■ Ogut's "Promise Land" information picture

In recent years，African literature is rising globally，More and more countries and regions have begun to cast a vision to this ancient and new land in Africa。With this trend,，The rise of the African female writer group。This article divides African modern female literature roughly into three stages，and try to examine in a specific historical period，Various themes and narrative modes appearing in female writers。Although it is impossible to compare with contemporary male writers in terms of quantity and reputation，But African female writers portray a large number of female characters with completely different characters in men with men，provided us with an indispensable perspective for understanding African literature and culture。

■ Emeccita semi -autobiographical novel "Second Citizen"  Information pictures

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Since African literature entered a modernization stage in the 1930s，African literary criticism world has gradually formed a literary tradition dominated by men: rejection or ignore the existence of female writers。The classic literary criticism published in 1962 in Gerald Moore, "Seven African Writers" as an example，None of the selected writers are women; 1980 after nearly 20 years，The book is expanded and published，The name becomes "Twelve African Writers)，Still no female writer selected。African female writers "Selected concentration in various repetitiveness in the art，In the study around men，It seems unknown，Rarely discussed，There are very few places for them "(transformed from" Draft of the History of African Literature "next，Taiju Mora Oraniyang、Eito Chief Editor，Yao Feng and other translations，East China Normal University Press 2019 edition)。

1966，The first long novel created by African female writers in English -Kenya female writer Grace Ogot，1930-2015) The "The Promised Land" was published by East Africa Publishing Company; the same year，Flora Nwapa，1931-1993) The English long novel "EFURU" (EFURU) was published by African Publishing Company，The novel is the first work created by female writers。These two "firsts" have pioneering and epoch -making significance，It marks the official ascending to the historical stage。

Eugart、Eva Papa is a representative，I did not get enough attention before，These female writers who were recognized only in the late 1960s，It is considered by the shaped by African women's writing。Their works have introduced Bet365 app download many topics related to women，And these themes are extremely lacking in the works of male writers。They introduced Africa's tradition and culture from the perspective of women，Showing how African women have risked to become victims of patriarchal ideology，Fighting the difficult process of self -definition by transcending the prescribed gender characters。

Ogut, known as the "Mother of Kenya Literature"，In its masterpiece "Promotional Land"，Display prejudice of gender discrimination in male literature traditions，Criticized colonialism and local parental systems，Created space for the female subject。The protagonist of the novel Nia Poor is a bride，Village from a female -centric hometown，Marry a strange environment centered on husband，experienced alienation、Disposter and displacement。Marriage deprives her of autonomy -a single woman still has a certain degree of freedom，But the married woman is just a tool for her husband's will，She can only improve her status by obeying her husband flexibly。Although Nia Polk is in some aspects, it is in line with the specifications of "traditional wives"，But at the same time, she also broke free of traditional，In a game with my husband，Use your own wisdom，I won a wider self -living space。

Eva Papa realizes the impact of mythical beliefs on women's survival，Use the oral tradition of West Africa Igbo in the novel to create a story。In "Everla"，She shows how the traditional specifications limit the free choice of women and how women define themselves: the heroine Everla faces the fate of shame because it is impossible to give birth。Because in this society，Mother is considered the essence of women，Women who cannot have children are worthless。But Everla decided to define himself in other ways。When the marriage is broken，She leaves her husband，Become Princess Woma Li -a priest who saved human beings。In other novels in Enva，You can also clearly see her concept。Mother、Smart female chiefs and priests are the existence of daily life，This is the main body of her redefined African women。In "Idu，1970)，After the heroine Idu lost her husband，I did not obey the brothers who married the traditional married husband，Instead, I chose to die; the same，"One is enough，1995) Amaka also rejected the identity of marriage and mother，Even if you fall into the dust，Also struggle to find your own independent and fulfilling life。It is writing and shaping a new female character by writing and shaping，This aggressive African female writer shows the personality and attitude of a unique African woman。

Ghana's Ama ATA Aidoo (Ama ATA Aidoo) also belongs to the first generation Bet365 lotto review of female writers，Although its works only got attention later。Similar to contemporary female writers，Ai Duo did not publicly call for the overthrow of the parent system，But also described the experience and encounter of women in the heavy male and female society，Describes the survival strategy in this traditional system，and the way to self -define self -definition except marriage and fertility。The most important novel "Change: A Love Story，1993)，The heroine owns a graduate degree，and engage in data analysis work，Is a complete modern African woman。She decided to divorce her husband after enduring a wedding rape。But，In the end, she chose to enter the polygamy family，And think that this relationship can make her unconscious of marriage responsibility，Give her freedom。The work shows how African women are in the dilemma of traditional and modern dual -opposed mid -tours，Therefore, I won the British Federal Writers Award。

■ Hannah Cori "So Beautiful Africans" information picture

　　Enter vision: Challenge the patriarchal system with African feminism

Starting from the mid -1970s，until the late 20th century，The writing of African female writers enters a new stage，Women's writing really enters its own field and is accepted，The works of female writers are began to be recognized by the academic community，Entering more people's vision。

Nigeria Ibo writer Buchi Emecheta is one of the representatives of the second -generation African female writer，Most of her novels involve maternal nature、The theme of marriage and family，Discuss the difficult and unequal status of women in African society，and the tension between traditional and modern，With inner feminist color。In Africa，Mother and marriage are an important symbol of women's identity，Emeccita does not refuse these two identities，But questioning the identity of mothers and women。For example，The Brid Pride Price，1976)，Akna is very happy in marriage，Ginwin Delin does not resent his mother's identity，Marriage and mother are their choices，Therefore, it does not affect their personal female identity。In "The Joys of Motherhood，1979)，The existence of women is based on the ability of childbirth，Especially for boys。The heroine Engu Yige even said，"Except mother，I don't know how to be another role "。The ability to give birth to a child consolidates her female identity and the status as a social producer。But，Even if there are eight children，She still lives in the poverty，Finally died lonely on the side of the road。Emeccita questioned here，The patriarchal system bundles the identity of women with the identity of her mother，This brings bet365 Play online games a huge burden to women，Because they must fulfill such a gender role to be accepted by society。

Emecheta's novel not only depicts the ugly side of the traditional patriarchal system，and also show how women should cheer up from this male -dominated ideology、Break out。The most important way she thinks is through education，I believe that education has huge power in changing women's social life。For example，"In the DITCH，1973) and "Second-Class Citizen，1974) These two semi -autobiographical novels，Describes a poor African woman living in London for economic independence and rights，and finally the story of successful learning and writing -not just reveal the status quo，And also try to question and criticize those social system that suppresses them by creating a powerful female character。In real life，Writing has also become Emeccita from getting rid of marriage abuse、Obtaining economic independence and freedom。

Another of the same feminist feelings as Emeccita，It is Mariama Ba, a Senegalese writer written in French，1929-1981)。Bab himself has also experienced many prejudices faced by women: compete with traditional grandparents for the opportunity to educate women; after divorcing a famous politician，She was left at home to take care of nine children。She will be angry about the patriarchal structure defined by her life、The imprisonment of Islamic customs in Senegal society，Ventures in its semi -autobiographical body book letter "A long letter" (1979)。The work tells the friendship between two female friends who have undergone religious and patriarchal cultural oppression.。Aisu left her husband，Leave a provocative letter; instead of this，La Matulaya adopted the posture of a traditional African wife，Obief her husband marrying a second wife，Despite this，The husband still abandoned her and the child，La Matulaya is deeply hit，But I got a lot of support from Eshatu。Another Egyptian writer Nawal El Saadawi，1931-2021) in its novel "Woman at Point Zero，1977)，It also explored women's conquest、Suddenly question，Especially the marriage system and the female cutting of women's ties and restraints。

What needs to be pointed out is，Despite writing female issues、Maintain women's rights and interests，But many African female writers do not agree with the terms and goals of Western feminism，Also refused to be identified as a feminist writer。In their opinion，Feminism is a Western ideology，Bring by European colonists to Africa and imposed to the African people。They are more willing to agree with feminism that adapt to African social culture- "negotiation feminism"，That is to challenge the patriarchal system Bet365 app download through a certain negotiation and compromise，This has also become the most commonly used strategy of female characters in African female writers。

In addition to criticizing the ideology of restricting women in society，And some writers are concerned about political issues。From the perspective of regional differences，Female writers from West Africa and East Africa，Pay more attention to the resistance of traditional patriarchal systems that hinder women's freedom and empowerment，and South African female writers are more concerned about the political oppression of the racial isolation system to black women。South African writer Bessie Head，1937-1986) in "A Question of Power，1974)，Records the psychological struggle of individuals' political ideology -racial isolation，revealed multiple oppression of women in South Africa; Zimbabwe writer Yvonne Vera，1964-2005) created a series of historical novels with female characters as the protagonist，such as "Nehanda，1993）、"Without A name，1994）、"Under The Tongue，1996）、"Butterfly Burning，1998), etc.，Link the colonial history of the country with the struggle of women，portrayed the glorious heroic image of women who got rid of the identity of the mother and the family in national liberation and reconstruction。

Different from the first generation of female writers，The second -generation female writer is more positive and clearly handling issues related to gender，Actively promote the improvement of women's social status in Africa。They use their own writing to fight the disadvantages of society，Dialogue with gender equality。A few writers even surpass gender problems，Place the focus of writing on political issues and issues such as women's survival status in post -colonial countries。

■ Eva Papa "Everla"  Information pictures

　　Going to the World: Immigration and Disposter Writing

The third -generation female writer appeared in the 21st century，Chimamanda Adichie、Chika University (Chika University)，Novilaolet Bulawayo, etc.，The young generation of African female writers，Different from the predecessors，Their theme of their theme is immigration and flow。

Because there are not many opportunities in the African continent，Many people use Western countries as hope for their better life，multinational immigrants make many Africans live in major metropolises in Europe and the United States，Therefore，The third -generation African female writer is surpassing the scope of the African continent，and dedicated to narrating the experience of Africans in global space，and the from which it includes immigration、Race differences、Identification and cultural bet365 live casino games adaptation and many problems。For example，Adch's "American" (American "，2013) and Brawoyo's "We need new names，2013) These two novels involve the influence of the post -colonial system，It is because of these systems，Many desperate Africans flee to the West，Looking for better survival opportunities。Female characters in the novel Ifmedu and Darlin have got rid of the poverty and limited opportunities of African nation countries，Come to the United States to seek better development，But I have to face the race and identity problems of multinational life。In order to seek cultural tolerance and sense of belonging，African immigrants must continue to experience and overcome this feeling of displacement and do not belong to anywhere。"We Need a New Name" reveals how the first generation of elderly African immigrants can adapt to the new cultural environment，and the pain in this process。One of the characters in the novel Uncle Kou Zhou，The main body of cultural alienation，Due to emotional and psychological trauma because it is impossible to adapt to the new environment。

The third -generation female writer does not clearly handle the topic related to gender，In their works，Fertility、Maternal and Marriage and other roles that comply with gender norms are not prominent。Even when discussing marriage，For example, in "We Need a New Name"，Female character Fostera does not follow strict traditional gender characters，For example, cook、Meet the needs of the husband and wait。The female characters in their works are more independent，It can freely define the personality of the self and the realization of the pursuit of self。Blavoyo and Adices' own growth and life experience of the two writers indicate，African women can become the successful promoter of their lives，instead of observing the deep -rooted gender specifications and order。

Other writers have explored the complexity of sex，For example, Hannah Khoury, a Sierra Leion writer, in "So Pretty An African，2003) The use of female sexual behaviors to emphasize the sober consciousness of female immigrants in Sierra Leone，How to determine the economic independence of women in this consciousness。On the one hand，This consciousness determines her behavior and action，On the other hand, she also determines her anxiety and fragility。The sexual behavior of women is the power of life，But it also reflects the exploitation and oppression of the patriarchal system for women's bodies。Similarly，Unigwin on "On Black Sisters’ Street，2011，won the Nigerian Literature Award) also seized the fragility of the female body，She recorded the prostitution life of four African women。bet365 best casino games They immigrate to Belgium in order to find a better future，Every character has experienced traumatic childhood，Prostitution is a voluntary choice，To get better economic opportunities。But，When one of the girls Sissi is murdered，The dream of their beautiful life is broken，Become a nightmare。Due to the outstanding achievements in writing，Unigwin was hired as an assistant professor at the Bondman Church in 2016 by the University of Brown University in the United States，and served as the judge of Manbuk International Literature Award in 2017。

It can be seen from the works of the first to the third generation of African female writers，African female writers are the main promoters of African social reforms，They use writing as a platform，Cold and objectively examine the personal identity and self -definition of female personal identity and self -definition of marriage and mother's identity，Try to give a variety of ways to solve this problem; they do not avoid condemning and criticizing various traditional customs and patriarchal systems that Africa society suppress women's development，and national and national issues related to this; they actively write the experience and situation of African dispersion in the post -colonial period，Therefore, the future of African women in a wider space。

　　(This article is the Chinese African Research Institute 2021 China-Africa Cooperation Research Project "Chinese Literature in Africa and Africa in China" (Cai-J2021-05) phase results)

(The author is the editor of "World Literature" magazine)