In the field of global governance，The cross -border supply of global public products is not simple economic and technical issues，Political issues involving the balance of domestic and international interests in the nation -state。For a long time，The connotation of global public products in the Western academic community、Type and supply logic conducted systematically。But，Most of the mainstream theory is based on economics logic，Focus on analyzing the non -competitive and non -discharge of the consumer side，and the collective action dilemma supplied by global public products caused by it。This logic pays attention to the supply of supply of "economic market failure"，However, it has ignored the competition of the global "political market failure"。Actually，The supply competition of global public products is not fully expanded according to the thinking of traditional economics，Among them, the legitimacy distribution and leadership competition between multiple suppliers involved。

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Globalization is a two -way process of differentiation and integration，Some of the global problems that are caused by this stem from cross -border "spill" of domestic problems，Another part derived from the imbalance of the natural environment system itself。other，There are also some global problems rooted in the failure of the Bet365 lotto review international system，For example, an international financial crisis、Non -humanist interference、Nuclear diffusion, etc.。The solution of global issues is inseparable from the supply of global public products。Most of the mainstream theories define the nature of global public products from the consumer side。American economist Paul A.Samuelson pioneered the two dimensions of competitiveness and exclusion，distinguish public products from private products。Definition according to it，Public products refer to a shared collective consumer product，"Everyone's consumption will not reduce the consumption of this item"，That is consumption non -competitive; at the same time, "No one's consumption is not rejected and hindered by others at the same time"，That is, consumption has non -discharge。This "non -competitive -non -exclusive" dual theoretical frame is far -reaching，The mainstream paradigm of the analysis of global public products。

But，The non -competitiveness and non -exclusiveness of global public products inevitably cause unbalanced supply and demand。First，Because the potential beneficiaries cannot be ruled out for free，And most of the beneficiaries will not share the cost，Therefore, the investment cost of the supplier may exceed the income。Next，Sovereign countries attach different importance to global public products。For example，Reducing greenhouse gas emissions is a global public product，This will have benefits for all acts。But，Some countries may not urgently need to obtain this income，or this target is not high in its decision -making bet365 Play online games preferences，This leads to the cost allocation becomes extremely complicated。Last，Traditional analysis ideas will set behavioral leave as rational decision makers，Ignoring the social construction attributes of global public products。With the development of society，People's cognition of the attributes of the same item is constantly changing。Even if it is within a community，The consumption of the behavior of the behavior of the global public products also has a successful、The difference between high and low and fast and slow，Threshold for different systems (political identity、Consumption Power and Technical Differences, etc.) also causes differences that enjoy the degree of global public products and quality。

　　Understand the political attributes of global public products

Economic logic believes，In the free market that lacks compulsory force，A rational country will tend to choose "ride a car" instead of actively supply global public products，Then lead to global governance deficit。But，Many powerful powers have strong energy moving in supplying global public products，I will even take the initiative to let the country "take a car" for free。Understand from the perspective of political leadership，Big powers actively provide public products to attract other countries to "take a car"，In fact, it is to benefit other countries while increasing its own strategic influence。With the supply of global public products in exchange for the recognition and trust of other countries，This constitutes an important source of leadership of the country。

Global public products have strong political attributes on the supply bet365 best casino games side，Concentrated as legitimacy and fairness。On the one hand，Legality provides support for the supply of global public products。In the competitive democratic government，Leaders to increase political legitimacy，I will seek more public products。By distributing scarce goods and services to supporters，helps to establish leadership identity。Under the state of an uncontantime of the international community，Greater powers supply global public products to obtain leadership，But which public products are supplied、When is the supply and supply range，All depend on international competition pressure and their own political will。The optimal supply model of global public products solves the dilemma of collective action to a certain extent，Countries that bears the supply of public products benefit more acts，To get lasting legitimacy support。

On the other hand，Global public product supply should pay attention to fairness。Fairness means facing diverse consumers，Need to show the non -different interest sharing in the principle of tolerance。For example，International radio、Global public domain、Technical Innovation Bonus will benefit Global，But there are differences in the degree and range of inclusive。Consumers who live on the poor line of poverty，There are differences in the availability and gain of high -quality public products，This is easy to produce potential opportunities inequality。Non -competitiveness and non -exclusive premise emphasized by the mainstream theory is，Everyone is treated fairly in the community。but actually，The political attributes of global public products means that the fair consumption bet365 best casino games needs system and political guarantee，Not only should I give material fairness，More attention to opportunities，That is the rules that span the threshold of consumption。

　　Supply legitimacy affects leadership of the country

Providing global public products is the supply country to play international leadership，Important ways to attract the support and recognition of other countries。Excellent leadership can be shared、Mutual ways integrate different countries，The global public product that conforms to the common interests of human beings in the world。Whether the leadership can effectively depends on the supply legality of global public products，This is an important basis for winning the trust of other countries。

Generally speaking，The provision of the supply of global public products is affected by two major elements。One，The purpose and ability of the supplier。The purpose of providing global public products is to meet public needs，Resolve global public problems。Under anarchy，The supply of global public products is inseparable from the political leadership of the great power，Small country has almost no ability to pay for this。Historically, global public products are mostly established by hegemony countries。For example，To restore the post -war international order，The United States initiated the establishment of the United Nations、Bretton Forest System, etc.，Filled the global public product space，supports the legitimacy of American hegemony。but but，The hegemony country is not the all -around champion of the supply of global public products，Even if there is a structural power advantage，The hegemonic country cannot guarantee Bet365 lotto review that all issues can be obtained on all issues。When the national interests of the country and the domestic political pressure forced them to play a selective supplier，It is inevitable to be criticized by international public opinion on some issues，This is determined by the essence of international political interests。

Its two，Consumer acceptance。The contribution of the supplier is only when it is recognized，can produce influence。Different supply from domestic public products，Global public product supply is not only difficult to produce，It is difficult to consume。Only rest assured、Products with legitimacy will really be consumed。For this，Suppliers need to work hard to expand the democratic foundation of global public products，Attract other countries to join。Although global public products have theoretical publicity，But at the actual level, each country has different attention goals and interest measurement。Only through effective multilateral negotiations，Repeated discussions to reach a wide range of consensus，Fang can maintain the long -term legitimacy of global public products。If it violates the will of other countries，Lack of autonomy、Forcibly promoting a certain global public product under voluntary conditions，It will inevitably lead to the disgusting of other countries。There are many hegemonic states in history to apply pressure，Forcing other countries to join the example of its global public product system，This kind of approach to consume other countries for consumption，The legitimacy of the leadership is undoubtedly damaged。

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(Author Unit: School of International Relations of Renmin University of China)