In recently unearthed documents，The Warring States Bamboo Slips collected by Tsinghua University (hereinafter referred to as "Tsinghua Slips") compiled and published year by year are generally regarded as documents of the middle and late Warring States Period，Its academic value in all aspects cannot be overstated。What we are most concerned about is the political commentary and governance of Tsinghua Slips，Or so-called political thought、Chapter Principles of Legal Thought。This is actually a major feature of Tsinghua bamboo slips compared with other newly published documents。The Tsinghua bamboo slips published in 2018 (eight) and the Tsinghua bamboo slips published in 2019 (nine) all have detailed discussions on governance，Exceptionally precious。Especially the three articles "State Position", "State Governance" and "Governance"，Its size is considerable、Smooth diction、Strict logic、High intention，There is a wealth of principles for scholars to interpret in detail，I would like to briefly describe the concept of the pre-Qin meritocracy system from Bet365 app download。

"The Position of the State" in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips (8) focuses on the way of governing the country and employing people，Elucidate the importance of meritocracy and its institutionalization concept。The beginning of this chapter clearly states: "Suppressing the ruler and his ministers must be achieved with consequences。”The so-called “degree”，That is, the monarch inspects his ministers、The rules for ministers to serve their monarch。"State Position" depicts the monarch's personal lack of knowledge，And Bet365 app download caused my subordinates not to make good use of Bet365 app download、The consequences of disregarding public interests，said: "You are deaf and crazy，The envoy is obsessed with desire。Political affairs go against the United States，Favoring blessings reverses evil”。Thus，The commentator advocates that we should resort to relatively objective and rational forces other than the monarch and his ministers，Constructing a selection of people、The system of appointing people to restrain the monarch and his ministers。Bet365 app download was not impossible to choose wise men at that time，Bet365 app download’s a pity that the condition is not good，This article analyzes the disadvantages of selecting officials and harming the country，Therefore, we emphasize that the public interest of the country should be the first priority，Promote “beloved people”。Then，What is a "good man" who is beneficial to political affairs？The brief article mainly denies several types of people from the negative side。One is an official who relies on "the son replaces the father"，A Dang Bizhou、Powerful、Imaginary monarch、Endangering political affairs；The second is the beautiful words，In fact, he does many evil things、Opportunistic、Not beneficial to politics；Third, the monarch recruits people who refuse to obey。

In addition，The "party tribute" mentioned in "State Position" is worthy of attention，His words "Gong Nai is solid and beautiful，To explore good people”。In handed down documents，Both "Guoyu·Qiyu" and "Guanzi·Xiaokuang"，Guan Zhongzhi once implemented a detailed talent selection system，So-called "three choices"。Visible，The concept of "Yidu" in this article relies on the practice of "Party tribute"，Maybe there is a certain historical and social background。Compared origin、Speech and other standards，An official’s ability and practical actions can more objectively reflect the “reality” of an official，Quantifiable、Verifiable characteristics，This makes Bet365 app download easy to integrate into legal standards and become institutionalized。

The deep meaning of "Yidu" is to establish the division of labor between monarch and ministers to maintain monarchy，The so-called "husband does not save the ruler"，Inappropriate experience，Director Baiyi，Bet365 app download harmful to death”。Find out its meaning，Do not implement administrative affairs according to laws、Everything must be done by hand，It will lead to evil ministers to ignore the monarch，“They are arrogant and subject to great power”；Good ministers are buried but not revealed，No way to be effective，"Civilian rate wants to escape"，Seeking good governance。The monarch can neither control his ministers，Losing the support of the people again，Natural loss of power。This is how the "State Position" divides the work between the monarch and his ministers、Key expressions of how kings behave themselves。In a nutshell，"State Status" emphasizes "to measure"，Quite a “rule of law” flavor，Also consistent with the handed down theory of maintaining the centralization of kingship during the Warring States Period，Generally reveals the theoretical meaning of Legalist magic power。The legal system and the administrative technology of personnel management are seamlessly integrated，Exactly the strategy of combining magic，Bet365 app download not difficult to get a glimpse of the official system and selection and performance appraisal techniques of later generations。

There is also an article in Tsinghua Slips (8) titled "The Way of Governing a Country"，"Tsinghua Slips" (9) has a chapter on "Governance"，The organizer has clarified，The two are actually a complete article from beginning to end。The first published "How to govern a country" is full of ideas for civilians to participate in politics，Propose "take measures to measure"，Yikeshixing；Give Bet365 app download a try without measuring Bet365 app download，The theory of “disintegration”，"The Way of Government" published the following year is also based on the theory of "promoting people with caution"。The two articles combined show a system of civilian participation in politics，The expression is based on the social division of labor、Extensive concept of meritocracy based on monarchical order，Reflects the decline of the nobles and nobles during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties、The remarkable trend of the rise of scholars and bureaucrats。

Look at this magnificent article on state governance，Always question deeply about the ancient world lord Shilu，Said: "What is good and what is not good，How can there be a permanent species？”“How can I be so beautiful?”、Wealth is inevitable or holy？"The commentator strongly advocates that ordinary Bet365 app download should be used as the basis for the merit selection system，Advocates that the scope of election of worthy Bet365 app download should not be limited to aristocratic families、Hidden by appearance，We should widely select talented Bet365 app download，Given full status and power，"Although poor, humble，And faith has the right way，Can control the crowd、Governance、Impossible、Sir”。In addition，The article also clearly designed a job evaluation system: "Have heard what he said，The story of Yan Shao Xiaogu，Yicheng Qigong。If possible，To help the body and the family。”This requires that officials should be appointed first to serve as lower-ranking officials，Arrange minor government affairs，The superiors follow actual achievements，Assessment、Accumulate the basic ability of officials to handle political affairs，Only those who are qualified can be entrusted with important tasks。This is the probationary assessment system for officials that was first seen in Chinese literature。

The system and procedures for selecting officials for the common people have been stated，This article further discusses the way of kings and ministers: "Shangfeng，Xiacao...husifu，It’s like a thigh and a humerus。"This is probably a retelling of the moral discourse of "Feng Xing Cao Yan" in "The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan"，Also holds this metaphor of "bones and arms"，It means Bet365 app download in line with the traditional body and limb relationship between monarch and ministers。The strange thing is，The unique proposition of the relationship between the monarch and his ministers as "a transaction between Jushi and Jia" appears in the brief text，This is inevitably reminiscent of the theory of transactions between emperors and ministers that is revealed in the book "Han Feizi"，For example, "I will try my best to win over the king and the city，The king gives his title and salary to his ministers" ("Han Feizi·Nanyi") and so on，It seems that the spread of political utilitarianism of mutual benefit can be seen。

Actually，There is a huge disparity in power between "wind" and "grass"，There are also differences between "body" (body and mind) and "limbs" (femoral and humeral)。What’s more，Bet365 app download not only the ancient saying of "zuo me gu gu" ("Shang Shu·Yu Shu·Yi Ji") "zuo jue humu" ("Shi Xun Gui")，Shenzi, a scholar of stamina and magic, also has "a wise king like a body"，The theory that ministers are like hands" ("Shenzi·General")。So，Bet365 app download not difficult to understand that this concept of the meritocracy system is based on the monarchical order of "supervising the discipline"。Further，Understanding of the governing wisdom of monarchs and ministers，Follow the logic of "the saint above and the fool below"，"The Holy One will make all the fools tired，You are famous for being stupid and tired，If Bet365 app download famous, it will be available，Prestige is beneficial to the elderly”。“Being stupid” does not mean abandoning the capable，But Bet365 app download to clarify that the ministers should not regard the past as the present，Critical Shijun，You only need to rely on talents to implement the monarch’s wishes，Follow the monarch’s orders。As for the meaning of "Shangsheng"，It’s not just the officials themselves，Bet365 app download the "Sage" who embodies the inner virtue and wisdom of the monarch，Proceed to "serve the princes at the same time"，The great wish of the foreign king who thinks that the world is a ritual"。Study on the definition of the intellectual distinction between monarch and ministers，It’s not just the practice seen in Legalism that eliminates the ears, eyes and mind、The purpose of ensuring everything is accurate，And Bet365 app download even more important to achieve "auxiliary phase、left and right、All ministers are in harmony，Use one's wisdom，Sounds complement each other，The picture of the order of monarchy in which the princes and nations take the lead in congratulations。

The theme of Tsinghua Slips on governance is quite significant，Bet365 app download should be a relatively popular political and legal statement in the era when Bet365 app download was written。Previously，Tsinghua bamboo slips (Lu) have "Guan Zhong" and "Zi Chan"，Tsinghua Jian (7) has "Zhao Jianzi"，Guan Zhongren ruled by law、Zi Chan casts punishment book、Zhao Yang casts the punishment tripod，They are all pioneers in governance in this world，Perhaps the meaning of the "Tsinghua Bamboo Slips" is compiled，Bet365 app download lies in the governance style that reflects the changes of the times。

After all，Chinese traditional Su Chong governs people，As seen in the handed down documents, the idea of ​​virtuous people emerged one after another in the pre-Qin scholars。Confucius said, "Promote talented people" ("The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan")，Bet365 app download said that "government depends on people" and "people exist in government affairs，The government will cease when people die" ("Book of Rites· Doctrine of the Mean")，Mencius said that "only the benevolent should be in high positions" ("Mencius Li Lou Shang")，“Do not believe in benevolence and virtue，The country will be empty" ("All Hearts")，Xunzi said, "You have to govern people，No cure" ("Xunzi: The Way of Kings")，“The virtuous are promoted without waiting for the next step” (“Kingdom”)。"Mozi" has three chapters "Exalting the Worthy"，Strongly advocate meritocracy as the foundation of government，There are many transcendent advancements in the Confucian concept of meritocracy。Shenzi said, "Will bring order to chaos，Bet365 app download important to serve as a worthy envoy" ("Shenzi·Zhizhong")，Even if we follow the saying of "Laozi" that "there is no superiority to the virtuous", the main point is "to pursue the law but not the virtuous" ("Han Feizi·Zhongxiao")，"Han Feizi" also prophesied the role of talented officials in national governance，"Everyone who is promoted must be worthy，The one who uses it must be capable” ("The Master of People")。The concept of meritocracy as seen in "The Position of the State", "The Way of State Administration" and "The Way of Governance" have been discussed by various scholars，There are also different opinions，If the overall view is nothing surprising，Bet365 app download consistent with the statements of "promoting the virtuous", "respecting the virtuous" and "appointing people" in the books handed down from ancient times。This gradually converging thinking on governing the country，No longer pray for theocratic power and feudal loyalty to maintain the political structure，Bet365 app download not limited to the pursuit of personal morality and the maintenance of patriarchal bloodline，But focus on the strength and wealth of the country in the hope of dominating the world，Reflecting breakthroughs and innovations in political and legal thought and skills。

The aforementioned Tsinghua bamboo slips read a long article on governance，All belong to the political picture of monarchy。"State Status" advocates compliance with legal regulations，The monarch envoys the law、Controlling ministers with skills and forming connections with the monarch。"The Way of Government" and "The Way of State Administration" are full of universal love、Shangxian、The Purpose of Moral Education，In the end, Bet365 app download "the superior is responsible for the discipline" and "the superior is the saint and the subordinate is the fool"，Confirm the order of monarchy that respects the king and humbles the ministers，As Xu Fuguan said, "China's past talks about politics，In the end, we must return to the king’s way”。Another example is "Don't worry about it"，Bang Jiaan，His political leadership is virtuous、Use energy，The people agree" words，It can be seen that the traditional selection and appointment of talents actually belongs to the category of "herdsmen"，The king selects a few people to become officials，Manage Yunyun Guizhou，Tengbo Power，Convey the decree。Both the bureaucracy and the functions of officials are not feudal divisions of the Zhou Dynasty，But the new king’s monarchy is divided。In this bureaucracy，Officials can only exercise the power granted by the monarch，Work together to defend the monarchy system。

It’s not just about confirming and reinforcing inherent traditional conclusions，The newly published literature is full of research value in materials and principles。"State Status" adheres to the outline of the theory of "to measure"，Considering meritocratic politics as the core of state governance，Using an institutional approach to discuss the relationship between monarch and ministers that all scholars are concerned about、The issue of meritocracy，Qie Guang and Legalist stamina division of labor between monarch and ministers、The purpose of using power to control ministers，Bet365 app download enlightening to study the evolution of meritocracy and bureaucratic politics during the Zhou and Qin Dynasties。Part of "The Way of Governing a State" tends to have Mohist characteristics，"The Way of Government" melts all the schools into one pot，It has reference significance for discussing the differentiation and integration of the pre-Qin scholars’ theories，Deserves further identification。

　　(Author’s Affiliation: Jinan Bet365 app download；Xiamen Bet365 app download)