April 1, 2024，"Forbidden City and Versailles Palace -17、18th Century Sino -French Communication Exhibition "，From the Palace Museum、The cultural relics of French Palace and other collection institutions show the history of political exchanges and cultural exchanges between China and France at that time。Civilization is colorful due to communication，Civilization is enriched due to mutual learning。Chinese and Western communication cooperation is reflected in the historical relics of collections，It is also reflected in the protection and repair of historical buildings。More than 20 years ago，A group of ancient building restoration experts at home and abroad came to the Palace Palace Ningshou Palace Garden，Carefully reproduce the former glory of Ningshou Palace Garden。Ningshou Palace Garden is located in a narrow and long area in the west of Ningshou Palace，In the 37th year of the Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty (1772) to 41 years (1776), it was built when converting Ningshou Palace，Also known as Qianlong Garden。Repair around Ningshou Palace Garden，Our reporter interviewed Wang Shiwei, former chief engineer of the Palace Museum of the Palace Museum in charge of Ningshou Palace Garden Repair Project, and former vice president of the American World Cultural Heritage Foundation、Professor John H. Stubbs at the School of Architecture, University of Architecture at Dulan University。

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"China Social Sciences": from a cultural perspective，What charm does Ningshou Palace Garden show?

Wang Shiwei:Ningshou Palace main building is called Huangji Temple，Huangji Hall is the top of the heavy eaves.，The level is the same as the Taihe Hall，Just a little bit。Ningshou Palace Garden is not big，Occuping an area of ​​about 10 acres，160 meters long north and south，About 40 meters wide，divided into 4 courtyards with architecture。Qianlong was the most emperor in the south of the Qing Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty，Therefore, Ningshou Palace Garden has the characteristics of southern gardens。Yuanmingyuan、Summer Palace、Chengde Summer Revisiting Villa, etc., and the Royal Gardens in the north mostly borrowed the gardening method of private gardens，Small space surrounded by architecture，Divided into several courtyards，Create different landscapes。There are four gardens in the Forbidden City。A royal garden。There are two gardens on the west，One of them is the reinstated Jianfu Palace Garden，Basically not open。There is also a Cining Palace Garden，The Western Half Half is all Cinning Palace、Shou'an Palace and other queen queen houses，It has only been opened in recent years。In addition, the Ningshou Palace Garden in the east，That is our commonly known Qianlong Garden。

Qianlong in the throne，Say I only have been the emperor for 60 years。Ningshou Palace Garden is a garden built by Qianlong for leisure pensions，For this，He transformed the entire eastern area of ​​the Forbidden City。The industry recognizes that this garden is not big，But the gardening method and pattern can be called a classic，High artistic accomplishments，Integrated into Qianlong's aesthetic interest。Some people say that Qianlong concentrated the cultural characteristics of the Forbidden City in Ningshou Palace Garden，This statement has exaggerated ingredients，But he did condense the traditional Chinese cultural Bet365 app download thought to the entire Ningshou Palace，All kinds of buildings reflected in the garden。For example, although the space is not large，The space processing of its stage is extremely exquisite。Fuwang Pavilion is a two -layer loft in appearance，Its interior decoration is divided into many small spaces，It is difficult to find the entrance and export，Commonly known as "Lost Building"。These designs reflect the complex and fun of Chinese leisure culture。Qianlong brought many artistic conceptions of that era in the Ningshou Palace Garden to the extreme，High representative。

　　"China Social Sciences": from the perspective of architecture，Ningshou Palace Garden reflects the characteristics of ancient Chinese buildings?

Wang Shiwei:Ningshou Palace Garden has two major characteristics，The first feature is from the perspective of garden styles，It is divided into four spaces，According to the principle of gardening in China，Each feature。Start from the south，The first space enters the door is the cover of the mountain screen，But it will not give people a sense of despair。There is a curved stone diameter underneath，After the mountain screen enters through the stone diameter，View suddenly open，Quick Tongyou。There is also a stream cup channel in the reward pavilion。Eastern Jin Dynasty，Wang Xizhi invited more than 40 literati and Mo Ke to the Lanting Yaji of Shaoxing, Zhejiang today，With a local natural waterway，Qu Shui Liu Yan Drinking Poem，Later, I wrote "Lanting Collection Preface"。Liu Cup Qu can reflect the artistic conception of Qu Shui Liu Li in "Lanting Collection"。There are several stream cups in Beijing，Gongwangfu and Xiangshan each have one place，All the canals that were later excavated in the building。The first space has a flow cup manicure; the second space is the courtyard house; the third space is full of rocks，There are caves under the mountain on the mountain，Reflected different landscapes; the fourth space is Fuwang Pavilion。Gardening method、Space processing fully reflects Chinese traditional techniques。

The second feature is the interior decoration collection。The materials used in each room are different。Interior decoration Most of the hard wood、Rosewood、Nanmu, etc.，Composition of each space、Colorful craftsmanship。Royal architecture has very strict hierarchical requirements。For example，The first three halls are held a ceremony、Place of government affairs，Hounan Palace is a place for daily life。The form of the building、Levels have regulations，Painted painting、Driments, etc. all have requirements。It is a lot flexible in the courtyard，Various forms of architectural shapes are available，Pavilion Tower、Colorful landscapes, flowers and birds are rich，Not limited to the dragon's decoration。Royal Culture is one of the representative culture of ancient China，Royal also has enough construction ability，For example, the bamboo silk inlaid is a pattern with a thin bamboo silk made of one by one，When repairing。When repairing，We went to Dongyang, Zhejiang to find craftsmen to repair。

　Protect extraordinary art with superb technologies

"China Social Sciences": What is the significance of repairing tired Qinzhai?

Stibes:between 1996，I have managed many protection projects related to China in the World Cultural Heritage Foundation，Including Beijing Xiannong altar，Sichuan Sanxingdui，Shaxi Ancient Town in Yunnan、Tuanshan Ancient Village，Gansu Tianshui Hu's ancient houses, etc.。The World Cultural Heritage Foundation will choose these projects，It is because they face different challenges in terms of protection。At that time，It took us two years to choose the most difficult -to -protect building in the Forbidden City，Finally found that tired Qinzhai faces typical challenges。Tired Qinzhai is extremely exquisite and complex in details，During the Qianlong rule, I mobilized the best talent design and built a tired diligence。In the retired residential area selected by Qianlong，About 14 other buildings have similar high -quality internal decorations，But it was abandoned around 1915。

The significance of protecting tired Qinzhai is not only to repair a single building，And to protect the overall cultural heritage of the Forbidden City。other，The protective team used a historical building with a complex and high value of professional technology and knowledge.，provides valuable practical experience for more protection work in the future。As far as I personally，I have held hundreds of lectures at many institutions such as Columbia University and Dulan University I have taught，Many professional audiences are amazed by the extraordinary artistic characteristics and superb technologies used in the process of tiredness。

　　"China Social Sciences": What technical challenges encountered during the repair process?

Stibes:During the process of repairing and protecting tiredness，The team encountered a series of special challenges in architecture and museums。One of the reasons for the World Cultural Heritage Foundation will choose this project is，responding to the technical assistance needs of indoor decoration restoration at the time of the Palace Museum。The World Cultural Heritage Foundation provides financial support and construction protection technology training for the protection team of the Forbidden City，The two parties regard the demonstration items we jointly develop and implement by our two parties。other，The World Cultural Heritage Foundation provides funds and technical support for the Palace Museum's Protection Lab，To promote research and repair large silk paintings。

The main challenges encountered during the repair process include: to ensure the integrity of the building structure and the waterproofness of the shell;，Ru wood products、Bamboo screen、Niche woodcarving; repair or copy extremely rare double -sided embroidery screen and cushion of niche seats、cushion and other fabrics; repair all mulberry paper paintings on the paper simulation of the paper; repair and re -engraved the white jade inlaid missing in the niche screen; cleaning、Protecting and redefining the paintings of bamboo patterns; cleaning and protecting the three -dimensional Jingtai blue inside of the entrance door frame; cleaning and polishing the glazed square ceramic floor on the entire ground; introducing central air -conditioning systems in the attic area，Set special humidity control，Make sure the architectural fine decoration, especially the relative humidity of silk painting, is constant humidity。

The World Cultural Heritage Foundation participated in the whole process of the tiredness protection and restoration items carried out from 2004 to 2009，Including identification、Select、Plan、Start、Execution、Complete and record。We held more than 20 meetings with the Palace Museum，The Palace Museum's performance in all aspects of the project is very good。

　"Research" repair of multi -disciplinary cooperation

"China Social Sciences": The court of the court of the Qing Dynasty not only used traditional Chinese silk and mineral pigments，and adopt the traditional Chinese mounting method，It is the combination of "Western French Sino -Chinese"。What are the most important concepts of fixing tired Qinzhai Painting Painting?

Wang Shiwei:Ningshou Palace Garden's original restoration project started from tired Qinzhai，early 21st century，We and the team of cultural remedies formed by the World Cultural Heritage Foundation jointly launched a tired Qinzhai repair project，Due to the joy of cooperation，Everyone has a strong sense of accomplishment，So in 2006, the field of cooperation was expanded to Ningshou Palace Garden。Tired Qinzhai North Wall、West wall、The roof is drawn with passage painting，Wells from the court painter Lang Shining during the Qianlong period and his Chinese apprentice Wang Youxue。Jing Shengzhai in the Ximuan Garden (Jianfu Palace Garden) of Yuanming Garden and the Forbidden City has also been painted in the past，Unfortunately, it was all damaged，Tired of Qinzhai's passing paintings are the only way。

In terms of basic protection concepts，The West mainly complies with the "minimum intervention" principle，It means that you should touch the cultural relics。The repair process reflects the cross of multiple ideas，General cultural relics protection concepts Reight adherence to traditional concepts、Traditional crafts、Traditional materials、Traditional materials。But during the repair process，We advocate that traditional combination with technology，Different carriers based on cultural heritage、Material，Strategy，Not blindly obey a single standard and concept。This is the biggest feature of tiredness repair。

Based on preliminary research，We found that this painting uses Chinese calligraphy and painting mounting technology。After many studies，We decided to unveil the painting，Draw the overall scan by digital method，then delivered to the calligraphy and painting mounting room，Re -cleaning and mounting，Add the missing part to，Finally make a layer of solid color on the screen。The Forbidden City has the top domestic calligraphy and painting mounting technology，The ability to repair the calligraphy and painting in our team is very strong，There is traditional skills guarantee。

　　"China Social Sciences": restoration of cultural relics and scientific research is inseparable，What are the "research" repair and protection methods during the repair of tired Qinzhai?

Wang Shiwei:The 1980s，The Forbidden City has begun to contact foreign public welfare organizations and institutions abroad。Because the Forbidden City is a large ancient building group heritage，There are a large number of collections of cultural relics，Very high status，So many foreign institutions are willing to protect the cultural heritage of the Forbidden City。Jianfu Palace Garden was burned into ruins in the 1920s。The 1990s，The Foundation of Hong Kong will find the State Cultural Relics Bureau，Indicates to re -build the Jianfu Palace Garden。I design with the team and reconnect with concrete and use it as a warehouse，Because the Forbidden City had not yet built an underground warehouse at that time，Many cultural relics are still stored in the old house，So I urgently need a warehouse。

Later, the World Cultural Heritage Foundation also contact the Forbidden City，Finally choose a project that is rich in historical and cultural value。Later, the two parties established a working group，Established a basic idea through preliminary running -in -in -law，That is to invest a lot of energy，To do preliminary research，First judge whether it can be repaired，There must be a bottom in my heart。At the historical and cultural level，We set up a special office，Integrated the ancient founding、The Palace Department, responsible for court cultural relics、The three departments responsible for restoration have conducted targeted research。Previous protection and restoration is all about things，Those bet365 best casino games who need to repair the building are specially cultivated，Find the repair factories (now called the Ministry of Culture and Technology)。But a special complex such as Tired Qinzhai requires preliminary research and multidisciplinary cooperation，Therefore, the working method of work cooperation between various departments and various departments，This way of working can also be widely used in the later Palace Museum Cultural Relics Repair Project。The former dean of the Forbidden City, Shan Xiangxiang, also proposed continuous repair at the time。Tired Qinzhai condensed many Chinese cultural characteristics，Gathered many things related to Qianlong's favorite。

The restoration of cultural relics in many museums is limited to mandatory cultural relics，Few analysis and repair of the building itself like repairing tired Qinzhai。Tired Qinzhai Building facade condensed various materials，Embedded porcelain pieces of partitions，Some embedded jade、Enamel，Bamboo silk inlaid、Double -sided embroidery in the cleansing core is also available，Concentrated in various spaces，So tired Qinzhai is very research value。A large number of indoor decorations in tired Qinzhai condenses the practices and materials of traditional Chinese crafts，When we checked the files, I found that these works were made by the southern artisans that year，Now there are craftsmen who master related crafts，Therefore, go to the south to investigate、Find the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage of handicraft skills inheritance，Fix the same traditional process to repair cultural relics with the same period。

A comprehensive project often faces all the topics of all aspects。In the case of only a specific single item，The question will be much less，What about the material，Whether the process can be achieved, etc.。This requires multi -disciplinary collaboration，Divided doors to do investigation and research。Early investigation and research must be from historical value、Cultural value、Evaluate three aspects of scientific and technological value。This project is protected by the overall cultural relics、Research and multi -disciplinary cooperation，Demonstration of cultural relics protection projects across the country。

　　Traditional craftsmanship combined with modern scientific means

"China Social Sciences": Repair cultural relics must follow traditional crafts，Modern scientific means，How to achieve the perfect combination of the two?

Wang Shiwei:This is also the new birth concept in recent years。Museums of major museums are equipped with analysis studios for cultural relics protection，For example, the "Cultural Hospital" of the Forbidden City。Museums of major museums are equipped with analysis studios for cultural relics protection。Actually，When repairing Ningshou Palace Garden，We have already opened a precedent。Paint analysts of the United States Susan Buck launched a closed study in tired Qinzhai，Analysis of cultural relics with X -ray。Now the research on each material must be sampled this step。For example，After analysis of painting and calligraphy mounting paper, it is found that the material is mulberry paper，Is a hand -made paper。So we go to Sichuan、Anhui、Zhejiang and other places to find this kind of paper，Finally found that the handmade papermaking technology in Anhui was inherited well。As long as contemporary can be done，We will insist on using basic、Traditional techniques and materials。There are some craftsmanship in the file，We will go to field inspection。For example，Su Xiu has many masters，We have compared and survey，Find a lot of workshops in Suzhou，On -site inspecting whether its craftsmanship has been completely passed down。

We use different methods for different materials，Increasing scientific analysis research on the basis of adherence to traditional。For example，Wooden thepex painted bamboo patterns，Due to the age of the age，The painting has begun to fall off。After investigating, we basically draw it according to the traditional process。But after analysis，We also found that some traditional methods are not scientific，For example, covering a layer of optical oil after painting after painting，But the optical oil is not durable。Later, we used modern protection materials，For example, B72, etc.。

With the development of technology，The use of digitalization in the field of cultural relics protection is becoming more and more extensive，Permanently the preliminary restoration and the entire protection process through the Ningshou Garden Garden。The digital unit of the Forbidden City uses more advanced digital technology，Indoor data acquisition of the overall and tired fasting of the Forbidden City，VR display through post -production。where，The most difficult to collect is the mountain stone，Because the structure of the rock is very complicated，For this，Our team and Tsinghua University team jointly studied，Mobilized various means and instruments，Including 3D scanning and photography measurement。

　"China Social Sciences": In order to ensure that tired Qinzhai can be stored for a long time，What measures have the restoration team taken?

Stibes:During the entire repair process，We only choose the highest quality repair intervention measures。At the same time，We provide training for the Team of the Palace Museum，Protect the expert team in silk paintings、Embroidery copy、Bamboo silk inlaid process and technical level in the setting of the internal and furniture system of complex historical buildings。other，We also carried out comprehensive construction protection planning and project one by one.，Technical exchange at the protection laboratory and conceptual level。To strengthen international cooperation，The World Cultural Heritage Foundation invited 6 Chinese experts to visit the five major Asian art protection laboratories in the United States，The Palace Museum also shows us the protection methods and traditional process technology of Beijing and Anhui。After the project is over，We also pass the lecture、Case research and curriculum sharing the care experience of tired Qinzhai with audiences all over the world。

　"China Social Sciences": Will tired Qinzhai open to the public?

Wang Shiwei:When we cooperated with the World Cultural Heritage Foundation that year，Everyone has reached an agreed consensus -open to the public after the repair。but，As far as the environmental conditions of the regional openness are concerned，It is a private space，The space is very small，Therefore, it is impossible to open the public in a large area。Someone recommends making appointments open，Five or six viewers visit each time，Will arrange staff to explain，Two batches in the morning，Two batches in the afternoon，Extraordinary charges are required to make an appointment。Due to difficulty in management，So this project has not been promoted yet，But it should be open to the public in the future。Current，We have developed a digital network system，After collecting the indoor data of tired Qinzhai，You can see the nine rooms inside the tired Qinzhai in a digital manner，Tired Qinzhai is the earliest digital building in the Forbidden City。

bet365 live casino games The biggest challenge we encounter is how to open and manage how to open and manage in the future after the repair。This more than 300 square meters of buildings condenses a lot of different cultural relics，such as painting、silk fabric、Handmade carving products, etc.。Tired Qinzhai is better than a "big showcase"，There are many cultural relics displayed in it，Especially a large number of paper cultural relics，There are also many bamboo and wood carving cultural relics，We want to continue the life of cultural relics in this concentrated space，It is necessary to adopt scientific and technological means，Can't completely place the cultural relics in the natural environment。After communicating with the World Cultural Heritage Foundation，Foundation hired American experts，Research on control of related environment。For example，Paper needs to control humidity，In the early stage, we are under natural conditions，The temperature and humidity instrument is hung in each room，Get the temperature and humidity data under the conditions of natural environment，Take measures on this basis，Add device，Control the temperature and humidity according to the comprehensive indicator。

This process has high requirements for science。In the past, the showcase was constant temperature and humidity，Using constant indicators。But at present，This state is not ideal，Because the materials of cultural relics are different，For example, many things unearthed have been thousands of years，Many silk fabrics、What environment does the lacquerware be preserved、Is the means of intervention scientific，These need to be explored in -depth，to control the index more scientifically。The indoor original objects of the Taihe Hall of the Forbidden City and the Yangxin Hall are in a natural state。We have adopted a variety of protection methods，Many years of observation display，The control result is ideal。