International Organization Genetics is about the origin bet365 live casino games、Birth、Research on Formation。Its goal is to reveal the general laws of the emergence bet365 live casino games，Provide behavioral guidance for countries willing to participate in the preparation bet365 live casino games，Help decision makers analyze the feasibility of establishing specific international organizations and predict their future development prospects。As China increasingly participates in global governance，It is necessary for the academic community to consolidate the ontological foundation for research on the occurrence bet365 live casino games，Clear the scenarios and subject characteristics that promote international organizations，Provide academic support for the reform of international order。

　The ontological shortcomings of the genesis bet365 live casino games in the 20th century

The genetics bet365 live casino games needs to explain the dynamics and processes of the occurrence bet365 live casino games。On the issue of power generation，At the beginning of the 20th century, there were at least two views: historical inevitability and international constitutionalism。After 1940s，Functionalist and realist scholars respectively proposed public goal determinism and national will determinism。Neofunctionalism that emerged from the 1960s to the 1980s、Neoliberal institutionalism attempts to integrate the two，Emphasize that functional goals and national rational choices are of decisive significance to the emergence bet365 live casino games。

On the issue of the process bet365 live casino games，International constitutionalism focuses on how designers use legal technology，Embedding people’s values ​​at the international level into the constitutional structure of world government；Functionalism emphasizes how to use appropriate organizational forms，To serve the emerging functional needs of society；Realism attaches great importance to the process of hegemonic countries establishing international organizations to serve their own strategic interests；Neoliberal institutionalism focuses on how the mechanism bet365 live casino games promotes the cooperative goals of national groups。

The above theoretical schools have made different contributions in promoting the development of international organization development，But there are limitations。International Organization Genetics attempts to discuss specific problem areas，The national group establishes an organized form to coordinate actions、The dynamics and processes that lead to a common goal。For this，The subjects that promote the emergence bet365 live casino games and their interrelationships must be explained at a theoretical level，That is, making ontological provisions for the "structure-actor" of the genetics bet365 live casino games。However，In the discussion of traditional international organizational genetics，International constitutionalism mainly discusses the occurrence bet365 live casino games from a normative perspective，Completely avoids the discussion of "structure-actors"。There is no clear individual actor from the perspective of functionalism，Therefore, the relationship structure between subjects is not discussed in depth。Realism and neoliberal institutionalism explicitly view states as actors，And use interests to define their behavioral logic，But the country at this time is isolated、Homogeneous，Random provisions of national interests，The direction of action is therefore unclear。In this sense，National rationalism lacks a structural view，The discussion of actors is also incomplete。

　　“Structure”: Reference and Transcendence of Collective bet365 live casino games Theory

The structure from the genetic perspective bet365 live casino games refers to specific issue areas，The network of interests formed between specific country clusters。The actor refers to having independent will、Interests and behavioral capabilities，A subject who can actively shape the relationship between himself and others。The two are a set of unified concepts of opposites，Structure is the expression of the actor’s external relationship，At the same time, it stipulates the position and action trend of the actor。

Economic collective action theory is useful for understanding the "structure" from the perspective of the genetics bet365 live casino games，Has certain enlightening significance。Mancur Olson, a professor at the University of Maryland in the United States, once discussed the collective action dilemma，Belief that group members are governed by individual short-term goals，And cannot avoid the temptation of free riding，Unified actions may not be taken to achieve the common goal，For this，Collective action in a state of nature is doomed to failure。To reverse this situation，Some institutional means need to be adopted to selectively stimulate members，To change the collective relationship structure and individual action tendencies in the natural state，Contribute to the realization of common goals。

From the perspective of international organizational genetics，Collective action theory reveals the natural contradiction and solution between common goals and individual action tendencies in multilateral cooperation between countries。Although in safety、Economy、Specific issue areas such as the environment have anticipated common interests，But due to the natural existence of collective action dilemma，It is difficult for countries to achieve their goals through natural interactions，The original interest relationship structure must be transformed by establishing bet365 live casino games and other international mechanisms、Cooperation can only be achieved by breaking through the dilemma of collective action。

However，Collective action theory cannot explain why countries choose bet365 live casino games，And answers to questions such as which organizational form to choose。Olson outlines the existence of common goals、Dilemmas of collective action and ways out of them，But the concept of common goal itself is not explained，Failure to recognize the differences in member interest structures in different issue areas，And the resulting differences in the nature of the common goal。This lack makes it difficult for people to further understand the differences in collective action dilemmas in different cooperation scenarios (for example, individual conflicts may be stronger in security dilemmas)，There is no way to explain why countries choose bet365 live casino games，And the reasons for choosing different organizational forms。To this，We can learn from organizational sociology about organizational goals、Organizational structure、Discussion of organizational processes and their interrelationships，Or the theory of constitutional law on constitutional mechanisms to find the answer。

　"Actor": the combination of national rationality and bet365 live casino games role

Understanding of “actors” in the genetics bet365 live casino games，The basic assumptions of rationalist international relations theory need to be enriched and developed。Rationalist international relations theory regards states as the most important actors in international society。As a key subject in promoting the establishment bet365 live casino games，Countries are carrying out multilateral cooperation、Promote the construction bet365 live casino games and other aspects to follow the logic of rational choice。

However，The rationalist bet365 live casino games relations theory is very vague about the rational content of actors。It is ontologically based on individualism，Regard individuals in group settings as isolated、Homogeneous，without discussing the differences in their self-perception and interest preferences in the relationship structure。Classical Liberalism，People in the state of nature establish governments and laws to protect natural rights；Proposed by liberal bet365 live casino games relations theory，Countries establish bet365 live casino games mechanisms for cooperation needs。However, history、Empirical view，Government、Neither law nor bet365 live casino games mechanisms can be created out of thin air，It is not a sudden common awakening of a group of rational actors，It happened under the promotion of some "Illuminati"。When the social environment changes，Some "Illuminati" will be the first to realize the need for collective action，Contact and persuade others to follow your ideas。The process of collective action does not happen overnight，Individuals with different resource endowments and interest preferences，May be divided into different roles such as "leader", "follower" or even "opponent"，Have different expected interests and voice in collective action，It also plays a different role in the success or failure of collective action。

The following theoretical issues arise from this: In the process of constructing international organizations，Under what circumstances will "Illuminati" with a common goal appear in a relationship structure？Under what circumstances will "Illuminati" have the will to lead collective actions？Under what conditions can a “leader” successfully organize collective action？To answer these questions，International organizational development needs to find support from sociological role theory。In the field of sociology，“Role” is rooted in social relationships，Determine an individual’s status in social relationships，A metaphor for the social functions of individuals in this position，Constitutes the basis of a social group or organization。Role theory can help the study bet365 live casino games transcend the homogenization regulations of actors made by rationalism，Understand the different positions of actors in the relationship structure，And use this to define their different interest preferences in the construction bet365 live casino games、Responsibility awareness、Behavioral tendencies and functional effects。This is crucial to understanding the overall dynamic processes that occur in international organizations，This is also what individualism theory fails to achieve。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on Building Diplomatic Capacity Building of Major Powers with Chinese Characteristics bet365 live casino games New Era” (19ZDA135)

(The author is a permanent associate professor at the School of bet365 live casino games Relations, Peking University)