China’s diplomacy is people’s diplomacy under the leadership of the Communist Party of China。Facing various global challenges and complex situations that emerge one after another，China is forging ahead with a firm and high-spirited attitude，Navigating the course in the changing and chaotic situation，Pioneering forward in strong winds and waves。Days ago，Muhammad Asif Noor, Director of the Institute of Peace and Diplomacy in Islamabad, Pakistan, accepted an exclusive interview with this reporter，Telling about his understanding of Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thoughts、Interpretation of the current international situation and thoughts on the harmonious coexistence between different civilizations。

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"China Social Sciences Journal": Great Power Diplomacy，Think far and act with determination。As an expert in the field of diplomatic research，How do you know and understand Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy？

Nur:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy is a comprehensive guide for the development of China’s contemporary international relations、Strategic Framework，Concentrates the traditional Chinese wisdom、Marxist theory and the practical needs of the contemporary geopolitical landscape。This ideological system emphasizes several major goals that guide China’s diplomatic efforts: the pursuit of peaceful development、Building a community with a shared future for mankind and promoting global governance reform。My understanding of Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thoughts is，Positioning China as an important player on the global stage，Advocate the establishment of mutual respect、A multipolar world order based on the principles of fairness and cooperation。

Building a community with a shared future for mankind is the core concept of Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thoughts。The idea is that，In today’s world，Although there are differences between countries，But we can still cooperate on climate change、Common challenges such as terrorism and economic inequality。By building mutual respect、Fair and equitable partnership，Promote win-win cooperation，China aims to create an international environment conducive to security, stability and common development。The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative is a concrete manifestation of this concept，Committed to strengthening Asia、Connectivity and economic integration between Europe and Africa。Through the joint construction of the “One Belt, One Road” initiative，China actively invests in infrastructure projects，Promoted the development of co-building countries and strengthened the ties between China and co-building countries。For example，Building railways and ports in Africa not only promotes trade，Also supports local economic growth and employment。Zaru，China’s commitments in the Paris Agreement and efforts to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060，Shows determination to combat climate change。During the COVID-19 Pandemic，China not only effectively responded to domestic crises，Also provides medical supplies to other countries、Vaccines and technical assistance，Practice the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind。

Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy focuses on the reform of global governance structure，To reflect changes in international relations。China supports existing institutions such as the United Nations、The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund should be reformed，To better represent bet365 Play online games the interests of developing countries and emerging economies。This advocacy is rooted in the belief that a more inclusive and equitable global governance system is conducive to promoting a more sustainable system、More balanced development。For example，China supports the G20 as a coordination platform for international economic cooperation，Encourage emerging economies to play a role in shaping global economic policies。

Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy attaches great importance to bet365 best casino games mutual respect for sovereignty，Adhere to the principle of non-interference。China has always insisted，Every country has the right to choose its own development path without being affected by external pressure or interference。This principle is particularly important in China’s relations with other developing countries，China positions itself as a partner that respects local conditions and needs。For example，In interactions with African and Latin American countries，China emphasizes mutual respect、A mutually beneficial partnership，Provide infrastructure construction and investment assistance，Without any political conditions attached。

Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy emphasizes the importance of peaceful development。China advocates resolving disputes through dialogue and negotiation rather than confrontation and coercion，This principle is reflected in China’s stance on various regional issues。China always calls for peaceful dialogue，Advocate for bilateral and multilateral negotiations to deal with tensions。China actively participates in United Nations peacekeeping operations，Demonstrates commitment to maintaining global peace and security。By sending peacekeepers to conflict areas，China has not only contributed to maintaining peace and stability of the international community，Also demonstrates an image as a responsible global actor。China has also participated in promoting the political settlement of the Korean Peninsula issue，Advocate to maintain peace and stability on the peninsula through dialogue and consultation，Achieve denuclearization of the peninsula。

One of the latest practices of Xi Jinping’s diplomatic thought is the handling of China’s relations with Europe。President Xi Jinping’s visit to Europe in 2024，Promoted China and France、Serbia、Deepening of Hungarian bilateral relations，Highlights China’s determination to establish long-term partnerships with other countries on the basis of respect for each other’s sovereignty and mutual benefit。These exchanges reflect China’s vision of promoting a multi-polar world order，In such a world，Different countries and regions share development results，Working together to address global challenges。

　　"Chinese Social Sciences Journal": currently，The world faces complex security challenges: the Ukraine crisis is delayed、Palestinian-Israeli conflict resumes，Regional security hotspot issues arise one after another，Various traditional and non-traditional security threats are intertwined and superimposed...how do you think the current international situation and world pattern will evolve？

Nur:In the current world situation，Take the Ukraine crisis and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as typical cases，Indicates the existence of double standards in ethics and politics in international relations。The world’s responses to these crises show increased geopolitical complexity、Characteristics such as transformation of alliance relationships and prominent ethical conflicts，Has far-reaching implications for the evolving world order。

In this case，Traditional Western dominance is challenged by emerging powers’ more pragmatic approach to international relations。These countries emphasize bet365 best casino games mutual respect for sovereignty and the principle of non-interference，In stark contrast to the interventionist policies of the West。As the influence of these countries increases，The global balance of power will change，The international stage will stage more complex competition。

　　"China Social Sciences News": President Xi Jinping once said: "We must jointly advocate respect for the diversity of world civilizations，Adhere to civilized equality、Mutual learning、Dialogue、Tolerance，Use civilizational exchanges to transcend civilizational barriers、Mutual learning among civilizations transcends conflict of civilizations、Civilized tolerance surpasses civilization and is superior。”At this historical juncture when the world’s major changes unseen in a century are accelerating，Some voices in the West are still keen to use the "clash of civilizations" theory as an explanation。What do you think，Promoting dialogue among different civilizations in the contemporary world，What is the most important thing？How to overcome the obstacles？

Nur:The "theory of superiority of civilizations" and the "theory of clash of civilizations" have significantly influenced the Western discourse system on global interaction。These theories believe，Differences in culture and civilization are the main causes of conflicts in the contemporary world。However，In the process of dealing with complex situations in the 21st century，People are becoming more and more aware，This framework is too simplified，Has a negative impact on promoting global harmonious development。The coexistence of civilizations in the world should emphasize mutual respect、Dialogue、Cooperation，And recognize the importance of common values ​​for all mankind。

　The concept of “civilizational superiority” is inherently flawed。History shows，Various civilizations have made important contributions to human progress，And have its own unique advantages。The idea that one civilization is fundamentally superior to another，Not only have these contributions been ignored，Also caused division and hostility。We should see the diversity of human civilization，And recognize that this diversity enriches the global landscape。By appreciating the unique contributions of each civilization，Can build a foundation of mutual respect and understanding。One of the most effective ways to promote the coexistence of civilizations is cross-cultural dialogue。This includes creating platforms，Enable people from different cultural backgrounds to have meaningful conversations，Share their perspectives and learn from each other。This conversation can take various forms，Including academic exchanges、Cultural festivals and international conferences, etc.。For example，The United Nations Alliance of Civilizations is promoting dialogue among different civilizations、Played an important role in enhancing mutual understanding and coping with problems caused by cultural diversity。

Education also plays a vital role in promoting the coexistence of civilizations。Emphasis on global awareness、Courses on intercultural competence and the history and contributions of various civilizations can help young people be more nuanced、Understanding the world with empathy。The education system should encourage the development of critical thinking and the ability to understand different cultural perspectives。For example，Integrating world history and global literature into school curricula，Exposes students to the richness of different cultures and the blend of human experience。

Another key aspect of Bet365 lotto review civilizational coexistence is economic cooperation and development，Economic interdependence can lead to peaceful coexistence、Mutual benefits provide incentives。The “One Belt, One Road” initiative proposed by China is an example of economic cooperation bridging the cultural gap。In addition，Confronting global challenges requires collective action and cooperation。Such as climate change、Problems such as epidemics and poverty respect no borders or cultural differences，Needs to be effectively solved through international cooperation。

　　The "debt trap" theory is falsified by data

"China Social Sciences News": The joint construction of the "Belt and Road" initiative is a global public good provided by China to implement the concept of a community with a shared future for mankind。In your opinion，After nearly 11 years of development，What role does this initiative play in promoting economic and trade exchanges between countries and regions？

Nur:Since China proposed the “One Belt, One Road” initiative in 2013，This initiative has had a profound impact on global economic and trade development，Especially benefits co-building countries and developing countries。Nearly 11 years，The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative has greatly promoted infrastructure construction、Trade Facilitation、Investment Flows and Regional Integration，Help build national economic growth，Enhanced the connectivity between them。

One of the most significant impacts of the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative is its contribution to infrastructure construction in developing countries。Infrastructure is a key component of economic growth，Some developing countries face huge fiscal deficits in this regard。Supporting and building roads by providing financing、Railway、Port、Airport、Energy and other infrastructure，The Bet365 lotto review Belt and Road Initiative helps developing countries fill these gaps，Important for improving productivity and promoting trade。

Take Pakistan as an example，As a flagship project of the Bet365 lotto review Belt and Road Initiative，The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor has brought profound economic changes to Pakistan。China-Pakistan Economic Corridor witnessed including highways、Progress of major projects including energy stations and special economic zones，These projects stimulate economic vitality and create jobs in Pakistan。Gwadar Port is a key component of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor，Not only improves Pakistan’s maritime trade capabilities，Also helps Pakistan become the Middle East、An important transit hub for trade between Central Asia and China。Infrastructure construction under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor framework reduces logistics costs，Facilitated trade flows，Attracted foreign investment，Promoted Pakistan’s economic growth。

By reducing trade barriers and enhancing connectivity between countries，The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative also plays a key role in promoting trade facilitation。By improving transportation networks and logistics infrastructure，Making cross-border transportation of goods more convenient and efficient，Contributing to increased trade volume and more efficient operation of the supply chain。

In addition，The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative has attracted a large amount of capital flows to developing countries。China’s investment in the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” projects is often accompanied by investments from other countries and international financial institutions，Produces a multiplier effect that amplifies economic benefits。These investments not only support the construction of large-scale infrastructure projects，Also supports manufacturing、The development of various fields such as agriculture and service industry。In Central Asia，Joining the Bet365 lotto review Belt and Road Initiative has attracted interest in the mining industry、Investment in energy and other industries，Conducive to economic diversification，Reduce dependence on a few limited industries。For example，In Kazakhstan，China’s investment injects more vitality into the country’s industrial sector，Increased production capacity，Increased export opportunities。

The benefits brought by the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative are not limited to economic benefits in areas such as infrastructure and trade，It also has a positive impact on the social development of the jointly built country。In many developing countries，The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” project provides employment opportunities for local people，Improved income level and living standards。In addition，China also provides training programs and technical assistance，Helping countries improve the skills needed for development to sustainably operate the “Belt and Road” projects。By facilitating the transfer of technology and expertise，Joining the Bet365 lotto review Belt and Road Initiative has promoted the industrial modernization of developing countries。For example，In Pakistan，The special economic zones under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor framework have attracted technology-intensive industries，Promoted technological innovation and industrial upgrading。Anyway，The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” has promoted changes in the global socio-economic landscape，Helping the global governance system develop in a more just and reasonable direction。

　"China Social Sciences News": Regarding some untrue criticisms of the "Belt and Road Initiative" by Western media，What do you think？

Nur:The joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative faces criticism from some Western media，Accused of bringing "debt trap" to other countries。These statements imply that China “in order to enhance its political and economic influence，Using infrastructure financing to drag other countries into unsustainable debt”。However，A more in-depth study of the data and progress of the “Belt and Road” projects in the past 11 years, especially the latest information in 2024, will be found，The “debt trap” narrative is untenable。

First，We must fully understand the scope and scale of jointly building the “Belt and Road”。As of October 2023，More than 150 countries、More than 30 international organizations have signed cooperation documents on jointly building the “Belt and Road”。The opposite of the “debt trap” narrative，Detailed analysis of financial investment under the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” initiative，The investment structure is designed to ensure the long-term viability of the project and the financial health of the recipient country。A considerable part of the financing for the joint construction of the “Belt and Road” is provided in the form of preferential loans，These loans have lower interest rates and longer repayment terms than business loans。This financing structure relieves immediate financial pressure on the recipient country，Enable it to do so without taking on an unsustainable debt burden，Enjoy the benefits of infrastructure development。

Statistics further refute “debt trap” accusations。According to a report from the Center for China-Africa Studies at Johns Hopkins University，Chinese loans only account for 17% of Africa’s total foreign debt。Their research also found，Debt levels in most African countries are controllable，The current problems are mainly caused by the superposition of multiple factors such as global economic conditions and domestic economic management challenges。Same，According to data from State Bank of Pakistan，Chinese loans account for less than 10% of Pakistan’Bet365 lotto review s total foreign debt，Significantly lower than the debt ratio to multilateral financial institutions。

China is also willing to renegotiate debt terms to avoid putting pressure on partners。For example，Facing the economic difficulties caused by the epidemic，China participates in the Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) for the Poorest Countries，Debt relief for low-income countries。This move highlights China’s support for sustainable development，Instead of exploiting financial vulnerabilities for profit。

In addition，Judging from China’s actions in co-building the “Belt and Road” and other mechanisms，Many projects have demonstrated actual economic benefits that far exceed costs。For example，The Forum on China-Africa Cooperation and other multilateral platforms have promoted extensive dialogue and cooperation，Ensure projects are consistent with the development priorities of partner countries。China’s focus on education within the framework of jointly building the “Bet365 lotto review Belt and Road Initiative”、The investment in medical treatment and technology transfer also reflects its broad commitment to jointly building the country’s socio-economic development。

　The state plays an active role in leading planning

"China Social Sciences Journal": You mentioned it，Pakistan is very interested in China’s peaceful rise，The Chinese model has drawn a unique development blueprint for many developing countries such as Pakistan。Can you talk about your understanding of Chinese-style modernization？

Nur:Subject to historical background、The influence of social and political structure and cultural philosophy，Chinese-style modernization presents a unique look that is different from Western modernization。Western modernization mostly follows industrialization、“Liberal democracy” and the path of capitalist economy，Chinese-style modernization provides another way to emphasize the country’s leadership in development、Social harmony and the path to balance economic growth and social and political stability。This approach brought rapid economic development、Poverty reduction and significant improvement in living standards，Making China a global economic power。

One of the most striking features of Chinese-style modernization is the important role played by the state。Different from Western modernization based on market drive and minimizing state intervention，Chinese-style modernization focuses on the government playing a strong and positive role in guiding economic development。The Chinese government has implemented a comprehensive planning and policy framework，Guiding national development strategy，How to formulate a five-year plan。These plans outline key priorities、How to allocate resources and set goals for various areas and departments，Ensuring coordinated economic and social development、The country continues to make progress。For example，The latest 14th Five-Year Plan emphasizes innovation、Digital economy and green development，Reflects China’s trend of transforming into a technologically innovative and environmentally sustainable economy。

Another characteristic of Chinese-style modernization is its concern for social harmony and people’s well-being，This is in sharp contrast to the individualism often emphasized in Western society。Chinese-style modernization prioritizes social stability、Fair development and common interests。Poverty Alleviation、Rural Revitalization、Improving public service policies such as medical care and education is the main way to achieve this goal。China has lifted more than 800 million people out of poverty，This achievement demonstrates commitment to inclusive development。bet365 best casino games This focus on social cohesion helps ensure political stability and safeguard public support for the government，This is the key to sustainable development。

Cultural values ​​also play an important role in China’s modernization process。Confucianism emphasizes harmony、Highlight the importance of education and hard work，Has a profound ideological foundation in Chinese society。These values ​​prioritize holistic development and ethical governance，Provide support for social and economic policies。Meanwhile，Chinese-style modernization reflects the characteristics of adaptability and pragmatism。Different from the rigid consciousness sometimes shown by the Western modernization model，China adopts a flexible strategy，Learn from global best practices，And adapt it to the national conditions of the country。This pragmatic thinking has been reflected in China’s economic reforms since the late 1970s，A series of reforms combine market economy elements with strong macro-control。For example，Establish a special economic zone like Shenzhen，Enabling China to experiment with market-oriented reforms in a controlled environment，Ultimately contributed to broader rapid economic growth。

In addition，Chinese-style modernization focuses on the promotion of economic development by technological innovation。China has rapidly become an artificial intelligence、Global leader in fields such as 5G and biotechnology。Government initiatives and significant investments in R&D have created a vibrant innovation ecosystem，This emphasis on innovation ensures that China remains competitive in the global economy，At the same time, it also meets the requirements of improving productivity、Domestic needs such as improving the quality of public services。