July 2023，Marc Tessier-Lavigne, President of Stanford University in the United States, after the results of a review of his academic misconduct by a special committee of the school were announced，Announcement of resignation as principal。August 2023，After being accused of research fraud and mobile bet365 retraction，Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business School in the United States, filed a defamation lawsuit against Harvard University and three scholars who detailed their data fraud in their blogs。In addition to these high-profile mobile bet365 retractions，A study sponsored by the journal Nature shows，Only over 1,000 academic papers were retracted in 2013，In 2022，This number increased to more than 4,000 articles，Exceeding 10,000 articles in 2023。The retraction of the mobile bet365 raises concerns about the authenticity and accuracy of scientific research results，And doubts about the effectiveness of the peer review mechanism。For this，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars，They believe that the peer review mechanism has many shortcomings，But the root cause of academic fraud lies in the “publish or perish” academic environment。Academic fraud increases public distrust in scientific research，This leads to a crisis of academic trust。

　　The number of mobile bet365 retractions increases year by year

Paul Spector, emeritus professor at Trojan School of Business at the University of South Florida, said in an interview with this reporter, There are several overlapping factors that jointly lead to scientific misconduct，causing the mobile bet365 to be withdrawn。The first is the university’s incentive structure and highly competitive “publish or perish” environment，That is, teachers and other scientific researchers can enter a better career only by publishing papers。The second is that there is a bias in academic publishing to publish positive results，The results that support the hypothesis。If the research involves statistics，That means publishing statistically significant results。This bias has led some scholars to violate scientific rules in order to publish，Such as P value adjustment、Data tampering and fraud。Although P value adjustment is not scientific fraud，Because the data and analysis are real，And there is a thin line between exploratory analysis and P-value adjustment，But it is an important reason why scientific research results cannot be replicated。Finally，Surge in the number of journals with low-quality peer review or no peer review，And the emergence of mobile bet365 factories，It has also led to an increase in the number of mobile bet365 retractions year by year。

Ivan Oransky, founder of the "Retraction Watch" website, has been tracking the issue of mobile bet365 retractions，He told this reporter，The number of retractions is just the tip of the iceberg of academic fraud。According to his statistics，The number of retracted papers in 2023 should be 1.About 30,000 articles，1 of them.10,000 articles from thesis factory。It is precisely because these mobile bet365 factories "produce" fraudulent papers，Publishers feel that their own interests have been violated、Damaged reputation。Olansky said，“To know，No one wants to retract a mobile bet365，Because no one wants to admit that they are wrong or not。Therefore，Sometimes retracting a mobile bet365 encounters great resistance，Authors sometimes hire lawyers to sue publishers，And the publisher doesn’t want to be sued。From a publisher’s perspective，Retracted papers will not be given priority at all，Because it’s not profitable to withdraw papers，You will make money only by publishing papers，So there is no incentive to retract the mobile bet365”。

　　mobile bet365 fraud causes trust crisis

Olansky mentioned，Nowadays, the academic community is adopting a deceptive approach，Intentionally ignore the damage caused，The end result is that the public will become more distrustful of science。Olansky suggested，Any journal，Whether it is the mobile bet365 version or the online version，All papers received should be checked for plagiarism。Dorothy Bishop, professor of experimental psychology at the University of Oxford, UK, said: “Publishing fake papers has a negative impact on scientific progress。In many fields，It takes time to conduct in-depth research on a problem，And now due to the lack of reliable research results，In the future, deeper research will become a source of waterlessness。”

Chair of Clinical Research, Health Services, University of Aberdeen, UK、Professor Alison Avenell says，“One of the problems is that journal editors do not perform their duties well，Peer reviewers didn’t do their job either。Some people who participated in the review even received large remuneration，This is concerning”。Malcolm MacLeod, professor of neurology and translational neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh, UK, also highlighted the dangers posed by mobile bet365 mills and the rise in fake papers。Fake papers are causing scientific knowledge to be polluted by fictitious environments，Our scientific research is facing a crisis。Bishop also supports this view，He said: "If people take advantage of this influx of pseudoscience to develop their careers，Maybe even eventually become a reviewer and editor for a major journal。Then the journal publishing system will encounter a huge crisis。”

Jodi Schneider, associate professor at the School of Information Science at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, focuses on studying academic publications and how information is used。A study of hers in 2021 shows，A clinical trial report is still cited after being retracted，And the number of citations has increased compared with before it was withdrawn。Schneider said in an interview with this reporter，There are different reasons why people continue to cite retracted papers，Including "intentional quotation" and "unintentional quotation"。Because，The way the mobile bet365 was cited did not change after it was retracted。In the vast biomedical literature，94% of “citations after retraction” occur unintentionally。Schneider thinks，From the author、Librarian、Journal Editor，To publisher、Database、Repository、Search engines and other parties should take action，Mark retracted papers，Also clearly explain how to cite the retracted mobile bet365，Make sample citation styles，Explain to researchers when they can cite a retracted mobile bet365，When not to cite a retracted mobile bet365。Also，With the emergence of ChatGPT and similar tools，Fake reference，That is, citing an information source that does not exist，Is becoming a new problem。

　　The mobile bet365 mechanism needs to be continuously improved

Olansky believes that the current peer review system does have some flaws，Even journal publishers admit this。When something goes wrong，Journal editorial board admits that peer review cannot actually detect fraud in scholars’ papers，Can’t even find errors。Peer reviewers do not receive any compensation，They are obliged to conduct reviews。Millions of papers require peer review every year，There are not enough excellent reviewers。It is not surprising that underqualified reviewers are involved in reviewing some papers，The mobile bet365 in question may have passed peer review。The problem is，Everyone of us implicitly believes that peer review can find various problems in papers，Because this is the basis of the publishing model of academic journals。Publishers claim that peer review can improve journal quality，But the reality is not what people expected。

　“Peer review is a good model，But it is also an imperfect model。" Oransky pointed out，“If we believe a mobile bet365 has been peer reviewed，Its content must be true；If not peer reviewed，It is false，That’s a big mistake。The actual situation is that if a mobile bet365 is peer-reviewed，The results are more likely to be confirmed，That’s all”。

Spector thinks，A strict peer review system can theoretically avoid some mistakes，But usually it won’t catch fraud in the mobile bet365，Unless the fraud is too obvious。Usually as long as the mobile bet365 results seem reasonable，The reviewers cannot determine whether there is fraud。The real dilemma is that as the length of academic papers becomes longer，Peer review feedback has also become longer，From half a page of opinions before to 2-3 pages now，Even 7-8 pages，Sometimes multiple rounds of peer review are required。Plus the "barbaric" growth of the new journal，Increased the workload of peer reviewers。Almost every week he receives at least one review invitation from a journal he has never heard of。

Spector said，Many academic journals prefer to invite active researchers with a publication record on the topics covered to serve as peer reviewers，But for the mobile bet365，The number of eligible reviewers is limited。Sometimes，Reviewers may encounter a mobile bet365 that has been rejected by a journal，Later, I was asked to review in another journal。Senior researchers may receive more than one new mobile bet365 review invitation every week，and an invitation to re-evaluate the revised manuscript。This takes up a lot of the scholar’s ​​time，Although the university encourages faculty to participate in peer review，But this work did not receive additional rewards。Promotion of scholars、Salary increases, etc. are based on the quantity and quality of published papers，Instead of the number of peer reviews participated。

Spector said: “With the overuse of peer reviewers，Journal editors are also starting to have trouble finding excellent peer reviewers，In the end they had to choose some inexperienced reviewers，Thus reducing the quality of the journal，This is also one of the reasons why the number of retracted mobile bet365 has increased in recent years。”

　　mobile bet365 journal editors should do more

Spector thinks，For the surge in the number of journals，We are powerless to change，But academic journal editors still have a lot to do，Practical steps can be taken to reduce mobile bet365 reviewer stress。

First，Journal editors need to do more，Directly "kill" unqualified papers，For those papers revised after reviewers’ comments，The editor should be able to judge whether publication requirements have been met，Rather than just asking reviewers to review the manuscript again。Secondly，Limit the number of words in the mobile bet365，The introductory text of the mobile bet365 should also be streamlined。Again，Editors should be careful about inviting authors to make revisions，If the journal sends a revision invitation, it means that the mobile bet365 will be accepted，Instead of rejecting publication after several rounds of revisions。Finally，Given the shortage of peer reviewers，Use only a maximum of two reviewers。

“In terms of the entire peer review process，Especially in some well-known journals，Many non-tenure track scholars have been treated unfairly during the review process，And peer reviewer resources are overused。" Spector said，"For me，It is not surprising that many scholars give up their academic careers and choose to work in companies。Therefore，We must reform，In order to better balance the rigor of academic mobile bet365 and support each other’s academic communication work。”

Spector said，Publishing a mobile bet365 is never easy，Most submissions will be rejected。For example in the field of psychology，Top journals in the 1980s rejected over 90% of submissions。Before the mid-1980s，After the journal editorial department submits the mobile bet365 to the reviewers，The reviewers will make an overall evaluation，Include whether the issues covered in the article are important enough to warrant publication，Whether the research methods and conclusions are reasonable, etc.。Sometimes the editor will ask the author to make revisions，But mostly clarifications and corrections。Reviewers will not impose their own opinions on the author，They evaluate the content of the mobile bet365。

Specter mentioned，If the review results in substantial revision of a mobile bet365，Or errors need to be corrected，It’s understandable that it takes so much trouble。But currently neither of these are usually the case，Some papers that only needed minor revisions were required to make major changes。“It may take more than 100 hours for the author to process multiple rounds of revisions of the mobile bet365，But it was still rejected in the end。Although there will be some improvements after the mobile bet365 is revised，But sometimes not in terms of quality，It’s about text。" Spector said。

　　Fundamentally solve the problem of incentive mobile bet365

Oransky thinks，The real way to improve academic fraud is to get rid mobile bet365 "publish or perish" mechanism。“The problem now is academic reputation、Career promotion、Funding and all these things are tied to publication and citations，Even in some specific journals，This is the core of all problems。”“Only by fundamentally solving the problem of scholars’ incentive mechanism，They have no reason to fake。”

Olansky said: "It is not impossible to get rid of the 'publish or perish' mechanism。Clearly stipulated by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China in 2020，The number of papers that universities do not publish、Influence factors are linked to reward bonuses。National Health Commission of China in 2021、Ministry of Science and Technology、The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine has revised the "Medical Research Integrity and Related Code of Conduct" in conjunction with relevant laws and regulations，Proposed to downplay the number of published papers、Influence factors, etc. and personnel rewards、The relationship between clinician assessment, etc.。After the introduction of these two policies，China’s mobile bet365 fraud situation has improved，China understands that ‘publish or perish’ is the crux of the matter。”

Spector thinks，Universities and other institutions should reform the “publish or perish” mechanism，Expanding the scope of evaluating faculty research and work。At present, some universities only care about the number of papers published by scholars，And reward accordingly。For scholars，In addition to writing papers，No motivation at all to do anything else。Unfortunately，Some of these scholars have not actually conducted relevant research，Their mobile bet365 is fictional。A more preferable approach would be to reward those who publish fewer papers，But academics who are willing to take the time to communicate science and ensure their work can have an impact，And other activities of scholars，such as teaching and serving the community。Actually，The role of academics is very broad，But the current reward system allows them to focus on only a small part of one field。

Academic publishing，Don’t just focus on a select few journals when measuring scholar performance，The impact index obtained by the mobile bet365 should also be considered、Number of article citations、Downloads and readings, etc.。Also，Journals are required to publish results that fail to confirm the hypothesis，And conduct replication studies，Spector added。

Boris Barbour, manager of the peer review platform "PubPeer" after the mobile bet365 was published pointed out，When motivating scholars to publish papers，But when there are no restrictions on fraudulent behavior，There will be problems。Encourage authors or journals to publish raw data supporting the results of the mobile bet365，Will help improve transparency and accountability in scientific research。