International organizations are about the origin of international organizations、Birth、Study formed。Its goal is to reveal the general rules of international organizations，Provide behavior guidance for countries that are willing to participate in international organizations，Help decision makers analyze the feasibility of building a specific international organization and predict its future development prospects。With China ’s increasingly involved in global governance，The academic community is necessary to consolidate the ontology basis for research on international organizations，Clarify the scenes and subject characteristics of the occurrence of international organizations，Provide support for the reform of international order。

　bet365 live casino games

International organizations need to explain the motivation and process of international organizations。On the issue of motivation，At least two views of historical inevitable theory and bet365 live casino games international constitutionalism in the early 20th century。After the 40s，Functional and realist scholars have proposed public target decision theory and national will decision theory。New functionalism that emerged in the 1960s and 1980s、New Free Institutionalism attempts to integrate the two，Emphasizing functional goals and national rational choices are decisive for international organizations。

On the issue of international organizations,，How to use legal technology in bet365 live casino games international constitutional followers，Embeds people in international levels into the constitutional structure of the world government; functionalism emphasizes how to use appropriate organizational forms，Emerging functional needs to serve the society; realism attaches great importance to the process of hegemony state establishing international organizations to serve its own strategic interests; new freedom institutionalism pays attention to how the mechanism of international organizations will promote the national group's cooperation goals。

The above -mentioned theoretical genres have made different contributions to promoting the development of international organizations，But there are also limitations。International organizations are trying to discuss in specific problems areas，National Group Establishs organizational formal coordination action、The motivation and process of promoting the common goal。For this，It must be elaborated at the theoretical level to push the subject and its interrelationships that promote international organizations，that is, the "structure -actor" of the "structure -actor" of international organizations。But，Discussion in traditional international organizations，bet365 live casino games international constitutionalism mainly discusses the occurrence of international organizations from specifications，Fully avoided discussions on "Structure -Action"。There are no clear individual actors in functionalist vision，Therefore, the relationship structure between subjects is not discussed in depth。Realism and new free institutionalism clearly regards the country as the actor，and use benefits to define their behavior logic，But the country bet365 best casino games at this time is isolated、Homogeneous，Random regulations for national interests，The direction of action is blurred。From this sense，State rationalism lacks structural view，The discussion of the actor is not complete。

　　"Structure": Drediting and transcendence of collective action theory

The structure under the vision of international organizations refers to the field of specific topics，The interest relationship network formed between specific national clusters。The actor refers to the will of independence、Interests and behavioral abilities，Can move the main body of the relationship between themselves with others。The two are a set of concepts of opposing unity，Structure is an expression of external relationships of actors，At the same time, it stipulates the position and action trend of the actor。

The theory of collective action theory，It has a certain enlightenment meaning。Professor of the University of Maryland, Mano Olson, once discussed the difficulties of collective operations，I believe that the group members are dominated by the individual's short -term target，and unable to avoid the temptation of the car，It may not take a consistent action in the direction of the common goal，For this，Collective action in natural state is destined to fail。To reverse this situation，You need to take some institutional means to selectively stimulate members，To change the collective relationship structure and individual action trends in the natural state，Realization of common goals。

Under the academic vision of international organizations，Collective action theory reveals the natural contradictions and way out of the common goals and individual actions Bet365 lotto review in the national multilateral cooperation。Although in safety、Economy、Environmental and other specific issues have expected common interests，But due to the natural existence of collective action dilemma，It is difficult for the country to achieve the goal through natural interaction，It must be transformed by the establishment of international mechanisms such as international organizations to transform the original interest relationship structure、Breaking through the difficulties of collective action can you achieve cooperation。

But，Collective action theory does not give the country why the country chooses international organizations，and answers to what kind of organizational form to choose。Olson generally pointed out the existence of common goals、Dohaies of collective operations and methods to get out of the predicament，But the concept of common goal itself has not explained itself，Failure to recognize the differences in the structure of members' interest relationships in different issues，and the difference in the nature of the common goal brought by it。This deficiency makes it difficult for people to further understand the differences in collective action dilemma in different cooperation scenarios (for example, the individual conflict may be stronger in the security predicament)，It is not possible to explain why the country chose international organizations，and the reasons for using different organizations。For this，We can learn from the organization's sociology about organizational goals、Organizational structure、The organizational process and its interrelated discussion，bet365 best casino games or the theory of constitutionalism on constitutional mechanisms to seek answers。

　"Action": The combination of national rationality and collective characters

Knowing the "actor" of international organizations，The basic assumptions of the theory of rationalist international relations must be enriched and developed。The theory of rationalist international relations treats the country as the most important actor in the international community。As a key subject to promote international organizations，The state is carrying out multilateral cooperation、Promote the construction of rational selection in the construction of international organizations。

But，The discussion of the rational content of the rationalist theory of rationalism is very vague。It is based on individualism in ontology，regarded the individual in the collective scene as isolated、Homogeneous，Not discussing the differences of their self -cognition and interest preferences in the relationship structure。Classical Liberal Liberal Considation，People in the natural state establish government and laws to protect natural rights;，The state establishes an international mechanism for cooperation。But history、Visible look at，Government、Legal and international mechanisms cannot be produced out of thin air，Not a group of rational actors suddenly awakened together，Instead, it occurs under the promotion of some "Pioneers"。When changes in the social environment，Some "Pioneers" will take the lead in realizing the necessity of taking collective action，Then contact and persuade others to follow their own claims。The process of collective operations is not happened overnight，Instead, it occurs under the promotion of some "Pioneers"，It may be differentiated into different roles such Bet365 app download as "leaders", "followers" or even "opponents"，Different expected benefits and discourse rights in collective operations，The success or failure of collective action also plays a different role。

From this, the following theoretical problems are arisen，In what circumstances will there be a common goal in a relationship structure? Under what circumstances, the "Pioneer" will have the willingness to lead the collective action?，International organizations need to find support from the theory of sociological roles。In the field of sociology，"Character" rooted in social relations，Determine the status of an individual in social relations，Metaphorical social functions in this position，The foundation of social groups or organizations。The theory of character theory can help international organizations study the homogeneity of homogenization that transcend the rationalism to the actor，Knowing the different status of the actor in the relationship structure，and according to this, define their different interest preferences in the construction of international organizations、Responsibility consciousness、behavioral trend and functional function。This is very important for understanding the overall dynamic process of international organizations，It is also the failure of individualist theory。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund's major project "Research on Diplomacy of Diplomacy in New Era" (19ZDA135) phased achievement)

(The author is an associate professor hired by the president of Peking University International Relations)