Epictetus was a thinker in the early period of the Roman Empire，Also a representative figure of the late Stoic school。Although he was born a slave，But there are close ideological exchanges with the Roman upper class，Emperor Aurelius highly respected Epictetus’ philosophy and ethical thoughts。Although Epictetus’ philosophy and ethical thoughts have limitations of the times，But his cosmopolitan philosophy and ethical and legal thoughts practiced virtue for the Roman people、obey the Bet365 lotto review、Provides important inspiration for achieving political and social stability and development in Rome。

　　Basic composition of Bet365 lotto review’ legal philosophy

100 BC，Rome reforms the mercenary system，The urgent need to replenish the supply of troops accelerated the emancipation of slaves，Objectively promotes social progress。However, this also led to the gradual replacement of the Roman Republic by military dictatorship，The Republic is in danger。Although Cicero worked hard to theoretically design the future Rome in the late Roman Republic，Hope to continue to rule according to Bet365 lotto review，And emphasize that the country is a cause that belongs to the people，But to no avail，The kind of human ethics that was respected in the city-state period、The social atmosphere of rigorous living has been seriously damaged，The decline of ethics in society，Materialistic desires。How to effectively implement the Bet365 lotto review，Maintain social order，Become the Senate of the Early Empire、Big questions facing emperors and thinkers。

In this context，The Stoic school was revived，Epictetus and Emperor Aurelius both became representatives of the late Stoic school。As a thinker from lower class society，Epictetus knew that the prerequisite for obeying the Bet365 lotto review is that the entire society must uphold virtue，His cosmopolitan philosophy of human nature and thoughts on ethical Bet365 lotto review have gained the attention of the empire。

On the one hand，Epictetus thinks，Nature is a "whole existence"，Nothing can exist in isolation，The entire world and individuals are fundamentally unified，“Individual nature is part Bet365 lotto review nature Bet365 lotto review entire universe”。Greek and Roman society before Epictetus，The understanding Bet365 lotto review relationship between people and the world is basically in a relatively fragmented state，There is no real unity in the exploration Bet365 lotto review universe and natural life。He emphasized based on the cosmopolitan concept Bet365 lotto review early Stoic school，The whole world is a living unity。The philosophy aims to emphasize the natural equality of human beings，At the same time, it requires people to return to natural life itself，Focus on the individual’s true inner world。He studies the "is" of individuals，Laid a philosophical foundation to encourage people to pursue natural rights and peace Bet365 lotto review spiritual world。

On the other hand，On the basis of integrating people into thinking about a unified world，Epictetus begins to discuss the order of the living universe。He emphasized the orderliness of natural laws and the naturalness of people living ethical and virtuous lives in accordance with reason。In the opinion of Epictetus，God is the “Father of Mankind”，God can sense people’s actions and thoughts，All things in the world “happen just as God arranges them”，God maintains the healthy operation of the entire world。The God here is not the God in later Christian thought，But a living world based on natural philosophy，In fact, it is the objective Bet365 lotto review of the existence of the world，It is the embodiment of rationality in the universe。Humans are the same as gods，Whose soul is “the same in all circumstances”，What people have to do is to live in an orderly manner in accordance with the laws of nature。

Although humans are social animals，Having instinctive primitive desires，It is inevitable to be tempted by external substances and other aspects，But Bet365 lotto review thought，Humans have “the same reason and understanding as the gods”。That is, as a world of laws，People are part of it，People are subject to laws，But he can understand the rules，Understand the rules。He believes that humans possess divine rationality from birth，This reason and understanding are endowed by God，Enables us to restrain our instinctive desires，Have the ability to choose and judge in practical life，Actively pursue a happy life of perfection。

　　The inspiration of Epictetus’s legal philosophy to the theory and practice of Bet365 lotto review legal system

First，Provided a theory of natural rights for the emancipation of Roman slaves。Epictetus opposed the social injustice caused by the Roman military reform，But we are not opposed to the liberation of slaves caused by the military reform。Opposite，He also provided a natural Bet365 lotto review theory for slave emancipation，He disagrees with Aristotle’s idea that people must be equal first and then have freedom。Aristotle pointed out: "Man is by nature a political animal。”As for city-state politics, people can only be city-state citizens who enjoy citizenship rights，Slaves have no citizenship rights，Not worthy of the city-state rights of a political animal，No freedom in theory。Epictetus inherited Cicero’s view that freedom comes first and then equality，And develop it。He thinks，Since humans are part of the universe as a whole，Enjoy the rights of nature，The natural right is first of all the right to enjoy the freedom of the Bet365 lotto review。Affected by it，The Roman jurist Ulpian pointed out，Natural Bet365 lotto review is the Bet365 lotto review of all animals，According to the Bet365 lotto review of all peoples，Slavery allowed，But according to natural Bet365 lotto review，The existence of slavery is unreasonable。

Second，Provides the value standard of natural Bet365 lotto review for Roman positive Bet365 lotto review。Epictetus inherited and developed the ideological views of the early and middle stages of Stoicism，Believe that if the laws made by man are not in line with the laws made by God，It’s an unjust Bet365 lotto review，And this Bet365 lotto review established by God is natural Bet365 lotto review，Only laws that conform to natural Bet365 lotto review are just.。This was recognized by the emperor at that time。From the legal theory of justice in late ancient Greece to the legal natural justice theory of Epictetus in ancient Rome，Experienced a long time and space development，Natural Bet365 lotto review has become the value standard and measurement standard for the formulation of positive Bet365 lotto review，Finally established。In the opinion of Epictetus，Natural Bet365 lotto review not only includes natural (physis) justice in the laws of nature，Also includes the customary customs (nomos) justice in people’s lives。This provides a popular value standard for people to obey the Bet365 lotto review in life，Conducive to the combination of morality and Bet365 lotto review in life。

　Third，Promoted the formation and development of the concept of equivalence of rights and obligations in Rome。After the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War，Social unrest，How to restore an orderly society that breaks through the boundaries of city-states，Become the goal that people pursue。Stoicism is in this context，Establishing a unified "world state" to adapt to the slave-owning aristocracy，The need to achieve imperial rule，Rationalism and asceticism that emerged with an emphasis on social obligations”。But，While the concept of city-state begins to fade away，Business and life exchanges in the Pan-Hellenistic era，Makes people’s consciousness of rights begin to sprout。Epictetus keenly discovered these two tendencies，Not only emphasizes the responsibilities of "global citizens"，Also emphasizes the rights of “global citizens”，The two cannot be separated。Proposition of this concept，Played a great role in promoting Roman private Bet365 lotto review mercantilism。Because，Roman private Bet365 lotto review autonomy first requires the correspondence and equivalence of the concepts of rights and obligations。

　Fourth，Making the Roman lower class begin to practice morality，obey the Bet365 lotto review。Ethics is a conventional and customary virtue，Epictetus calls it natural Bet365 lotto review，In fact, it is the legal system and legal concepts formed after the externalization of ethics and morality。Epictetus was born a slave，Represents the lower class people，His concepts break through Aristotle’s ethical concepts of city-state citizens，Contains all the ethical virtues of the Romans，In line with the needs of the political order at that time，It was also the need to unify the laws of all peoples at that time。According to the tradition from ancient Greece to Rome，To have virtue is to have justice，It is the observance of the Bet365 lotto review。Both he and Emperor Aurelius agreed，“The good and evil of rational social animals are in active activities”，Practicing morality and obeying the Bet365 lotto review are generally observed and applied in social concepts，The Roman lower class gradually began to practice morality and obey the Bet365 lotto review。Proposition and practice of this point of view，Not only of great significance to the Roman provinces of the Italian peninsula，Also obey the laws of the other conquered Roman provinces、Changing the lifestyle has played a unified role in promoting。

　　The historical value of Bet365 lotto review’ legal philosophy

Epictetus’s thought has a long history，Its historical value deserves attention。First，Governing the country requires a theoretical design。Early Roman Empire，The concept of cosmopolitan country has emerged，The original city-state system gradually collapsed，New demands for political rule，“A large city-state，There is a General Regulation、A Bet365 lotto review”，All citizens should act according to the rules of natural Bet365 lotto review，Have certain moral responsibilities。This kind of governance concept that regards all people as Bet365 lotto review-abiding subjects and uses morality to constrain citizens’ behavior，It still has reference value today。Secondly，Focus on personality equality。Epictetus said，Reason can “maintain fairness and justice”，He places the pursuit of justice within the entire universe，Human beings are part of it，Everyone, including slaves, has rights given by nature，What natural rights emphasize is actually "the same under all circumstances" and the equality of persons。Finally，Practice both morality and Bet365 lotto review。Epictetus emphasizes the rule of Bet365 lotto review and morality，Unify and abide by the Bet365 lotto review for the cosmopolitan countries of ancient Rome、Provides a good strategy to promote the overall stability of social order，Received high praise from the emperor。Epictetus’ legal philosophy influenced the formation and development of Roman Bet365 lotto review and the two major Western legal systems。

　　(This article is a phased result Bet365 lotto review National Social Science Fund general project "Research on the Achang Dispute Resolution Mechanism from the Perspective of Legalization of Social Governance" (21BFX030)

(Author’s affiliation: School of Administrative Bet365 lotto review, Southwest University of Political Science and Bet365 lotto review)