In the field of global governance,The cross-border supply of bet with bet365 is not a simple economic and technical issue,It is a political issue involving the balance between domestic and international interests of a nation-state。Long time,The connotation of bet with bet365 in Western academic circles、Systematic analysis of type and supply logic。However,Most mainstream theories are based on economic logic,Focus on the analysis of non-competitiveness and non-exclusiveness on the consumer side,And the resulting collective action dilemma in the supply of bet with bet365。This logic focuses on the supply problem of "economic market failure",But it ignores the competition problem of global "political market failure"。Actually,Competition in the supply of bet with bet365 does not entirely follow traditional economic thinking,It also involves the distribution of legitimacy and leadership competition among multiple suppliers。
Examining the supply and demand of bet with bet365
Globalization is a two-way process of differentiation and integration,Part of the resulting global problems stem from the cross-border "spillover" of domestic problems,The other part comes from the imbalance of the natural environment system itself。In addition,There are also some global problems rooted in the failure of international systems,For example, the international financial crisis、Non-humanitarian intervention、Nuclear proliferation, etc.。The solution of global problems cannot be separated from the supply of bet with bet365。Mainstream theories mostly define the nature of bet with bet365 from the consumption side。American economist Paul Samuelson (Paul A.Samuelson) pioneered the use of two dimensions: competitiveness and exclusivity,Distinguish public goods from private goods。According to its definition,Public goods refer to a shared collective consumer product,"Everyone's consumption of it does not reduce anyone else's consumption of this good",Consumption is non-rivalrous;At the same time, "anyone's consumption does not exclude or hinder the consumption of others at the same time",That is, consumption is non-exclusive。This “non-competitive-non-exclusive” binary theoretical framework has far-reaching influence,Becoming the mainstream paradigm of bet with bet365 analysis。
However,The non-competitiveness and non-exclusiveness of bet with bet365 inevitably lead to the problem of imbalance between supply and demand。First,Since it is impossible to exclude potential beneficiaries from receiving free benefits,And most beneficiaries will not share the cost,Therefore the supplier’s investment costs may exceed the benefits。Secondly,Sovereign countries do not attach the same importance to bet with bet365。For example,Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global public good,This will be beneficial to all actors。However,Some countries may not urgently need this benefit,Or the goal is not ranked high in their decision-making preferences,This makes cost allocation extremely complicated。Last,Traditional analysis assumes that actors are rational decision-makers,Ignores the socially constructed nature of bet with bet365。With the development of society,People’s understanding of the attributes of the same item is constantly changing。Even within a community,Actors also consume bet with bet365 in sequence、The difference between high and low and speed,Different institutional thresholds (political identity、Consumption power and technological differences, etc.) will also cause differences in the degree and quality of bet with bet365。
Understanding the political nature of bet with bet365
Economic logic thinks,In a free market that lacks coercion,Rational countries will tend to choose "free riding" rather than actively providing bet with bet365,Thus leading to global governance deficit。However,Many powerful countries have strong initiative in providing bet with bet365,They will even take the initiative to give other countries a free ride。Understanding from the perspective of political leadership,Big countries attract other countries to “free ride” by proactively providing public goods,In fact, it benefits other countries while increasing its own strategic influence。Exchange the supply of bet with bet365 for the recognition and trust of other countries,This constitutes an important source of leadership for great powers。
bet with bet365 have strong political attributes on the supply side,Concentrated on legality and fairness。On the one hand,Legitimacy provides support for the supply of bet with bet365。In competitive democracies,Leaders in order to increase political legitimacy,Will seek to provide more public goods。By distributing scarce goods and services to supporters,Helps build leadership identity。Under the anarchy of the international community,Great powers provide bet with bet365 to gain leadership,But what public goods are provided、When will it be supplied and what is the scope of supply,All depend on the pressure of international competition and one’s own political will。The optimal supply model of bet with bet365 solves the collective action dilemma to a certain extent,Countries responsible for the provision of public goods benefit more actors,In order to obtain lasting legal support。
On the other hand,The supply of bet with bet365 should focus on fairness。Fairness means facing diverse consumers,Need to demonstrate undifferentiated benefit sharing under the principle of inclusiveness。For example,International Radio、Global commons、The dividends of technological innovation will benefit the world,But there are differences in the degree and scope of inclusiveness。Consumers who live on the poverty line and consumers who live in affluence,There is a difference in accessibility and sense of acquisition of high-quality public goods,This can easily lead to potential inequality of opportunity。An implicit premise of non-competition and non-exclusiveness emphasized by mainstream theory is,Everyone is treated fairly within the community。But actually,The political nature of bet with bet365 means that fair consumption requires institutional and political guarantees,Not only material fairness must be given,We need to pay more attention to equal opportunities,That is, the fairness of rules across consumption thresholds。
bet with bet365 legitimacy affects the leadership of great powers
Providing bet with bet365 is the supplier country’s international leadership,An important way to attract support and recognition from other countries。Excellent leadership can be shared、Integrating different countries in a mutually beneficial way,Continue to contribute to global public services and bet with bet365 that are in line with the common interests of mankind。The effectiveness of leadership depends on the legitimacy of the supply of bet with bet365,This is an important basis for gaining the trust of other countries。
Generally speaking,The legitimacy of the supply of bet with bet365 is affected by two major factors。One,The purpose and ability of the supplier。The purpose of providing bet with bet365 is to meet public needs,Resolving global public problems。In anarchy,The supply of bet with bet365 cannot be separated from the political leadership of major countries,Small countries have little ability to pay for this。Historically, bet with bet365 were mostly established by hegemonic countries。For example,To restore the post-war international order,The United States initiated the establishment of the United Nations、Bretton Woods System, etc.,Filling the bet with bet365 space,Supported the legitimacy of American hegemony。However,Hegemony is not the all-round champion of bet with bet365 supply,Even with structural power advantages,A hegemonic country cannot guarantee that it will gain legitimacy on all issues。When the hegemonic country’s national interests and domestic political pressure force it to act as a selective supplier,It is inevitable to be criticized by international public opinion on some issues,This is determined by the nature of international political interests。
Second,Consumer acceptance。The supplier’s contribution can only be recognized,In order to have influence。Different from domestic public goods supply,The supply of bet with bet365 is not only difficult to produce,Consumption is also difficult。Only reassuring、Only products with legality will be truly consumed。For this,Suppliers need to work hard to expand the democratic basis for the supply of bet with bet365,Attract other countries to join。Although bet with bet365 are public in a theoretical sense,But in reality, each country has different goals of concern and weighing interests。Only through effective multilateral consultations,Repeated discussions to reach broad consensus,In order to maintain the long-term legitimacy of bet with bet365。If it goes against the will of other countries,In the lack of autonomy、Forcibly promote a certain global public product under voluntary conditions,It will inevitably arouse the resentment of other countries。In history, there have been many ways for hegemons to exert pressure,Examples of forcing other countries to join the bet with bet365 system they established,This practice of forcing other countries to consume,It undoubtedly undermines the legitimacy of leadership。
(This article is a phased result bet with bet365 National Social Science Fund’s major project “Research on Building Diplomatic Capacity Building of Major Powers with Chinese Characteristics in the New Era” (19ZDA135)
(Author’s affiliation: School of bet with bet365 Relations, Renmin University of China)
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