover；If you don’t drink from my spring，My spring, my pond！”“京” means Bin where Gong Liu moved，In the west of Xunyi County today。Secret、Ruan、All of them belong to the Yin Shang Kingdom，Secret is secret，In the west of today’s Lingtai County，Ruan in today’s Jingchuan County，Total in the north of today’s Jingchuan County。The excavation of these two remains，Corroborated with documentary records，Witnessed the history of King Wen of Zhou’s management of Xirong’s expansion of territory。

　　Channel for cultural exchange between China and the West

Gansu east to Shaanxi，Xida Xinjiang，Southern view of Sichuan、Qinghai，Northern Ningxia、Inner Mongolia，Bordering present-day Mongolia in the northwest，In ancient times, it was the hub connecting the Central Plains and the Western Regions。The special geographical environment gives its history and culture unique regional characteristics，It also plays a special channel role in cultural exchanges between China and the West。This is not only the passage of the Silk Road，Still the road to jade、Road to Painted Pottery、The hub of the Bronze Road，Is a key area for exploring and solving some major academic issues from prehistory to the Bronze Age。

Some scholars conducted a comparative study on Majiayao painted pottery and Central Asian painted pottery，I found that some of the decorative patterns are very similar，And then put forward the theory of "Painted Pottery Road"，That is, before the opening of the “Silk Road”，The exchange and integration of Chinese and Western cultures brought about by the painted pottery culture。

Metal smelting is one of the iconic factors of civilized society。1974-1975，A bronze knife was discovered at the Jiangjiaping site bet365 live casino games in Yongdeng。1977，The earliest bronze knife discovered at the Linjia Majiayao Cultural Site in Dongxiang，Known as “China’s No. 1 Sword”，Advance the use of bronze in our country to 5000 years ago。2010-2017，Bronze vessels unearthed from the Xichengyi site in Zhangye、Slag、Ore、furnace wall、Blast pipes and other smelting-related relics，Indicates the late Majiayao culture about 4000 years ago，The ancestors of Machang had already taken the lead in introducing copper smelting technology from Central Asia，Made great contributions to the arrival of the Bronze Age in China。Bronze tools and decorations unearthed from the Qijia Cultural Site and the earliest bronze mirror in China，Indicates that Gansu region is an important birthplace of Chinese bronzes；The unearthed gold earrings are the earliest gold objects in my country；After that，Qin people smelted and used iron tools earlier。This indicates，Gansu is one of the earliest regions in China to start metal smelting。

Hexi Corridor area，Rich jade resources in ancient times。The Mazongshan jade mine site in Subei that has been excavated in recent years，Area about 5 square kilometers，The upper limit of the era is Siba Culture，Zhongjing gelding culture，The lower limit is the Han Dynasty。Dunhuang Hanxia Jade Mine Site，Area about 3 square kilometers，Dated within the 1st millennium BC，Slightly earlier than the Mazhongshan jade mine site，It is the earliest jade mine site that can be determined in China。To study the mining of early jade materials、Processing, manufacturing and export trade and production organization of finished products、Industry Management、Social structure and the history of the Jade Road, etc.，Provides new information and perspectives。

Dadiwan Culture from the Neolithic Age to the Early Bronze Age、Majiayao Culture、Qijia Culture，Painted pottery、Jade cultural system and metallurgical technology，Opened up the road of painted pottery、Jade Road、Pioneer of the Bronze Road，Played an important pioneering and Bet365 lotto review leading role in the origin of Chinese civilization。To the Bronze Age，The Siba culture in the west appeared sequentially or in parallel in Gansu area、Shajing Culture，Xindian Culture in the Middle East、Siwa Culture and the Early Zhou and Qin Culture in the East。Since pre-Qin，week、Qin、Rong、Di、Qiang、Di and other tribes have been active in the northwest region for a long time，Making important contributions to promoting national integration and cultural development。

In summary，A series of important archaeological discoveries in Gansu region，It not only enriches and expands the connotation of the origin of Chinese civilization，Also provides unique and important evidence。

　　(Author’s affiliation: College of History and Culture, Lanzhou University)