Thirty years ago，With the collapse of the Berlin Wall，The unity of the two virtues opened the prelude，Eventually, the Republic of the Democratic Republic of Germany was officially completed in the German Federal Republic on October 3, 1990。According to this standard，Germany realized political unity，and，After the unity, Germany is surprisingly smooth in terms of politics and economy and society，Eastern Germany does not have developed into a "vibrant" prosperous scene like "Unified Prime Minister" Hermut Cole.，But it has not been corrupted by many Eastern European transformation countries、High crime rate、Doubles of issues such as political turmoil。But，Since the unique characteristics of the "European Patriots Oppose the European Islamization" Movement (Pegida) in the Eastern City, the rise，and the German selection of the party with strong populous populist color after receiving extensive support in Eastern Germany，German society suddenly realized that there may be problems in the internal fusion of unity，So I tried to start a new round of discussion about Germany unified。Recent，Two research reports will make the East and West Economy in Germany、Differences in social and cultural psychology reappear，It has triggered a wide range bet365 Play online games of discussions and opposites of opinions。

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The Leibniz Institute (IWH), located in the Eastern City Halle, announced on March 4 this year an report entitled "Unified Country: 30 Years of Berlin Wall"。The overall economic development of Germany since the unity of Germany，This report may not provide more fresh views，For example, Germany had passed the reform of the labor market more than 10 years ago，The weak situation of the economy after the unity，With the help of China's emerging countries such as China，Return to the growth range。Economic Development since the unity of Germany，It can be said to be a successful story in a sense。But，attracting the attention of the media and the public，But the analysis of the differences in East and West in Germany。

Report to point out，The productivity differences in East and West in Germany are obvious。The second year after reunification is 1991，The per capita GDP in eastern Germany is about 45%of the west，Then the east growth rate is higher than the west，But since the mid -1990s, it started，Eastern Germany's economic growth has begun to stall。2017，The per capita output value of the east stops at about 82%of the west，Even the lowest per capita output value of the West，Its data is also higher than the Federal State with the highest per capita output in the East。How to explain this difference? The report believes that the main reason is as follows。

First，Eastern German companies not only have a smaller scale，and lack of large enterprises with Bet365 app download corporate strategic functions (mainly referring to research and development)，and the R & D department is generally placed in the company's headquarters。2016，464 Fortune 500 companies in Germany set the headquarters in the west，There are only 36 corporate headquarters in the east。

Second，Synchronization of the differences between the productivity of East and West and Western East and West。The median wage in eastern Germany is equivalent to 81%of the west。In addition to productivity differences, the wage level in the east is lower than the west，Economic structural differences are also a factor。For example, 28.4%of the full -time employees who paid social insurance in West Germany came from the manufacturing，East Germany is only 21%; the salary level of West Germany's manufacturing industry is 115.9%of West Germany's average，East German manufacturing is just 101.4%of East Germany's average salary。

third，Eastern population continues to decline，But the net outflow of the population in the west basically ended。Since 2012，The population flow between East and West and Germany is basically the same。Compared with it，1989 to 2015，East German population net outflow of 1.9 million people，The birth rate between 1990 and 2015 is even lower than the mortality rate。There are also obvious urban and rural differences among them，The decrease in the number of rural population in the eastern part is much higher than that of the western villages。

Fourth，Different economic structures in the east and west。It can still bet365 live casino games be seen in the Eastern Enterprise's impact of the economic thinking of the central plan before the unification，R & D talents and innovative ability are seriously lost。2015，R & D expenditure of all German enterprises 61 billion euros，Among them, 560 billion euros are West German corporate expenditures，East German enterprises are only 5 billion euros of R & D expenditure。This has led to the serious reliance on public funds in the East Germany region。

Fifth，Although the Eastern Economy has reduced the gap between production and final use, although the Eastern Economy has been transferred from the west -from 6%from 6%in the mid -1990s to 1%in 2015，But the dependence on the western blood transfusion still exists。

The analysis part of the report has highlighted the unsatisfactory part of the German East and Western economy fusion，The final development suggestion part has triggered more controversy。One of the suggestions is: the future economic development of the eastern part needs to focus on cities，That is to say, the rural areas of East Germany have no prospects for development。This suggestion makes the reporter's pen、Director of Research Institute Reint Gropp became the target of the criticism for a while。But as an economist，Gloop believes that the future work will be born in the "service industry、R & D and Digitalization "and other fields，And related companies will only focus on larger cities。If you are in political considerations, continue to invest in the eastern villages，is a "backward" idea。

　　East Germans and foreign immigrants are labeled

Bet365 lotto review Compared with the serious scientific analysis and policy recommendations in the above report，In early April, a research report published by the German Social Integration and Immigration Research Center (DEZIM) called "East German and Foreign Immigration: Fighting for Acknowledge" did not cast a heavy emotional bomb。This is a 7233 person in Germany from June 2018 to January 2019 (4613 people in the West and Germany，2612 people in the East) conducted a research results for telephone surveys。The starting point of this survey is extremely bold: Germany has been unified for nearly 30 years，Why is a considerable part of East Germans obviously unable to obtain a comparable life opportunity as West Germans? Researchers found "structural inequality" similar to East Germans in another social group in Germany: foreign immigrants。From the sense of sociological research，This means that there may be some group -nature or even more universal explanation。

We may wish to borrow the irritating language in the report to summarize the report: East Germans and foreign immigrants have been labeled and degraded in Germany，Lower income，It's difficult to find a job。West Germans regard the East and Germany as "the others among their own"，East Germans are "foreign immigrants" within Germany。

The perspective of parallel comparative comparative research on the two social groups of East Germans and migrants of East Germany and migrants belongs to the blank of research，Researchers also hope to use the concept of integration research and bet365 Play online games immigration research、Theoretical and methods can complement each other、Inspiration with each other。This is one aspect of scientific research。But in another aspect，The sensitivity of this type of ratio is also obvious，Many topics that have not been prominent before suddenly full of tension of discourse，For example, how to define the "East German"? As immigrant research has discovered in recent years，The so -called "immigration" and "immigration background" and other seemingly clear concepts belong to the product。

This survey shows，36.4%of West Germans and 32.1%of East Germans believe that eastern Germany "has not been incorporated into today's Germany" after nearly 30 years; 35.3%of East Germans feel that they are "second -class citizens" in Germany.，49.1%of East Germans believe that they "must pay more to get the same result"。In front of this result，Whether German unity is successful or not should indeed become a topic of social thinking and discussion in Germany。West Germans and East Germans，May still need to continue to cultivate "cross -cultural ability"，In common life and communication，Rewrite the common German experience。

　　(The author is the German Research Center of Tongji University、Researcher at the Humanities Exchange Research Center of China Germany)