Philosophy is the essence of thought、The soul of culture。As a gathering of thoughts and wisdom crystallization of the bet365 offers people’s long-term thinking about life and the world，The traditional bet365 offers philosophy originated in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period and has evolved and developed over thousands of years，Provide a steady stream of internal motivation and ideological nourishment for the spread and inheritance of China’s excellent traditional culture，In a sustained and profound way, it shapes the spiritual characteristics and outstanding characteristics of bet365 offers civilization that are different from Western civilization。General Secretary Xi Jinping emphasized the "harmony of nature and man" at the symposium on cultural inheritance and development、The ecological concept of coexistence of all things” and “seeking truth from facts、The philosophical thought of integrating knowledge and action”，Causing heated discussion among overseas scholars。

Recently，Our reporter interviewed two well-known scholars who have been engaged in traditional bet365 offers philosophy research for a long time: Franklin Perkins, professor of philosophy at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and Chris Fang, Ricci Chair Professor of bet365 offers Thought and Culture at the University of Toronto, Canada. Fraser)。They start from the emergence and formation of early bet365 offers philosophy，An in-depth explanation of the core ideas of bet365 offers culture such as "the unity of nature and man" and "the unity of knowledge and action" that have been accumulated for a long time。They think，bet365 offers traditional culture emphasizes continuity、Association、Whole rather than static、isolated、Divided into two parts: host and guest。Zhongtian with Western Culture、People、Comparison of opposition and tension between objects，bet365 offers traditional culture pursues a high degree of connection and organic unity among the three，The highest state is "the unity of heaven and man"。This concept shows the unique cosmology and worldview of the bet365 offers people，Contrary to today’s bet365 offers nation regarding individuals、Society、The idea that the destiny of a country is closely connected comes from the same origin，Thus effectively promoting the formation of the bet365 offers nation community，Guiding the bet365 offers people to live an endless life in a land with more than 5,000 years of splendid civilization、Move forward fearlessly。Understanding the world as a bet365 offers people、Ideological and cultural conversion to transform the world，This concept also forms the philosophical foundation of the inclusiveness and peace of bet365 offers civilization。

　　Early philosophical thoughts reflect the “eclecticism” of bet365 offers civilization

　　"China Social Sciences Journal": The academic community generally believes that，Traditional bet365 offers philosophy originated from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period，Its early form had a profound impact on the ideological and cultural form of bet365 offers society in later generations，Also objectively promoted the early evolution and development of bet365 offers civilization。What are the ideological characteristics of early traditional bet365 offers philosophy？

bet365 offers Lansheng:Indeed，The origin of traditional bet365 offers philosophy can be traced back to the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period。In the historical context of great turmoil and great changes in social order during this period，Enlightenment of early thought and philosophy in ancient China，Confucianism、Taoism、Mojia、Important ideological schools such as Legalism have sprung up like mushrooms after a rain，This formed the grand occasion of "a hundred schools of thought contending" among the pre-Qin scholars。This is a transitional period full of changes and confrontations，It is also an important period that shines in the history of bet365 offers thought。The academic atmosphere was active during this period、Strong cultural atmosphere，Many ancient bet365 offers sages contributed to the rich early accumulation of bet365 offers cultural history with their open and innovative thoughts and views。In the opinion of some Western scholars，The early bet365 offers philosophy that began during this period can provide many inspirations for enlightening the mind and enlightening wisdom，Therefore it has valuable reference significance。

Socrates、Plato and Aristotle, the "Three Sages of Ancient Greece", are the founders of Western bet365 offers and European culture。However，Today’s Western scholars who are full of cultural arrogance and prejudice often ignore this historical fact: in the history of the origin and development of European bet365 offers，The spirit of freedom and openness in early Europe can be described as "short-lived"。History，A period of more than a thousand years，Most ordinary people in Europe cannot freely engage in philosophical thinking and debate，The restriction of cultural and free speech has spread widely in society。

In the history of the development of other types of cultures in the world，There have also been longer and shorter periods of restriction or control of philosophical freedom of expression，But the length and degree of restrictions and controls in Europe are rare。The world is regarded as an existence and product with a "single common value"，People are forced to accept a worldview and values ​​that are “homogeneous” to others，and forced to share a common "philosophical reason" with others，This single cultural tendency undoubtedly goes against the freedom pursued by bet365 offers itself、Multiple、Spirit of tolerance。Late Middle Ages in Europe，“Scholasticism” formed a dominant system of knowledge，Other philosophical schools have almost no place。This cultural background also led to such a social phenomenon in the early modern period of Europe: among many philosophical schools，There are some representatives of this school, such as Spinoza and Hume, whose views are surprisingly radical，But due to restrictive considerations of freedom of speech，They have to restrain their opinions in most situations。

In fact，bet365 offers is the sum of extremely diverse knowledge，The complexity of the world under the philosophical conceptual framework far exceeds human cognitive ability。When bet365 offers operates under conditions of relative freedom，There are always various opinions emerging。Looking at the evolution of human culture，A fact that has to be accepted is that only when people can freely conduct philosophical explorations and have the courage to ask about the origin of the world，To question and explore the roots and logic of existing things，Only in order to discover deeper truth and meaning，In order to eliminate staleness、Welcome innovation。

and early Greece、Rome、Comparison of Indian Civilization，Early bet365 offers civilization had such a relaxed atmosphere and tradition that encouraged free ideological debate and excitement。People can use behaviors such as "observing the stars" as a way to express their desire to seek good luck and avoid bad luck and to predict world events、Disaster、A way of destiny，You can also hold a critical attitude towards this behavior based on a realist worldview。In the pre-Qin period when bet365 offers philosophy flourished，The doctrines and views are quite diverse。If we look carefully，You will find that no two philosophers think exactly the same。Of course Mencius and Xunzi both have a complete ethical system，But the two do not use a homogeneous point of view to explain the natural world in which they live。

In the Han Dynasty，A stable political environment allows the integration of different philosophical schools、Gathered into a coherent system。Almost all philosophers in the Han Dynasty had quite systematic knowledge perspectives。Even though there are some cultural commonalities among many viewpoints，But there are more differences。For example，Liu An, the king of Huainan during the Western Han Dynasty, advocated a social system that emphasized the importance of "laissez-faire" in his book "Huainanzi"，At the same time, the social management method advocated by Dong Zhongshu paid great attention to the meaning of "government supervision"。For early bet365 offers philosophers，There are blind spots in any thought，Not all are perfect，Only plural、Symbiosis can create an organic and unified whole。I think，This characteristic that encourages the coexistence and explosion of differentiated ideas and viewpoints，Reflects the typical characteristics of bet365 offers civilization that is good at being inclusive。

　　bet365 offers Ketao:Indeed，The reason why early bet365 offers philosophical thought is special and eye-catching，It lies in the "ultimate unity" presented by the major philosophical schools。Of course China’s pre-Qin philosophy and Song and Ming philosophy、There are differences in ideas and thoughts between bet365 offers Buddhist philosophy and Confucianism，But compared to early European philosophy such as Greek philosophy and 19th century German philosophy，The major schools of bet365 offers philosophy place more emphasis on the relationship between the individual and the whole，Different members explore from different perspectives，Ultimately, it is to achieve a common collective ideal order rich in world sentiment。

　　The philosophical foundation of the inclusiveness and peace of bet365 offers civilization

《bet365 offers Social Sciences Journal》: Relationship between Heaven and Man、Character relationships and relationships between people have always been basic issues discussed in traditional bet365 offers philosophy，It also constitutes a major core of bet365 offers traditional culture。Compared with European philosophy，How to view this cosmology and worldview contained in traditional bet365 offers philosophy？

bet365 offers Lansheng:Answer this question，We must start with the issue of “theism” or “atheism”。This issue involves the relationship between man and nature、Man’s position in the universe，As well as belief in God and other cosmology and human nature。The European philosophical tradition is based on "theism"，What interests many Westerners most about bet365 offers philosophy is its degree of “atheism”。

It is necessary to avoid the tendency of anthropomorphic "creator" in Western bet365 offers，Or it is not easy to avoid the idea of ​​shaping the human image into a kind of "godlike image"。Most Western philosophers are committed to defending "theism"，And attribute the foundation of human morality and reason to something divine。In Western culture，Human beings are created in the image of God。This means that human morality is not only human，And it’s God’s；Human reason is not just human，It is an imitation or copy of God’s rationality。In this cognitive background，Human beings have no connection with anything else in nature except God、Disconnected from each other。

However，In bet365 offers culture，“Atheism” means that human morality can be rooted in the natural world in some reasonable “self-consistent” way，The entire universe is viewed as an endless living organism。In the eyes of the bet365 offers，The rise and fall of all things in the world, including human beings、The cycle continues、Contradictory movements all follow objective laws。Of course, some traces of "anthropocentrism" can also be found in bet365 offers culture，However，In the opinion of most early bet365 offers philosophers，Everything has its own destiny、Each one has his own support，Human beings are just one of all things in the universe，With heaven and earth、Mountains and rivers、Grass and trees、Birds and beasts are independent、A living being。From this point of view，The integration of nature and human behavior、organic combination，The two should establish a harmonious and symbiotic relationship，The highest state is "the unity of nature and man" - this ideal state pursuit also applies to people、The relationship between culture and culture。It can be said，The concept of “harmony between man and nature” and the balance of yin and yang、The golden mean、Other ideas such as the mutual reinforcement and restraint of the five elements share a common cultural inner logic，Thus forming the philosophical foundation of the inclusiveness and peace of bet365 offers civilization。

After this unique bet365 offers philosophy spread to Europe，Gradually recognized in the European philosophical community，Has a lasting and far-reaching influence on modern European ideas。In modern European society，The lack of the image of “God” brings a huge sense of crisis of faith and spiritual loss。Europeans tend to think that there is something behind everything，There are other deeper “supernatural” powers that can replace God。This power controls the destiny of mankind and makes rules for mankind，As a result, Europeans generally have a pessimistic consciousness in the face of survival。However，In ancient China such as the Han Dynasty，Inspired by ideological and cultural ideas such as "Tao follows nature"，Also benefit from a relatively prosperous and stable social economy，People are more optimistic and open-minded，Rarely regard absence as a crisis，Intellectuals pay more attention to how the structure of the universe is integrated with human psychology and living environment，And how it creates special meaning。

　　bet365 offers Ketao:As an important concept in traditional bet365 offers philosophical thought，“Tao” can be described as a unique expression of bet365 offers philosophy，Also an important contribution to global philosophy，The evolution and development process in bet365 offers society deserves extensive and detailed research by Western academic circles。In the minds of ancient bet365 offers，"Tao" is the original state of the universe，It is also the source of power for the existence of all things in the world。"Tao" is based on the relationship between heaven and man、On top of character relationships and relationships between people，Contains rich social connotations。bet365 offers people think，All existence, including the origin of human beings and the world, contains unity and order、The deep meaning of harmony and unity，Man and nature are both products of "Tao"，There is a correlation and commonality between the two at the root。If people act according to the laws of "the way of heaven" and "the way of humanity"，Don’t do anything rashly，Let nature take its course，Everything will cultivate itself and fully develop，People as social individuals can also live an ideal and fulfilling life。For rulers，Princes and generals can serve the people in accordance with the principle of "Tao"、Overcome greed，The world will naturally reach stability、Tranquility、Taiping。This concept and the cultural imprint it carries still have profound enlightenment significance for the government management of modern society and the moral cultivation of those in power。

　　Profound and timeless issues engage today’s bet365 offers

"China Social Sciences Journal": as a concentrated reflection of social life、The knowledge of ethics and morality，Traditional bet365 offers philosophical thoughts are still of enlightening significance today。From the perspective of today’s world，What is the most distinctive thought in traditional bet365 offers philosophy？

bet365 offers Ketao:Always，Traditional bet365 offers philosophical thought pays continuous attention to the free will possessed by human beings，Focus on people-oriented "inward exploration" rather than Western-style "external transcendence"，Pay attention to the coexistence of material abundance and spiritual enrichment。Compared to many branches of modern philosophy，The philosophical thought of the pre-Qin period has a unique understanding of the relationship between the mind and the world。Writings from the Pre-Qin period did not simply understand the interactive relationship between the mind and the world as "representational" from a "dualistic" standpoint，Rather, the mind is described as a "spiritual guide" that guides the real world。For example，Zhuangzi’s philosophy pursues the realm of individual spiritual liberation，That is, the freedom of the mind that is not encumbered by external objects、Unfettered state。

The philosophical thought of the Song and Ming Dynasties paid great attention to basic ethical issues related to moral normativeness。bet365 offers thinkers during the Song and Ming dynasties did not base moral norms on the theory of "practicality is the highest good" like the "utilitarian school" that emerged in the field of British ethics in the 19th century，Or, like Kant, place the foundation of morality on human rational behavior, that is, the concept that human beings must act according to the principles of "pure practical reason"，Instead, moral normativeness is based on the "reason" contained in the things themselves。Whether it is "reason" or "reason"，The essence is a kind of "principle"。This perspective is philosophically novel and deserves the attention of more Western scholars。Unlike Kant who rejects the fundamental role of emotions in human life，Wang Yangming affirms the innate nature of emotions，On this basis, he inherited and developed the "Heart is Reason" of Lu Jiuyuan in the Southern Song Dynasty，And put forward concepts such as "leading to conscience" and "unity of knowledge and action"。Among them，“Unity of knowledge and action” realizes theory and practice、Spirit and matter、The unity of thinking and existence，It is a concentrated expression of the "theory of unity of mind and matter"，Reflects profound dialectical thinking。As an important theory in the history of bet365 offers thought and culture，“Unity of knowledge and action” still shapes the thinking and behavior of modern bet365 offers people in a significant way，Guide people to engage more deeply in reality on the basis of epistemology。

In addition，Traditional bet365 offers philosophical thoughts in the era of Confucius and Mozi considered the essence of a good life, that is, what is a "perfect life"，And the relationship between the individual and the surroundings、Conducted rich thoughts on issues such as human beings’ position in the world，The humanistic value of this thinking is still inspiring in today's era。Early Taoist tradition contains an attitude of appreciation and understanding of other people's values ​​and lifestyles。The classic texts of pre-Qin scholars such as "Mozi" and "Guanzi" have profound reflections on the relationship between the people and the government and the responsibilities and obligations of both parties，This kind of reflection continued to the important political thinkers of the Qing Dynasty。In addition，The well-being of ordinary people has always been an important concern of traditional bet365 offers political philosophy。For example，In Mohist Thought，富、Public、Government is the three core elements that constitute "profit"，The "public" refers to the "people"。

　　bet365 offers Lansheng:I think，One factor worth learning from in the development history of traditional bet365 offers philosophy is the "non-functional meaning" of philosophy。In early modern times，Philosophy around the world begins to become a science。However，In early bet365 offers society，Philosophy is not so much a science，It is better to say that philosophy is a way of life and a guide to life，It is a value system about how to live wisely，This system has different guiding significance for different social groups。With Greece、Rome、Comparison of Indian Philosophy，bet365 offers philosophy is more closely related to people’s daily life。

Among the many sages in China，Mencius’s idea of ​​“learning to become a human being” is particularly worthy of discussion。In Mencius’ view，The ultimate goal of spreading knowledge is not to achieve utilitarian purposes through acquiring knowledge，It’s about cultivating gentlemen，Guiding them to do it is not only beneficial to the individual、Things that are more beneficial to society。Mencius believes，If people fall into the profit-driven thinking trap，Then one will ultimately pursue personal interests at the expense of social interests or national interests，bet365 offers is especially troublesome for political leaders。Doing the “right” thing means doing what is good for society as a whole and for everyone，bet365 offers will ultimately lead to the realization of personal interests。

Since the reform and opening up，bet365 offers culture gradually moves towards the world，And with the deepening of international exchanges and cross-border exchanges, it has spread to all parts of the world。The many profound, meaningful and speculative issues contained in traditional bet365 offers philosophical thought have deeply attracted the attention of researchers from all over the world，Aroused "intellectual curiosity" among Western readers。over the past few decades，Especially in the 1990s，Western academic circles have made significant progress in the study of traditional bet365 offers philosophical thought，A group of outstanding researchers on the history of bet365 offers philosophy have emerged，For example, Donald Munro、David Nivison、Benjamin Schwart、Roger Ames、Chad Hansen，His research results have attracted great attention from Western academic circles。It can be said，It is precisely due to the rich cultural factors and eternal ideological value in traditional bet365 offers philosophy，Only the unique aura of bet365 offers civilization can endure in the "melting pot" of world civilization and continue to this day。