July 2023，Marc TesSier-Lavigne, President of Stanford University, USA, was announced after the review results of the school's special committee for their academic improper behavior，Announced resigning the position of the principal。August 2023，After being accused of studying fraud and dissertation,，Professor Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard University of the United States, filed a defamation compensation lawsuit to Harvard University and three scholars who introduced their data in detail in the blog。In addition to these high -profile papers withdrawal incidents，A study initiated by "Nature" magazine shows，2013 academic papers withdrawn only 1,000 articles，By 2022，This number increased to more than 4,000 articles，More than 10,000 articles in 2023。The dissertation withdrawal has caused people's concerns about the authenticity and accuracy of scientific research results，and question whether the peer evaluation mechanism is effective。For this，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars，They think there are many disadvantages and illness in the peer review mechanism，But the root cause of academic fraud is the academic environment of "publication or perish"。Academic fraud has increased the public's distrust of scientific research，Then cause academic trust crisis。

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Paul Spector, Honorary Professor of the University of Trojan Business School of South Florida, said in an interview with this reporter, Several superposition factors have led to scientific research incompetence，The dissertation was revoked。First is the university's incentive mechanism and the highly competitive "publication or perish" environment，That is, only teachers and other researchers can only enter a better career。Followed by the existence of academic publishing community, prejudice to publish positive results，That is the result of supporting assumptions。If the study involves statistics，That means to publish a result of statistical significant results。This prejudice has led to some scholars that violate the scientific rules in order to publish，adjustment of P value、Data tampering and fraud。P value adjustment although not scientific fraud，Because bet365 Play online games the data and analysis are real，And there is a weak boundary between exploration analysis and P value adjustment，But it is an important reason that causes scientific research results。Last，Low -quality peer reviews or the number of journals without peer reviews surged，and the emergence of the thesis factory，also caused the number of dissertations to withdraw the number of dissertations year by year。

The founder of the "Revisive Observation" website, Ivan Oransky, has been tracking the dissertation and being withdrawn.，He told this reporter，Revised numbers are just academic fraud. The corner of the iceberg。According to his statistics，The number of dissertations that was withdrawn in 2023 should be around 13,000，Among them, 11,000 articles come from the thesis factory。It is precisely because of these papers factories "production" fraud thesis，The publisher feels that its own interests are infringed、Honer damage。Oraniski said，"You must know，No one is willing to withdraw an article，Because no one is willing to admit errors or not。So，Sometimes withdrawing the paper will encounter great resistance，Sometimes withdrawing the paper will encounter great resistance，and the publisher does not want to be prosecuted。From the perspective of publishers，I will not give priority to withdrawing the paper，Do not make money because of withdrawal of papers，Published a paper will make money，So there is no incentive to withdraw the papers "。

　　Academic fraud caused a crisis of trust

Oraniski mentioned，Now the academic community is adopting a method of covering the ears，intentionally ignore the damage caused by it，The end result is that the public is even more distrustful of science。Oraniski Suggestion，Any journal，Whether it is a paper version or an online version，Both should be plagiarized and detected on the papers received。Dorothy Bishop, a professor of experimental psychology at Oxford University in the United Kingdom, said: "Published for falsification papers has a negative impact on scientific progress。In many fields，It takes time to accumulate in -depth research on a problem，And now due to lack of reliable research results，Deeper research in the future will become a source of waterless。”

Chairman of the Clinical Research of Health Service Clinical Research、Professor Alison Avenell said，"Journal editors did not perform well to fulfill their duties as one of the problems，The peer reviewers did bet365 Play online games not do their own work。Even some people participating in the review received a large remuneration，This is worrying "。Malcolm Macleod, a professor of neuroscience at the University of Edinburgh, also emphasized the danger brought by the rising number of thesis factories and forgery of papers。Forgery papers make scientific knowledge being polluted by fictional environment，Our scientific research is facing crisis。Bi Xiaopu also supports this view，He said: "If people use this pseudo -scientific science to develop their own profession，Even the reviewer and editor of the mainstream journal may eventually become the mainstream journal。Then the journal publication system will encounter a huge crisis。”

Jodi Schneider, Associate Professor Jodi Schneider, Associate Professor of the School of Information Science, School of Information Science, School of Information Science, School of Information Science, School of Information Sciences of the University of Illinois.。A study in 2021 shows，A clinical trial report is still cited after being withdrawn，and the number of references increased compared to the abolition。Schneider said in an interview with this reporter，People continue to quote the withdrawal papers for different reasons，Among them, "intentional reference" and "unintentional reference"。Because，The papers have not changed the reference method after being withdrawn。In a large number of biomedical documents，"Reference after withdrawal" 94%is unintentional。Schneider thinks，From the author、Book Manager、​​To the publisher，​​To the publisher、Database、Storage、Search engines and other parties should act，Mark the papers that have been withdrawn，At the same time, clearly explain how to reference the withdrawal papers，Do a good example of the example quotation，Explain to researchers when it can quote the withdrawal papers，When should you not quote the withdrawal papers。Another，With the emergence of ChatGPT and similar tools，Forgery reference，That is, reference the information source that does not exist at all，It is increasingly becoming a new problem。

　　The peer evaluation mechanism needs to be continuously improved

Oralanky believes that the current peer review system does have some defects，Even journal publishers also acknowledge this。When there is a problem，Journal Editorial Department acknowledges that the synchronization evaluation does not actually find fraud in scholars' dissertations，No errors can be found。bet365 best casino games Parent review scholars did not get any remuneration，They are obliged to review。There are millions of papers every year to conduct peer review，and the number of excellent reviewers is insufficient。Insufficient reviewers are not surprising to participate in the review of some papers，There are problems with problematic papers.。The question lies in，We each of us believed that the peer reviews can find various problems in the paper，Because this is the basis of the release mode of academic journals。publishers claim that peer reviews can improve the quality of journal，But the reality is not as expected by people。

"Passage review is a good mode，But it is also an incomplete mode。"Oramki pointed out，"If we think a paper is reviewed by peers，Its content must be real; if it is not judged by peers，It is false，That's wrong。The actual situation is that if a paper is evaluated by peers，Its research results are more likely to be confirmed，That's it "。

Specket thinks，The strict peer evaluation system can theoretically avoid some errors，But usually it will not capture the fraud in the paper，Unless the fraud is too obvious。Usually as long as the thesis results look reasonable，The reviewers cannot judge whether there is a fraud in it。Real dilemma is to grow longer with academic papers，The feedback from the peer review has also become longer，From the previous half -page opinion to now 2-3 pages，even 7-8 pages，Sometimes it has to go through multiple rounds of peer reviews。Coupled with the growth of the new journal "barbaric"，The workload of the peer reviewers。He receives at least one of the journal invitations from the journal that he has never heard of it every week almost every week。

Specket said，Many academic journals are even more inclined to invite active researchers who have published records involved in the theme of the themes involved as peers.，But for the paper，The number of eligible reviewers is limited。Sometimes，The reviewers may encounter a paper that was rejected by a journal，After that, it appeared in another journal.。Senior researchers may receive more than one new thesis review invitation every week，Invitation to re -evaluate the modified manuscript。This occupies a lot of time for scholars，Although the university encourages teachers and employees to participate in peer review，But this job has not received additional rewards。Scholars' promotion、Salary, etc.，Number of bet365 live casino games times participating in peer reviews。

Specket said: "With the excessive use of peer reviewers，Journal editors also began to make trouble for finding excellent peer reviewers，In the end, they have to choose some experienced reviewers，thereby reducing the quality of the journal，This is one of the reasons for the increase in the number of dissertations in recent years。”

　　Editing academic journals should be more actions

Specket thinks，A surge in the number of journals，We are unable to change，But the editor of the academic journal is still very available，You can take practical measures to reduce the pressure of peer reviewers。

First，Journal editors need to do more，Directly "kill" unqualified papers，The paper modified after the reviewer comes up with the comments，Edit should be able to make a judgment that has met the publishing requirements，instead of blindly let the reviewer repeat the review。Next，Limit the number of thesis words，The introduction of the paper should also be streamlined。again，Editors should be cautious to invite the author to modify，If the journal issues a modification invitation, it means to receive this paper，instead of refusing to be published after a few rounds of modification。Last，In view of the shortage of peer reviewers，Only only two reviewers are used。

"As far as the entire peer review process is concerned，Especially in some well -known journals，Many non -lifelong scholars have been treated unfairly during the review process，And the resource of the peer reviewer is excessively used。"Specket said，"For me，It is not strange that many scholars have given up academic careers and choose to work in an enterprise。So，We must reform，can better balance the rigor and support each other academic communication work。”

Specket said，Publishing papers is never an easy task，Most submission will be rejected。For example, in the field of psychology，Top journals in the 1980s rejected more than 90%of the submission。Before the mid -1980s，Journal Editorial Department submitted the paper to the reviewer，The reviewer will conduct an overall evaluation，whether the problem involved in the article is important to the need to be published，Is the research method and conclusion reasonable, etc.。Sometimes the editor will also ask the author to revise，But mainly to clarify and correct。The reviewer will not impose his own point of view to the author，What they commented on the content of the paper。

Specket mentioned，If the parliament causes bet365 live casino games a paper to make a significant modification，or you need to correct errors，So such a big fee is understandable。But these two situations are usually not，Some dissertations that only need to be modified slightly are required to be made sharply。"Multi -round revisions for the author's handling of papers may take more than 100 hours，But in the end it was rejected。Although there will be some improvements after the thesis is revised，But sometimes it is not in terms of quality，but text。"Specket said。

　　Fundamentally solve the problem of incentive mechanism

Oraniski thinks，The way to truly improve academic fraud is to get rid of the "publication or perish" mechanism。"The problem is academic reputation、Professional promotion、All these things are linked to publishing and referenced thesis，Even in some specific periodical periods，This is the core of all problems。"" Only fundamentally solve the problem of the incentive mechanism of scholars，They have no reason to falsify。”

Oraniski said: "It is not impossible to get rid of the" getting rid of or perish "the mechanism。2020 China Department of Science and Technology and the National Natural Science Foundation of China clearly stipulates，Universities do not publish the number of papers、Impact factor is linked to the bonus bonus。2021 China National Health and Health Commission、Department of Science and Technology、The State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine has revised the "Medical Scientific Research Integration and Related Behavior Specifications" based on relevant laws and regulations，Proposal to downplay the number of thesis published、Impact factor, etc. with personnel reward bonuses、The relationship between the assessment of clinicians。After these two policies were introduced，China's thesis fake situation has improved，China knowing 'Posted or Destiny' is the crux of the problem。”

Specket thinks，University and other institutions should reform the "publication or perish" mechanism，Expand the scope of the research and work of teachers。At present, some universities only care about the quantity of scholars' publishing papers，Reward here。For scholars，In addition to writing the paper，There is no motivation to do other things at all。Unfortunate is，Some of these scholars have not actually conducted relevant research，Their papers are fiction。The more desirable approach is to reward those who have published the number of papers less，I hope bet365 Play online games to spend time on scientific communication and ensure that their work can have influence，and other activities of scholars，Such as teaching and serving the community。Actually，The role of scholars is very wide，But the current reward mechanism allows them to focus on a small part of a field。

Academic Publishing，Don't just pay attention to specific minority journals when measuring the performance of scholars，You should also consider the influence indicator obtained by the paper、Articles quoted quantity、Downloads and read volume, etc.。Another，Journal needs to be published in the result that failed to confirm assumptions，and Copy Study，Specket added。

After the paper was published, the peer review platform "PUBPEER" manager Boris Barbour pointed out，When motivating scholars to publish the paper，But there is no restraint for fraudulent behaviors，There will be problems。Encourage the author or journal to publish the original data of supporting thesis results，It will help improve the transparency and accountability system of scientific research。