Grassroots governance is the cornerstone of national governance。Improving the comprehensive administrative bet365 offer system at the grassroots level、Standardizing the exercise of administrative bet365 offer power is an important part of the modernization of grassroots governance systems and governance capabilities。Combining the policy context of comprehensive administrative bet365 offer power at the grassroots level，It has very important practical significance for promoting and improving grassroots governance。

　　"Release" and "Recovery" of Comprehensive Administrative bet365 offer Power

With the acceleration of urbanization process，City Management、bet365 offer matters in key areas such as market supervision show continued growth。Meanwhile，The number and complexity of bet365 offer conflicts are also rising sharply，How to regulate the exercise of administrative bet365 offer power has become an urgent problem that needs to be solved。In this context，March 1996，The "Administrative Punishment Law" came into being。This law stipulates the types of administrative penalty powers、Setup and operation procedures，For the first time, a relatively centralized administrative penalty power system was established。This system allows the government to adjust the exercise of administrative penalty powers within the government，To eliminate the previous decentralized empowerment、Multiple bet365 offer、Various shortcomings such as overlapping responsibilities。April 1996，The State Council issued the "Notice on the Implementation of the Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China"，Clearly proposed to actively explore the establishment of an administrative bet365 offer system that is conducive to improving the authority and efficiency of administrative bet365 offer。November 1999，The State Council issued the "Decision on Comprehensively Promoting Administration by Law"，Proposed to “continue to actively promote the pilot work of relatively centralized administrative penalty power，On the basis of summarizing the pilot experience，Requirement to expand the scope of the pilot。Afterwards，In 2000, the General Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Continuing the Pilot Work on Relatively Centralized Administrative Punishment Power"，Deploy the work of promoting “relatively centralized administrative penalty power”。In 2002, the State Council issued the "Decision on Further Promoting the Relatively Centralized Administrative Punishment Power"，This decision generally promotes the relative concentration of administrative penalty powers nationwide，At this time, it mainly focuses on the field of urban management。October of the same year，The central government decided to implement the policy in Guangdong Province、Chongqing carries out clean-up and rectification of administrative bet365 offer teams、Pilot work to implement comprehensive administrative bet365 offer，The scope of reform expanded from urban management to cultural market supervision、Agricultural Management、Transportation management and more fields，The focus of reform has also shifted from relatively centralized administrative penalty power to comprehensive administrative bet365 offer。2003，Central Organization Office、The Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council issued the "Notice on Issues Concerning the Promotion of the Pilot Work on Relatively Concentrated Administrative Punishment Power and Comprehensive Administrative bet365 offer"，Arrangements were made for the connection between “relatively centralized administrative penalty power” and “comprehensive administrative bet365 offer pilot”。Afterwards，Comprehensive administrative bet365 offer reform is officially put on the agenda，This can be seen as a further extension and deepening of the reform of relatively centralized administrative penalty power。This reform will not only supervise、Penalty、Integration of different responsibilities and authorities such as mandatory，Still setting the functions of relevant departments at the organizational level、Organization Settings、Comprehensive adjustment of staffing，The purpose is to solve the long-standing "Kowloon water control" phenomenon and the problem of institutional expansion，To improve the overall effectiveness of administrative bet365 offer。

However，In specific reform practice，The comprehensive administrative bet365 offer pilot work did not achieve the expected results。Due to the levels involved、Department、Many industries，Interest relationships are intertwined，In addition, the top-level design does not provide comprehensive and standardized guidance on various issues，Leading to crossover of powers and responsibilities、Problems such as duplication of bet365 offer still exist。To solve these problems，Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China，my country has intensified the reform of the comprehensive administrative bet365 offer system，Promote this as a key task in comprehensively deepening reform and building a law-based government。October 2014，The "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Several Major Issues in Comprehensively Promoting the Governance of the Country by Law" was proposed，It is necessary to significantly reduce the types of bet365 offer teams at the city and county levels，Explore sub-fields、A new model of cross-departmental comprehensive bet365 offer。April 2015，The Central Provisional Office issued the "Opinions on Carrying out the Pilot Work on the Reform of the Comprehensive Administrative bet365 offer System"，Determined to be in 22 provinces (autonomous regions) across the country、138 cities in municipalities directly under the Central Government carry out comprehensive administrative bet365 offer system reform pilots，Thus greatly expanding the scope and depth of reform。In the field of urban management，December of the same year，Central Committee of the Communist Party of China、The State Council jointly issued the "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Urban bet365 offer Systems and Improving Urban Management Work"，Clearly proposes the centralized exercise of administrative penalty power in the narrow sense of urban management and bet365 offer，And carry out departmental reform at the city and county levels，Integrate management and enforcement functions，Unified into urban management agencies。In the field of environmental protection，2016，The central government proposes to implement vertical management of bet365 offer for environmental protection agencies below the provincial level，Exploring the establishment of cross-regional environmental protection agencies，Transfer environmental bet365 offer rights to municipal environmental protection departments。With the deepening of reform，The scope of comprehensive bet365 offer has gradually expanded to market supervision、Transportation、Cultural Market、Emergency management and other fields。In recent years，The reform of the bet365 offer system is combined with the construction of the grassroots governance system，Pay more attention to the improvement of grassroots comprehensive bet365 offer systems and mechanisms。2021，"Opinions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council on Strengthening the Modernization of Grassroots Governance Systems and Governance Capabilities" proposed，"Based on local actual conditions，Give towns (streets) administrative bet365 offer powers in accordance with the law，Integrate existing bet365 offer forces and resources”。This reform measure has been widely promoted and implemented nationwide，Most provinces have successively issued documents decentralizing administrative bet365 offer powers，To promote the modernization of grassroots governance systems and governance capabilities。

According to the "Opinions on Deepening the Reform of the Township and Street System and Improving the Grassroots Governance System" and the "Announcement on Comprehensive Administrative bet365 offer of Townships and Streets" issued by the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government in 2019 and 2020 respectively，Municipalities at and above the local level will begin to delegate varying amounts of administrative bet365 offer powers to towns (streets) from 2021。In the past two years，Some municipalities at or above the prefecture level in Guangdong Province have begun to re-examine the comprehensive administrative bet365 offer powers that were previously delegated to the town level，And gradually recycle。March 2022，The People's Government of Guangdong Province actively responded to the "Notice of the State Council on Further Implementing the Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China"，And put forward implementation suggestions，Required to “properly advance the reform of comprehensive administrative bet365 offer in townships (streets) in accordance with the law”，Emphasizes that the municipal and county governments should promptly organize and evaluate the implementation of the decentralization of administrative penalty power to towns and streets。If the evaluation results show that certain administrative penalty matters are highly professional，Townships (streets) are indeed unable to effectively undertake it，The relevant rights should be withdrawn in time。Since July 2022，Jieyang、Jiangmen、Foshan、Zhongshan、Qingyuan and other places have issued announcements，Announced the resumption of some bet365 offer matters previously delegated to towns and streets，And dynamically adjust bet365 offer powers。This series of actions shows，The local government is working according to the actual situation and needs，Flexibly adjust the allocation and exercise of bet365 offer powers。

Comprehensive administrative bet365 offer system reform as a systematic project，Reform of grassroots administrative system、Simplifying administration, strengthening towns and other reforms are intertwined。From the initial relatively centralized administrative penalty power，To carry out comprehensive administrative bet365 offer，The focus of bet365 offer will shift vertically downward、Delegation and recovery of authority，This series of progressive processes are aimed at continuously exploring better governance solutions。Multiple rounds of power adjustments have not stopped yet，Always look for ways to maximize the interests of all parties based on changes in the external environment and internal governance capabilities、The balance point to optimize the governance effect。This dynamic adjustment process aims to explore the problems existing in the adjustment of power and the reasons behind it，To continuously optimize power at different levels、Inter-department configuration，Streamline the institutional mechanism of administrative bet365 offer，Ultimately improve the relationship within the government and the relationship between the government and society。

　　The status of undertaking decentralization of bet365 offer

Despite the huge “number” of decentralized powers，However, the “quality” of the lower-level governments in the undertaking process is not ideal。Currently，The following problems mainly exist after the devolution of bet365 offer。

First, small power: administrative authority is not given in place。After decentralization，Grassroots governments often face the problem of insufficient authority in the process of bet365 offer。On the one hand，Township and town governments in specific bet365 offer situations，Often lack administrative enforcement authority commensurate with their responsibilities，The mandatory procedures are more cumbersome and troublesome。This leads to the grassroots being helpless in specific bet365 offer situations，Either improper procedure。On the other hand，The higher-level government is the entrusting party，By creating cumbersome and lengthy bet365 offer procedures，To ensure the fairness of the agent’s bet365 offer，This in turn leads to low efficiency of bet365 offer。At the same time，The higher-level government is worried that the town-level government will abuse the decentralized power，leading to unfair bet365 offer，Start to regain power，To safeguard public interests and social stability。

The second one is weak: the townships and towns have insufficient capacity to undertake the work。The township government is in the process of taking over power，Often faced with insufficient resources such as human, financial and material resources。In the context of modernizing national governance，The requirements for work quality are constantly improving: First, refined management changes the focus of work from result-oriented to process-oriented，Require grassroots governments to pay more attention to details；Secondly, the work procedures are cumbersome，Especially the requirements for bet365 offer procedures are very complicated，Putting grassroots bet365 offer officers under tremendous pressure；Finally, with the change of responsibilities，Grassroots governments increasingly emphasize service-oriented。From practical research，After decentralization，The grassroots level needs to spend a lot of time to become familiar with the new business，Lack of corresponding systematic learning mechanism，Thus increasing the difficulty of taking over power at the grassroots level。

Third, there are many responsibilities: decentralization of authority leads to transfer of responsibilities。Due to the current serious accountability situation，Many county-level departments have the idea of ​​letting town-level governments take the blame，It will be complicated、Tricky、Decentralization of case handling authority for easy accountability、The reasons for territorial management are left to the grassroots government。This has increased the work burden of grassroots governments，It may also cause the town-level government to be unable to effectively respond to complex problems。Discovered during research，The powers that the town-level government hopes to transfer mainly involve two aspects: one is the issue of historical backlog，At this stage, it is impossible to properly solve the historical problems left many years ago，Grassroots governments are facing tremendous pressure；On the other hand, the relevant superior departments have released matters after delegating bet365 offer，But in the name of assessment, the task is suppressed、Mandatory requirement to complete，Failed to properly connect work and respond to township requests，Making it difficult for grassroots governments to effectively exercise their powers。

　　The underlying reasons for the resumption of bet365 offer

bet365 offer recovery is not a simple bet365 offer adjustment process，It involves complex system operations and considerations of multi-party interests。Want to solve the long-standing mystery of the "collection-release cycle"，The key point is to analyze the reasons for the recovery of bet365 offer。

First，Recovery of power involves a cyclical process of “releasing and collecting”。In the process，Higher-level governments try to stimulate grassroots vitality by decentralizing power，But，Town-level governments generally recommend taking back some more professional ones、County-level functional departments have offices at the town level、Many problems left over from history、The quality of case handling has declined after decentralization and the actual effect of grassroots governance is not good。This shows that decentralization does not always achieve the desired results，Sometimes it even leads to chaos in grassroots governance and increased risk of bet365 offer。In addition, the boundaries of some matters are relatively vague，The problem of buck-passing after decentralization is serious。

Secondly，Unclear relationships and responsibilities between departments。In the process of dividing powers，County-level governments tend to pay more attention to improving bet365 offer efficiency，Ignoring the risk of bet365 offer。It is easier for county-level functional departments to change their role from executor to assessor；and，Follow "Let it go if you can"，The principle of “everything should be released” gives a large amount of authority to town-level governments，Seems like “rapid expansion” of power，In fact, it is an increase in management responsibilities and risks。In addition to formal delegation and delegation，There are still many matters communicated through assignments，In the first two cases, the town level has legal power to exercise，Not in the latter case。In actual operation，Townships usually arrange and execute tasks from superiors in a unified manner，No clear responsibilities and assessment standards，Prone to bet365 offer risks。This results in towns and villages often feeling at a loss when facing superior tasks，Difficulty in performing duties effectively。

Finally，Comprehensive administrative bet365 offer in townships has not yet realized "returning power to the people"。The original intention of comprehensive administrative bet365 offer reform is to find a balance between government supervision and people's development，Realizing “Returning Power to the People”。From a fundamental perspective，This reform is not a simple transfer of power from the county level to the town level，And towns and villages cannot adopt the bet365 offer model of local governments above the county level，bet365 offer means are not just punishment，There are also persuasion and reminders。In actual operation，The spirit of reform cannot be quantified in detail to the actual situation of each town，Making it difficult to express the reform goals accurately。In addition，The core purpose of power reform is to be efficient and convenient for the people，However, previous reforms have placed too much emphasis on decentralization and neglected the construction of supporting measures and the improvement of standards。This results in the existence of a vertical power and responsibility structure in which the town-level government has greater responsibilities and smaller powers、Issues such as unclear rights and responsibilities，The horizontal power and responsibility structure means that the government takes over too much social affairs、Problems such as excessive responsibility。

　　Theoretical thinking on whether to take over the bet365 offer of affairs

Decentralization is usually to improve the autonomy and response capabilities of local governments，Make it faster、Meet local needs more effectively，Improving government efficiency and responsiveness。However，The resumption of bet365 offer powers may imply that the higher-level government has lost trust in the devolved bet365 offer powers or considers them to be risky。When the actions of the town-level government may harm social equity or cause social risks，Higher levels of government need to intervene。

一，From the perspective of superior-subordinate relationship，Decentralization and recycling reflect the interaction between hierarchical control and agency relationships。Hierarchical moderation emphasizes the vertical relationship between various levels of government，Require subordinates to obey the command and supervision of superiors，To ensure the uniformity of policies and the efficiency of execution。But in actual operation，Due to information asymmetry and interest differences，The higher-level government may be worried or distrustful of the town-level government，Choose to regain the delegated powers。When the behavior of the town-level government as the agent does not meet the expectations of the superior government as the principal，The higher-level government will take back power to correct this behavior。At the same time，Due to cognitive differences in the execution of matters，Higher-level governments pay more attention to the quality and standards of comprehensive administrative bet365 offer，The town-level government pays more attention to the cost of administrative bet365 offer and the actual local situation。This difference may cause higher-level governments to believe that decentralization has reduced the quality and level of bet365 offer，Thereby choose to recycle the rights。

　Second，Decentralization and recovery of power is a dynamic evolving process，Needs to be adjusted and optimized according to actual conditions。On the one hand，The prerequisite for delegating power is “being able to decentralize”，That is, only those that can be decentralized after a comprehensive evaluation，If it cannot be delegated, keep or even recycle it。Reform must follow the "mature batch"、Principle of “decentralizing a batch”，When the town level has the ability to take over and can perform its functions well，Only in order to finally decentralize power。For comprehensive administrative bet365 offer powers suitable for the grassroots，We should continue to promote the decentralization of affairs，And strengthen follow-up feedback，Ensure effective execution after decentralization。On the other hand，The decentralization reform is a systematic project，Must coordinate the reform of various subsystems，Avoid single-soldier advance。This means that the division of powers is not only between upper and lower levels of government、Responsibility transfer，Also involves levels、In-depth adjustments in personnel, property, and organizational structures between departments。Therefore，We need to focus on streamlining administration and delegating power，Using government power adjustment as a breakthrough，Promote or support reforms in other aspects，Thus further innovating and optimizing the administrative system，Promote the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities。

Third，In the process of decentralization and recycling，We should pay attention to the systematic and innovative nature of the division of powers。Decentralization through reduction、Optimizing power to achieve the purpose of streamlining administration，Improving the efficiency and effectiveness of government governance。This means that power is divided and adjusted between different levels within the government，Also involved in government and market、Adjustment of divisions between societies。Always，The decentralization of power only focuses on what the superiors delegate to the town level，Ignored whether certain powers at the town level can be abolished (such as changing approval to filing，or direct approval)，Ignore how to simplify the exercise of powers (especially supervision and bet365 offer)。Therefore，To promote the decentralization reform, efforts must be made to streamline administrative powers，Coordinated and evaluated by the superior legal department，Strictly based on existing laws and regulations，Cancel the right to cancel things，Transfer the rights that can be transferred，We reserve the right to do so、Program、Optimize execution methods, etc.、Simplified，Streamline the power of affairs、Decentralized according to law。

　　(This article is about the current situation of the National Social Science Fund project "Grassroots government bet365 offer inheritance、Research on Logic and Optimization Paths” (22BZZ108) Phased Results)

(The author is a professor at the School of Public Administration, South bet365 offer University of Technology)