so far，Gross domestic product (bet365 offers) growth remains the measure of economic growth、Social progress、Important indicators of government governance effectiveness。However，Due to the current failure of various economies to effectively respond to climate change、Multiple threats from soaring energy costs and rising inequality，Some scholars believe that it is necessary to look for different indicators，Redefining and measuring social development。On issues such as the limitations of the original indicators and whether there are alternative indicators，Our reporter interviewed relevant scholars。

　Limitations of bet365 offers indicator

In simple terms，bet365 offers is a measure of the size of the economy，That is, all final products or labor values ​​produced by a country or region within a certain period of time。Paul Allin, visiting professor of statistics at Imperial College London, said，Either USD、Euro or yen，The total amount of money will change according to the general increase in prices。However，In measuring the monetary value of economic activity，bet365 offers includes many “bad activities” that reduce people’s quality of life，Like war、Pollution、Crime、Traffic jam、Natural disasters, etc.，Such activities are likely to increase bet365 offers，But it does not make the economy "successful"。Meanwhile，Social inequality、Free work、Depletion of natural resources or biodiversity、Factors such as the value of data and digital services，But it is not well reflected in bet365 offers。This is mainly reflected in the following aspects。

First，bet365 offers does not take environmental externalities and depletion of natural capital into account，This is one of the reasons why it is so controversial。This indicator ignores pollution related to economic activity、Additional social costs caused by greenhouse gas emissions and production activities。What’s more important，The consumption or loss of assets such as natural resources will boost bet365 offers in the short term。However，The potential long-term losses caused by such consumption are not calculated。

Secondly，New trends in social development further highlight the shortcomings of the bet365 offers indicator。For example，The digitalization of the economy has changed the way people work and play，And the way many businesses operate，But these shifts are not reflected in official statistics。There has always been difficulty in measuring the value of innovative activities，Because new products or improvements in product quality are difficult to present in observable prices and quantities。Today，The digitalization of the economy further increases the difficulty of measurement，Because many digital services are “free” to use，Or have public product attributes，Or invisible，Its value is difficult to estimate。

Finally，bet365 offers is an important indicator of economic growth，But there is no systematic explanation of income distribution。In case of increase in average or total bet365 offers，Some people will find that their situation has not improved，Even worse。“The poor get poorer，The phenomenon that the rich get richer cannot be reflected in bet365 offers。

Based on the above questions，Many alternative indicators that “beyond bet365 offers” have emerged。But most of these various indicators are temporary，Unable to reach consensus around a new way to measure economic growth，And it is impossible to find an indicator comparable to a single bet365 offers statistical method。Although most people agree on the necessity of “beyond bet365 offers”，But to make meaningful progress，There also needs to be a comprehensive consensus on what the new indicators actually involve。

　　bet365 offers is a long process

Although people have long been aware of the imperfections of bet365 offers，But it will take a long process to really make changes。From a historical perspective，As early as 1934，American economist Margaret Reid pointed out in the book "Household Production Economics"，When considering economic activity，Need to include unpaid work within the household。If and how to measure the value of work in the household and informal sector，This issue caused controversy in the 1950s，But not until around 2000，Some countries, including the UK, have only begun to create “resident satellite accounts”，Taking into account unpaid work at home。Satellite accounts are based on the Central Framework of the System of National Accounts，A subsidiary accounting system established by modifying some of its concepts。Introduction of various satellite accounts，Can enhance the flexibility of the accounting system，Expand the analytical functions of the national economic accounting system。

Diane Coyle, professor of public policy at the University of Cambridge, UK，Although there are some well-known limitations，But bet365 offers has always been used as a "tough" standard to measure economic growth，This aspect is due to the influence of technocracy，On the other hand, it is dominated by sociological factors。From a technocratic perspective，bet365 offers is convenient to use and easy to analyze，This is something many alternative indicators cannot surpass。The authority of bet365 offers comes from its ability to simultaneously measure the production output in the economy、Consumption expenditure and income。The resulting numbers from this framework appear to be directly comparable across years and countries，And this is all based on a simple and deceptive idea，That is, more economic activities will inevitably bring about a better life。It is this combination of technical authority and political practicality，Leading to people’s “path dependence” and “social lock-in” on bet365 offers。Therefore，People have made huge efforts to change。

　　Redefining bet365 offers progress and a better life

Affected by the new coronavirus epidemic，There is a strong desire to have a fairer society、A sustainable future。Tim Jackson, professor of sustainable development at the University of Surrey, UK, said，There are many visions to replace bet365 offers，Redefining social progress and a better life。Economists increasingly adopt complex systems thinking，Attempt to enhance our understanding of human behavior from a social and psychological perspective。For example，Some scholars emphasize the significant impact of moral and cultural values ​​on behavior。

Some indicators aim to explain subjective well-being more directly，For example, focus on measuring people’s life satisfaction or happiness。Richard Easterlin, professor of economics at the University of Southern California, said in an interview，For most people around the world，Happiness is success in daily life。Happiness may be supporting a family，It can also be about maintaining good health，Or a fun and safe job。This is something people care about every day，It is also something that people think they have the ability to control，Thus comparisons can be made between populations。Happiness data officially collected in different countries show，The correlation between happiness and various living environments shows similarities。People whose happiness drops significantly are usually unemployed、People who do not live with their partner、People in poor health、Ethnic minorities and people with less education。This proves，The happiness index is reliable and valid。Easterlin thinks，Happiness is a more comprehensive measure，And bet365 offers is limited to economic life，i.e. only measures the output of goods and services。In addition，The assessment of happiness is made by the person being assessed，In the bet365 offers indicator system，The judgment of happiness is done by “outsiders” such as so-called experts。

The United Nations is also trying to adjust the indicators that measure economic prosperity。March 2021，United Nations member states adopted a new statistical framework at the meeting of the Statistical Commission - the System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting (SEEA)，With a view to reformulating policies on sustainable development，Including incorporating contributions to nature into measures of economic prosperity and human well-being。The System of Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting serves as a satellite account system of the System of National Accounts (SNA)，Fully consider the impact of environmental factors，And under this premise，Implementing national economic accounting。This is an important step taken by the United Nations，Beyond the bet365 offers measurement system commonly used in economics。In short，There is an inherent logic in constructing bet365 offers alternatives，That is, striking a balance between technical robustness and social resonance。In the final analysis，On the road to sustainable prosperity，Full consideration of diverse indicators of individual and social well-being is essential。

　　Continue to improve bet365 offers indicators

Henrietta Moore, founder of the Global Prosperity Institute at University College London, said in an interview with this reporter，From a 21st century perspective，bet365 offers seems to be outdated as a measure。If you want to more accurately reflect the current social and environmental challenges facing humanity，You need to go beyond the economic level，A system-wide approach to accurately measure economic prosperity at the local level，Fully reflect the difference between bet365 offers and collective well-being。Moore once proposed in a speech in the British House of Commons，In addition to using bet365 offers to measure the economy，It should also be supplemented by a “package of indicators” released on a quarterly basis，Which covers water、Air、Carbon sequestration、Biodiversity、Social capital、Health、Domestic violence and other factors，Thus quality of life、Climate change and other data to supplement bet365 offers data。So，Can gain a deeper understanding of the economy、Environmental and social progress。

Current bet365 offers alternative indicators involve countries、International and other levels，For example，UK Legatum Global Prosperity Index、United Nations World Happiness Report、Inclusive Wealth Index、U.S. Social Progress Index、OECD Better Life Index and a range of other multidimensional international poverty measures。However，Moore thinks，Out of all these indicators，They all lack a people-led approach、Place-based measurement method，It is therefore difficult to understand prosperity through these indicators、The place of well-being and the environment in the economy。For example，While challenges such as climate change are global in nature，But different regions and countries face different levels of crisis，Therefore, local conditions and demands need to be reflected in economic indicators。

Moore introduction，The Prosperity Index developed by the Global Prosperity Institute at University College London, UK, provides a new metric for integrating local priorities into decision-making。The most important thing is，The index brings together local actors and relevant organizations，Work together to develop solutions and track developments at the local level，Provides an overall systematic measurement method based on the specific local conditions。If people want to make real progress on today’s pressing bet365 offers and environmental challenges，We must cooperate with local and even community，Instead of relying entirely on untargeted indicators at the national and international levels。