Philosophy is the essence of thought、Soul of Culture。As the Chinese people's long -term thinking of life and the world's ideological gathering and wisdom crystals，Chinese traditional philosophy that originated in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods has evolved and developed for thousands of years，Provide a steady stream of inherent motivation and ideological nutrients for the Liufang and heritage of the excellent traditional culture of China，In a persistent and deep way to shape the spiritual characteristics and prominent features of Chinese civilization different from Western civilization。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized at the cultural inheritance and development symposium.、Ecological concepts of all things and breeding "and" seeking truth from facts、The philosophical thoughts of the unity of knowledge and action "，Treating warm discussions of overseas scholars。

Recent，Our reporter interviewed two well -known scholars who have been engaged in traditional Chinese philosophy for a long time: Franklin Perkins, Professor Franklin Perkins, Professor Franklin Perkins of the University of Hawaii, USA and the University of Toronto's Chinese thought and culture lecturer Professor Fang Ketao ( Fraser)。They start with the emergence and formation of early Chinese philosophy，In -depth interpretation of the core ideas of Chinese cultural core ideas such as "Tianren and Man" accumulated for a long time。They think，Chinese traditional culture emphasizes continuous、association、Overall instead of still、isolated、Two points of the main and guests。Heaven in Western Culture、People、The relationship between the opposition and tension between things，Chinese traditional culture pursues the high degree of connection and organic unity of the three，The highest realm of its highest is "Heaven and Man Unity"。This concept shows the unique universe and world view of the Chinese people，and today's Chinese nation regard personal、Society、The thought of the country's fate is closely connected，This effectively promotes the formation of the Chinese nation community，Guide Huaxia children in the land with more than 5,000 years of brilliant civilization、Fearless forward。As the Chinese people know the world、The ideological culture of transforming the world，​​This concept also constitutes the philosophical basis of Chinese civilization tolerance and peace。

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　　"China Social Sciences": academic circles are generally considered，Chinese traditional philosophy originated from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods，Its early forms have a profound impact on the ideological and cultural forms of future Chinese society，It also objectively promoted the early evolution and development process of Chinese civilization。What are the ideological characteristics of early Chinese traditional philosophy?

Fang Lan Sheng:Indeed，The origin of traditional Chinese philosophy can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods。Under the historical background of social order during this period，Early Chinese thought philosophy of ancient China was enlightened，Confucian、Taoist、Mo Jia、Legalists and other important ideas appear like rain.，The grand occasion of the pre -Qin sons "hundreds of schools"。This is a turning period full of changes and confrontation，It is also an important period for shining in the history of Chinese thought。The academic atmosphere is active in this period、The cultural atmosphere is strong，Many ancient Chinese satellites have promoted the early accumulation of Chinese culture with their open thoughts and ideas with openness and innovation.。From the perspective of some Western scholars，Early Chinese philosophy that was released during this period can provide a lot of inspiration for opening up the heart and enlightenment wisdom，Therefore, it has valuable reference meaning。

Socrates、Plato and Aristotle "Ancient Greek Sage" is the founder of Western philosophy and European culture。But，Western scholars full of cultural arrogance and prejudice today often ignore such a historical fact: in the origin and development history of European philosophy，The free opening of Europe in the early days can be described as "a flash of flowers"。History，A period of more than a thousand years，Most European ordinary people cannot freely carry out philosophical thinking and debate，The imprisonment of freedom of cultural speech spread on a large -scale social level。

In the history of the development of other types of culture in the world，There is also a period of limitation or short or short or short or short or short or short or shorter period of control of philosophy，But the length and degree of the time and control of European restrictions and control are rare。The world is regarded as a product with a "single in total" existence and product，People are forced to accept a world view and values ​​that are "homogeneous" with others，and forced to share the common "philosophical rationality" with others，This single cultural tendency will undoubtedly violate the freedom pursued by philosophy itself、Diversity、tolerance spirit。The late European Middle Ages，"The Philosophy of the Saniors" formed a dominant knowledge system，Other philosophical genres have almost no place to stand for。This cultural background has also led to such a social phenomenon in the early European modern times: among many philosophical genres，There are some representatives of some genre, such as Supinosa and Hume's point of view.，But the restriction of freedom of speech，They have to restrain their opinions in most situations。

In fact，Philosophy is the sum of knowledge that is very diverse，The complexity of the world under the framework of the concept of philosophy is far beyond human cognitive ability。When philosophy runs under relatively free conditions，There will always be a variety of views。Looking Bet365 lotto review at the evolution trajectory of human culture，A fact that has to be accepted is: Only when people can freely explore philosophical thinking and be brave to ask the world's original，Questioning and exploring the roots and logic of existing things，Only the deeper truth and meaning can be found，Only the old、Welcome to innovation。

and early Greece、Rome、Indian civilization comparison，Early Chinese civilization has such a loose atmosphere and tradition that encourages freedom of ideological debates and exciting。People can use "observing Star Su" and other behaviors as a way and predicting the world in expressing the desire to avoid the wishes、Disaster、A way of Tianyun，You can also hold a critical attitude based on realistic world views。During the pre -Qin period of the early Chinese philosophy of Chinese philosophy，The perspective of the doctrine is quite diversified。If we look closely，I will find that no two philosophers are completely consistent。Although Mencius and Xunzi both have a complete ethical system，But the two did not use a homogeneous point of view to explain the natural world they lived。

To the Han Dynasty，Stable political environment allows different philosophical school integration、Gathering into a coherent system。The philosophers of the Han Dynasty almost all have a relatively systematic knowledge point of knowledge。Even if there are some things in common between many perspectives，But more is the difference。For example，In the Western Han Dynasty, the King of Huainan Liu An advocated a social system that emphasized the importance of "freedom release" in his book "Huainanzi"，and the social management methods advocated by Dong Zhongshu during the same period, pay attention to the meaning of "government supervision"。For early Chinese philosophers，There are blind spots in any thought，Nothing is not perfect，Only multiple、Symbiosis can create an organic unified overall。I think，This characteristic of encouraging differentiated ideological views coexisting and bursting，It reflects the typical features of Chinese civilization that is good at harvesting together。

　　Fang Kotao:Indeed，Early Chinese philosophical thoughts are special and attractive，"The ultimate unity" presented by the major philosophical schools。Although Chinese pre -Qin philosophy and Song and Ming philosophy、There are differences between concepts and thoughts between Chinese Buddhist philosophy and Confucianism，But compared with early European philosophy, such as Greek philosophy and 19th century German philosophy，The major schools of Chinese philosophy emphasize the relationship between the individual and the whole，Different members explore from different perspectives，In the end, it is to achieve a collective ideal order with a common feeling of the world。

　　The philosophical basis of Chinese civilization tolerance and peace

"Journal of Social Sciences of China": Relations of Heaven and Man、Character relationship and relationship between people and people have always been the basic question of traditional Chinese philosophy，It also constitutes a major core of traditional Chinese culture。Compared with European philosophy，How to view this cosmic and world view contained in traditional Chinese philosophy?

Fang Lan Sheng:Answer this question，Talk about the issues of "theory" or "atheist"。This topic involves the relationship between man and nature、The status of a person in the universe，and the theory of humanity and human nature of God's beliefs。European philosophy tradition is based on "God Theory"，and Chinese philosophy is most interested in many Westerners in its "atheism" level。

To make Western philosophical views from avoiding an anthropomorphic "creator" tendency，Or avoiding the concept of shaping the human image into a "idol" is not easy。Most Western philosophers are committed to defending "God of God"，The foundation of human morality and rationality is based on a certain sacred thing。In Western Culture，Human beings create in accordance with the image of God。This means that human morality is not only human，And God's; human rationality is not just human，It is even more imitation or copy of God's rationality。In this cognitive background，Human beings have nothing to do with everything else except God、Disclosure of each other。

But，In Chinese culture，"Atheism" means that human morality can be rooted in the natural world according to a reasonable "self -consistent" method，The entire universe is regarded as an endless life of life。From the Chinese people，All things in the world include the success or failure of human beings、Cycloping back、The contradiction movement follows objective laws。Of course, in Chinese culture, you can also find a number of traces of "human centerism"，But，From the perspective of most early Chinese philosophers，Everything is born、Each must be raised，Human beings are just one of all things in the universe，and heaven and earth、Mountains and rivers、Herosteen、Birds and Beasts are independent、The existence of life。From this point of view，Nature and human behavior blend with each other、Organic combination，The two should establish a relationship of harmonious symbiosis，Its highest realm is "the unity of heaven and man" -the ideal realm pursuit is also applicable to people、The relationship between culture and culture。It can be said，"Heaven and Man Unity" concept and yin and yang balance、The Golden Way、Five Elements and Xiangke and other ideas have a common cultural inner logic，This constitutes the philosophical basis of Chinese civilization tolerance and peace。

This unique Chinese philosophy is spread to Europe，Gradually recognized in the European philosophy，It has a long -lasting and far -reaching impact on the concepts of modern European thoughts。In modern European society，The lack of the image of "God" brings a huge sense of crisis and soul loss。Europeans began to tend to think that behind everything，There are other deeper levels that can replace God's "supernatural" power。This power controls the fate of human beings and formulate rules for human beings，Therefore, Europeans generally have a pessimistic consciousness facing survival。But，In ancient China, for example, Han Dynasty，Ideological and cultural enlightenment Bet365 app download such as "Dao Fa Nature"，It also benefits from relatively prosperous and stable socio -economic，People are more optimistic and open -minded，Rare missing as a crisis，Intellectuals are more concerned about how the universe structure is combined with human psychology and living environment，How to produce a special meaning because of this。

　　Fang Kotao:As an important concept in Chinese traditional philosophy，"Dao" can be described as a unique expression of Chinese philosophy，It is also an important contribution to global philosophy，The evolution and development of its Chinese society is worthy of extensive and detailed research in the western academic community。In the minds of the ancient Chinese，"Tao" is the first state of the universe sky operation，It is also the source of the power of all things in the world。​​"Tao" is based on the relationship between heaven and man、Above the relationship between the character and the relationship between people，It contains rich social connotations。Chinese think，All existence of human and world origin contains consistent order、The deep meaning of harmony and unity，People and nature are the products of "Tao"，The two have correlation and commonality in the roots。If people follow the laws of "heaven" and "humanity",，Don't do everything in everything，Naturally，Everything will be self -cultivated and fully developed，People as social individuals will also live ideal and fulfilling life。For the ruler，The prince will be as good as the principle of "Tao" as the political citizen、Overcoming greed，The world naturally reaches stability、Anning、Taiping。This concept and the cultural imprints they carry are still deeply enlightened for government management and moral cultivation of governors。

　　Deep and timeless issues attract the world today

"China Social Sciences": as a concentrated reflection of social life、Ethics and morals，Chinese traditional philosophy is still enlightening today。From the perspective of today's world，What are the most distinctive thoughts in traditional Chinese philosophy?

Fang Kutao:，Chinese traditional philosophical thoughts continue to pay attention to the free will of humans，Pay attention to the people -oriented "Except" instead of the Western way "External Except"，Pay attention to the rich and spiritual filling。Compared with many modern philosophy branches，The philosophy of the pre -Qin period has a unique understanding of the relationship between the soul and the world。The works of the pre -Qin period did not simply understand the interaction relationship between the soul and the world as "characterization" from the "dual theory" position.，Instead, describes the mind as a "spiritual guide" used to guide the real world。For example，Zhuangzi philosophy pursue the realm of individual spiritual liberation，That is the freedom of the soul that is not dragged down by foreign objects、Unrestrained state。

The philosophical thoughts of the Song and Ming dynasties are very concerned about the basic ethics issues related to moral normativeness。Chinese thinkers during the Song and Ming dynasties did not build moral norms on the theoretical of Bet365 app download "practical is the most good" theory like the "benefit school school" that rose in the 19th century British ethics，or placing moral root in human rational behavior like Kant, that is, people must act on the concept of "pure practice rationality"，Instead, it is based on the "rationality" contained in things itself。Whether it is "reasonable" or "affairs"，Its essence is a kind of "reason"。This perspective has philosophical novelty and worthy of more Western scholars' attention。Different from Kant's basic role in rejection of emotions for human life，Wang Yangming affirmation of emotional congenitalness，Based on this, inherited and developed the "mind is the reason" of Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty，and propose the concepts such as "to conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action"。Where，"Unity of Knowing and Fingding" realized theory and practice、Spirit and material、Unity of thinking and existence，Is a concentrated manifestation of "Heart and Things"，reflects deep dialectical thoughts。As an important doctrine in the history of Chinese ideology and culture，"Unity of Knowing and Fan" still shapes the thinking and behavior of modern Chinese people in a prominent way，Guide people to devote themselves to reality on the basis of epistemology。

other，The essence of the traditional Chinese philosophy of Confucius and Mozi's era of Chinese traditional Chinese philosophy is a "round life"，and the relationship between the individual and the surroundings、The position of human beings in the world has made rich thinking，The humanistic value of this thinking is still inspiring in today's era。Early Taoist tradition contains an attitude of appreciation and understanding of the values ​​and lifestyles of others。"Mozi" and "Guanzi" and other pre -Qin sons classic texts have deeply reflected the relationship between the people and the government, as well as the responsibilities and obligations of both parties，This kind of reflection has continued until the important political thinker of the Qing Dynasty。other，The well -being of ordinary people has always been an important concern of traditional Chinese political philosophy。For example，In Moho Thought，rich、public、Governance is the three core elements that constitute "Li"，Among them, "public" means "people of the people"。

　　Fang Lan Sheng:I think，One factor worth reference in the history of traditional Chinese philosophy is the "non -functional significance" of philosophy。Early modern，philosophy in the world has begun to become a science。But，In the early Chinese society，Instead of philosophy is a science，It is better to say that philosophy is a lifestyle and life guide，It is a value system about how wise life，This system has different guiding significance for different social groups。and Greece、Rome、Indian philosophy comparison，Chinese philosophy and people's daily life are closer。

Among many Chinese apex，Mencius's "learning and adults" thought is particularly worth exploring。From Mencius's view，The ultimate goal of spreading knowledge is not to achieve utilitarian purpose by gaining knowledge，bet365 live casino games And in cultivating gentlemen，Guiding it to do not only benefit individuals、What is more beneficial to society。Mencius thinks，If people fall into the thinking trap of interest driving，So you will eventually seek personal interests at the expense of social interests or national interests，This is particularly infinite for political leaders。Doing "correct" means doing things that are beneficial to the entire society and everyone，And this will eventually lead to the realization of personal interests。

Since the reform and opening up，Chinese culture gradually moves to the world，and spread to all parts of the world with the deepening of international exchanges and multinational exchanges。Many profound and timeless and speculative issues contained in traditional Chinese philosophy deeply attract the attention of researchers in the world，caused "intellectual curiosity" of the majority of Western readers。For the past few decades，Especially in the 1990s，The research on traditional Chinese philosophy in the Western academic community has made significant progress，A group of researchers for the history of Chinese philosophy in Chinese philosophy have emerged，For example, Donald Munro、David Nivison、Benjamin Schwart、Roger Ames、Chen Hansen，Its research results have attracted high attention in the western academic community。It can be said，It is due to the rich cultural factors and eternal ideological value in Chinese traditional philosophy，The unique aura of Chinese civilization can last long in the "big melting furnace" of world civilization。