There is a point of view，Whether to incorporate economic problems into theoretical vision，The theoretical standards that can distinguish between modern and modern and modern。In this sense，It can be said that "Carl Marx is the first major social theorist that enables modern and predecessors to form a concept and form a comprehensive theoretical point of view in terms of modernity."。and Marx's "comprehensive theoretical viewpoint" formed by modernity，Mainly completed by "Capital" by the great work of "criticism of political economics"，"Capital" is a "advanced explanation" for modernity。

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Modernity is a difficult topic。In terms of time dimension，The birth of modernity is relatively medieval，It is an inevitable product of human history developed to modern times; in terms of space dimension，Modernity is the modernity centered on the West，It "" Makes unbound and semi -open countries belongs to a civilized country，Makes farmers' nations subordinate to the bourgeois nation，Make the East belong to the West "。But behind the "time -empty" dimension，We also need to understand and grasp the inherent nature of modernity。If the long Middle Ages is the era of faith，That is the era of religious theology in the world，It follows the first belief and then rational、God first and then self，I advocate the asceticism of economic life、The autocraticism of political life and the obscurity of cultural life，So，Modernity is opposite to it，It is the rationalization of God、Process of materialization and humanization，It advocates first rationality and then belief、Self -first and then God，Economically oppose abstinence、Pursue reality happiness，Politically oppose autocraticism、Pursue talent human rights，Cultural opposition to obscurity、Pursue human freedom。In this sense，Middle Ages is the process of "establishing sacred images"，and modernity bet365 best casino games is the process of "eliminating the sacred image"。So，Modernity is "the death of God" in Nietzsche，Weber's "removing charm"，A "secular Bible belief" pointed out by Leo Strauss。So say，Modernity is essentially the "secularization" process of "eliminating the sacred image"。The era of living in Marx，It is a Renaissance、Completed religious reform、The "Modern Times" of ideological enlightenment，That is a "era of capital" of God's "removing charm" - "As soon as capital appears，It marks a new era of social production process "。

In the "Political Economics Criticism" view of "Capital"，"Capital Age" is also the era of "capitalization" of God- "Evergreen" era。So，In Marx's "Capital" here，The modernity of secularization is from the era of "deification" to the era of "materialization" -the social wealth of capitalism is the era of "huge commodity accumulation"。In the era of materialization，"Capital" finally replaced "God" as the highest rulers and comprehensive dominator，Capital has therefore become the dominant principle of modernity and formulates direction for it，It constitutes the foundation and power of modern society，It also constitutes the core and soul of various modern phenomena -capital eventually becomes the "Zagnte wheel" that dominates history。According to Marx's statement，Capital is the "Pu Zhaoguang" of modernity，It establishes the highest standard and scale for real life -everything must be defended or abandoned in the face of capital。In modern society，Capital (money) replacing emotions and beliefs becomes a bond to maintain society。In this sense，Schiller believes that modernity is the victory of the "industrial and commercial spirit" and replaced the spirit of "theology -metaphysics"，"Practical Value" conversion and reversing "life value"。Here here，God's image of "capital" with the "capital" of the "capital" of God realized a comprehensive rule of real life。

　　"Godization" of Capital: Modern "God God" representation

It is the image of "secularization God" that signs the new era of "capital"，"Capital Theory" fully reflects the superiority of the bet365 live casino games previous and contemporary philosophy and economics，and in the essence of modernity。In "Capital"，Capital is no longer just a "feeling thing" that appears as "material financial"，Instead, it exists as a "feeling and super -feeling thing"，So the capital is both "object" -the huge commodity accumulation，It is also manifested as "relationship" -the relationship between assets and proletarians，Also manifested as "power" -the economic power to rule all。In this sense，Marx emphasized that capital is by no means "fast -moving Gui"，but "Filling with meticulous and strange theology of school"，There is a mysterious nature。But the mysterious nature of the capital，Obviously not from the capital itself，but caused by the capitalist production method。

Here here，Capital has the evolution and conversion from "commodity capital" to "currency capital" to "living capital"，The total formula of the capital also transforms from W -G -W to G -W -G to G。Especially in the capital capital stage，Capital finally became a "automatic thing god" that has nothing to do with production without production.。In this sense，Capital is the presentation and characteristics of "ghost -like objectization" of modernity，Capital retains and represents the "honor of spiritual theory" that God has obtained in the Middle Ages as a new "God God" image in modernity。It can be said，It is the capital capital here，Modernity Gets its highest form and the most complete meaning。So，The power of the capital as "automatic thing god" is the power of modernity，The image of capital is the image of modernity: it "forces all nations -if they do not want to die -use the bourgeois production method; it forces them to promote the so -called civilization，becomes an asset person。One sentence，It creates a world for itself according to its own appearance "。Capital has "divine power" that is consistent with God's creation。

But the creation and rule of the world，But it is not implemented in force，Instead, it is done in a "equal" manner。"The low price of its products，It is used to destroy all the Great Wall、Conquering the most bet365 Play online games tenacious psychology of the barbaric psychology。"" In Capital Theory，Marx emphasizes products、Currency and capital are "natural equal factions"，"It is ready to use its own soul, but also with its own body to exchange any other products，Even if this product is even more ugly than Mattotanus "，"I can't see which product is transformed from the currency。In the form of currency，One product is exactly the same as another product "。So，The modernity of the world's "equality and freedom is not only respected in the exchange of exchange value，And exchange value exchange is all equal and free production、The basis of reality ... equality and freedom are just the foundation of another party "。This is actually the "three major worship education" revealed and criticized in the "Capital theory" -Codge、Currency worship and capital worship -the root cause and secret。Also because of this，Marx clearly pointed out that "the modernity of the" automatic material god "of capital, the modernity of the" automatic thing god "as a character," all the way to overwhelm the ice water intended by self -ism "，"It turns human dignity into exchange value，With a kind of freedom of trade without conscience replaced countless concessions and the freedom of self -resolution "，That is, "Capital is increasing the trend of productivity unlimited，how to make the main productive force in the extent，That is the one -sided man itself "。As a result，Although people get rid of the attachment of God and gain a certain independence，But this independence is still in the dependence of the object。

This is actually the biggest "modern consequence" brought by capital as the "honor of spiritual theory" as modernity: "Capital has independence and personality，The individual who is active has no independence and personality。"The mission and mission of the modernity dialectics of" Capital ", which is" criticized for political economics "，Just set up a "traffic light" for capital，By limited capital to surpass capital -the independence and personality of the person who changes capital and personality as the realistic person。

Establish a "traffic light" for capital: the modern solution of "Capital"

Engels clearly emphasized in the book reviews written for "Capital": "The relationship between capital and labor" is the axis center of all modern society around and rotating，and for the first time in "Capital", the "Scientific Explanation"。But classical economists cannot see or cannot reveal and explain the real relationship between capital and labor，Instead, "this certain、Special、History form is generally、Eternal form "。That is to say，Classical economists treat capitalist production methods as common natural forms，Therefore, labor is actually fully belonged to capital, both in form and in the form of form。For this，Marx in "Capital" advocates using the "cooperative factory" of the active working class and the negative capitalist's "joint -stock company" to break the "myths" and "spell" of general eternal capital，That is, the "co -workers" that are finally engaged in "cooperative labor" that are finally engaged in the "cooperative labor" of the workers to break the "iron law" of modernity equivalent to capitalist production: "Capital is neither an absolute form of productivity development，It is not an absolutely consistent wealth form with the development of productivity "。In this sense，It can be said that labor is a key to understand and solve the problem of capital modernity。

It is the key to using the "labor"，The modern dialectics of "Capital" higher than the greatness of classical economists and socialists，It is not simply opposing and negating or even abandoning capital，Instead, through the modern appearance of capital,，I saw the "Civilization of Capital": "One of the civilization of capital is，It squeezes the method and conditions of this remaining labor，Slave on the same previous slavery、serfs and other forms compared to，All are more conducive to the development of productivity，Development of social relations，Creation of various elements that are conducive to more advanced new forms。"in this sense，The profound insights of the modernity dialectics of "Capital"，Not only is the creation of various elements that are conducive to more high -level new forms "，And in the capital itself bet365 best casino games "transformation"。The direct result of this transformation，is to transform the "civilization of capital" into "high -civilized people"，That is, "the individual who uses the comprehensive development of different social functions as alternating activities，to replace it just to undertake a local individual of social local functions "。replaced "local individuals" with "comprehensive development of individuals"，That is to cultivate "highly civilized people": "All attributes of people who cultivate the society，and use him as a person with rich attributes and contacts，Therefore, there are people who have as wide as possible "— as" people with high civilization "-P production。For this，Some scholars abroad believe that "Marx" Capital "as a proletarian political economy from the first page to the last page，penetrating a great purpose，Just liberate the working class from the shackles of capitalist exploitation "，This opinion can be described as the original meaning of the modernity dialectics of "Capital"。For this，Marx pointed out in "Capital"，The liberation of the freedom of the person is: producer united -socialized people，The material transformation between them and nature will be reasonably regulated，Under the condition that is most suitable and the most worthy of human nature，This material transformation is made by consuming the minimum power，So put it under their common control，Do not let it rule yourself as a blind force。From this，On the other side of this "inevitable kingdom"，The real "Liberty Kingdom" -The freedom of human ability as the purpose itself — starts。This can be seen，The construction of the "Liberty Kingdom" in "Capital"，Only by controlling and transforming capital can be achieved。

Here here，Marx's transformation of capital is also space for capital settings activities and functions: "re -establish personal ownership" -ema "employment labor system"，Promote the capital from "inevitable kingdom" to "Liberty Kingdom"。This is actually setting up a "traffic light" for capital: capital cannot bet365 Play online games be arbitrarily and devour everything，Capital is both the starting point of modernity and the end point of modernity，The boundary of capital is the boundary of modernity。For this，Marx hopes to use a more fully and deeper freedom of people to comprehensively develop the modernity of the modernity of the modernity of capital rule。In this sense，The modern dialectics of "Capital" must not only surpass capitalism，It is also necessary to surpass capital- "Strive through capital to surpass capital。"Capital Theory" is both the real "highest modern revolution"，It is also a real "Senior Free Revolution"。

　(The author is a professor at the School of Philosophy and Society, Jilin University)