Wubao San (1905-1999)，号，Economist，Modern China's "national income" estimation research main pioneer，An important founder of Chinese economic ideological history discipline in the new era。Born in Jurong, Jiangsu in July 1905，In 1925, I was admitted to Wusong Political University。After the school is suspended，In 1927, he was admitted to Nanjing Central University。September 1928，Transfer to the Department of Economics of Tsinghua University。After graduating from college in July 1932，Join Nankai University School of Economics to engage in scientific research。July 1933，Working in a social survey in Peiping。1934，Social Survey Institute is also entered the Institute of Social Sciences, Institute of Social Sciences，Wu Bao San served as assistant researcher at the institute、Associate Researcher、Researcher，and also a professor at Nanjing Central University。September 1936，Wu Bao San was selected by the Institute of China to study abroad，and obtained a master's degree at the Department of Economics of Harvard in July 1938。September 1938 to June 1939，Go to the University of Berlin for study。1947，Wu Bao San was funded by the Rockefeller Foundation to go to the United States，Complete doctoral dissertation "Chinese Capital Formation and Consumption Expenditure"，Get a doctorate degree in Harvard University in 1948。

1950，Vice Director of the Three Institute of Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。1953，The Institute of Social Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Sciences is renamed the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Director of the Third Congress of Wu Bao。1954 Di Chao Bai as the director of the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，Three Deputy Director of Wu Bao。1978-1982，Wu Bao San serves as the director of the Economic Thought Research Office of the Institute of Economics of the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Since 1979，Consultant of the Three Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and members of the academic committee、Member and consultant of the Editorial Committee of Economic Research、Professor and doctoral supervisor of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Part -time professor at Peking University、Honorary President of the Chinese Economic Ideological History Society、Counselor of the History Research Association of Foreign Economics、The 4th and 5th Central Committee members of the China Democratic Promotion Association and the executive member of the 6th and 7th Central Committee、Member of the Fifth to 7th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference、Vice Chairman of the Sixth Committee of the CPPCC of Beijing CPPCC。

Combined with the main writings，Wu Bao San has been engaged in rural economic development issues、"National Income" Estimation、Research in the field of economic thought in China，or，These three fields can probably outline the three important academic conversion in Wuxibao Three Life Governance。In the entire academic career，He always follows the development trend of economics at home and abroad，Insight into the economic ideological flow of related theories。Therefore，Wu Bao San can explore economic problems in the real world and social history based on economics theory，Analysis of economic theory into related field issues is considered and considered。Even in the research results of specific economic issues，We can also see its deep economic theoretical literacy。

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In the column of "Personal Future Career Plan" in the early 1940s in the early 1940s，Wu Bao three fills in two research plans，"The theory of Chinese National Income and the Research on the National Wealth" "The Theory of Economic Development of Agricultural Country"。The latter is the graduation thesis question drafted after the Harvard University's doctoral qualification examination in 1938。The reason why he chooses the topic in the field of rural economy，Closely related to the life experience of a teenager。Wu Bao San was born in Jurong Mazhuang Bridge a farmer，The economic situation is not very rich。According to its love of witch Yunming Memories，Wubao Sanxue is studying in private school，When graduating from junior high school，Grandfather will no longer support his reading。In order to be able to continue further studies，Wu Bao San leaves home and has been studying in many schools。This life experience Bet365 app download has made Wu Bao San very concerned about the problem of rural economic development since his youth。

1926，"Oriental Magazine" solicited articles on the living conditions of Chinese farmers。Wuxibao San, who entered the university campus, wrote an article based on the understanding of his hometown of Jurong Rural，The article was finally published in Eastern Magazine No. 16, Vol. 24, Vol. 16。In this article，He introduced the distribution of the peasant farmers、Farmers' production income、Farmers' financial circulation、Farmers Education、Farmers' organization and other situations，Deeply revealing the local tyrants and inferior gentlemen、Corruption officials squeezed farmers。Social Survey Office shortly，Wu Bao San translated and published the "Agricultural Economics" of George O’Brien (George Obelion) at the University of Dublin, the University of Ireland in 1934。"Agricultural Economics" is the author's class lecture，After the birth of 1929, he became a popular agricultural economics work at that time，Sold out soon after publishing，The Chinese version translated by Wu Bao San is also repeatedly reprinted after the publication。During the work of the Institute of Social Sciences，Wu Bao San has published the "China Agricultural Economy of the 22nd of the Republic of China" and "The Inspection of Huayang Righteousness Rural Rescue Association to handle the lending of Hebei Province Rural Credit Cooperatives", "Agricultural and Economic Change", "On my country's agricultural financial system and loan Policies "" On Excessive Rural Population "、"FOOD PROBLEM in War-Time China"，Cooperate with Zhang Zhiyi，Published "Food and Sales of Food Food in Fujian Province" in 1937。These research results are for agricultural production status、Farmers' living standards、Rural Financial Market、Agricultural labor population、Agricultural product consumption and other issues conducted a multi -angle inspection，revealed the decline of rural economy、Lack of funds、The reasons for backward production technology，Proposed to improve the life of farmers、Increase agricultural production、Opinions to promote rural economic development。

Judging from the writing of rural economic development，Wu Bao San's discussion in this field has two characteristics。The first is the analysis of rural economic issues.。For example, in 1934, "The Inspection of Huayang Righteousness Relicing Association for Rural Credit Cooperatives for Rural Credit Cooperatives" published in the 5th issue of "Social Sciences" was published in 1934，Research Report on Rural Loan Business of Hebei Rural Credit Cooperatives in Hebei。This article analyzes the source of rural loan funds、Loan procedures、Business types、Loan amount、Loan period、Loan interest rate、During the loan business、Member credit and other situations。Hebei Rural Credit Cooperative was first supported by the Huayang Yiyi Association，Carry out rural loan business through credit cooperatives，Social Survey Institute participated in the relevant survey。Wusan Written "Examination of Huayang Righteousness Relicing Association for Rural Credit Cooperatives for Rural Credit Cooperatives" not only uses information provided by the Huayu Yiyi Association，I also used the relevant information collected by myself。

The second feature is to emphasize the combination of the analysis of economic theory with the specific practical of the research object。In the "Agricultural and Economic Change" published in "Social Sciences" in Tsinghua University "Social Sciences" in 1941，Wu Baosan first introduced two perspectives existing in agricultural economic issues in the 1940s，That is, a perspective believes that agriculture is a passive factor in the changes in the national economy，Another view that agriculture is the driving force for the rise of industrial and commercial business in a country。For these two views，Wu Bao San pointed out，The role of judging agriculture in the national economy should clarify the differences in industrialization countries and agricultural dominance，The quality of agricultural harvest in the country where agriculture dominates the country will affect the prosperity of the entire national economy。According to the analysis of the elasticity of crops，Wu Bao San pointed out，Generally speaking，Agricultural harvest in the closed economy will inevitably bring economic prosperity，But in the case of foreign trade，Whether the harvest of agricultural products will promote economic prosperity depends on the share of the export of agricultural products in a country and the size of export elasticity。At the same time，The article bet365 live casino games analyzes the role played by agriculture in the country where industry is dominant。China is an important analysis object in this study，The article believes that the economic view summarized from developed countries in the United States and the United States is not applicable for agricultural dominating countries like China。"Agriculture and Economic Change" is part of the book "The Theory of Economic Development of Agricultural Countries"，When the manuscript was not published, he won the 1940 Institute of Research's "Yang Ye Commemorative Award" for unique creativity。Later，"Agricultural and Economic Change" and "On my country's Agricultural Financial System and Loan Policy" are included in "Ten Agricultural Articles" published in 1943。

　　Estimation of "national income" for China

early 20th century，European and American economists proposed the early "national income" accounting concept and framework，and based on statistical data, the "national income" of some countries is estimated，A wave of estimated "national income" has been set off worldwide。to the 1940s，The value of China's "national income" with extensive recognition is still like。In view of China's macroeconomic data, it is difficult to meet the formulation of social policy、needs to analyze economic problems，1942 Wuxao San recruited Wang Yan (Jingyu)、Zhang Jizhen (Youyi)、Ma Liyuan、Nanzhong Wan、Beiyoulin started to estimate China's "national income"，This work is out of the three responsibilities of Wu Bao。In fact，This research work faced the theoretical bottleneck at the time、Method differences、Data lack a series of difficulties。

One，At that time, the basic connotation of "national income" at home and abroad、Starting method does not reach a consensus，And this is the primary premise of the estimation of "national income"。For example, Alfred Marshall set off from a net productivity point of view，It is advocated that "national income" should calculate the net production quantity of a country in a certain period of goods and labor。Owen Feixue advocates that only the goods produced by one country during a certain period。So，Before calculating the "national income"，It is particularly important to define related theoretical issues。For this，Wubao San defines two definitions of "national income"。The first definition is all the income produced by a country，excluding income from foreign income and expenditure in China。The second definition is the total of the total income obtained by the residents of a country，The second "national income" should be added to the previous "national income" to add investment income，At the same time, minus the income of foreigners in the country。Later，Third scholars of Wu Bao define the "national income" as the net production of goods and labor of residents in a country for a period of time，"National Income" is not the total income of various production organizations in a country，but the net income or net output value of different production organizations。Statistical methods for "national income" are not unified，Wu Bao San classified the prevailing methods at that time into five types: the first is to sum up a country for a country、Organizational income; the second is the sum of the amount of various distribution items for corporate organizations and government agencies; the third is the sum of the increase in production value; the fourth is the sum of the value of the final product; the fifth is personal consumption and savings. sum。Wu Bao San called the first statistical method as the income method，Second、The third method is called increase value method，Fourth、The fifth type is called the accumulation method。Wu Bao San pointed out，Methods selected when calculating "national income"，Determination of existing statistical materials，If the statistical materials are complete、Correct，The statistical results obtained by these methods are consistent。Under the premise of sufficient materials，The method itself is not important。Later，Wu Bao San further divided the "national income" into four methods: the first is to increase the value method，That is the net output value obtained after the product sales price minus the raw material，and remove the part of the duplicate statistics; the second is the expenditure method，The salary that an enterprise will pay for production soon、Salary，profit、Interest, etc.，to get the distribution of "national income"; third is the distribution or income method of income，This method estimates "national income" based on the statistics of income tax; fourth is the consumption and investment method，That is, according to bet365 best casino games the goods and labor of a country，It is estimated that the products produced in the whole society are used in the number of consumption and investment。Many countries in reality are due to the lack of statistical materials，Make any statistical method completely effectively adopted，Therefore, you can only adopt the above statistical method comprehensive。The most common statistical method is the method of gain and increase value method，Witch Bao three is called a mixed method。Due to China's statistical data extremely incomplete，It is estimated that "national income" can only use a hybrid。

Its two，"National Income" estimates that there are many differences at the specific practice level。​​For example，Disputes of production costs and market prices in the theoretical industry in the method of pricing。Wu Bao San pointed out，The essence of this question is to calculate whether the "national income" contains indirect tax。Logic of consumer price equal to production prices plus indirect tax，The "national income" calculated based on the consumer price is larger than the "national income" value calculated according to the production price。Wu Bao San believes，This situation may not happen in real statistics，Because the "national income" calculated through consumer prices will reduce the "national income" due to the increase in prices。Another example，On the statistical project of "National Income"，Marshall and others think，"National Income" statistical project includes all the goods and services produced in the year，Fei Xue believes that "national income" should only count the final consumer goods and labor services。The Swedish school advocates using the newly invested equipment as part of the "national income"，The production income of labor or machines that are supported by the supporting services is not within the "national income"。There is also a point of view，"National Income" only contains new output，and the income brought by labor input should not be included。Wu Bao San's view of this is，"National Income" includes goods、Labor、Transfer income、Consumer products of producers、Statistics such as foreign debt，Whether all or part of it contains specific discussions within the "national income"。Another example，Under open economic conditions，Due to the existence of international revenue and expenditure，Make the accounting of "national income" complicated。How to calculate how international income and expenditure in "national income"，The 1930s，Simon Kuznets and Morris Copland have controversy about this。Wu Bao San believes，The core of this question is，Whether the net income interest and dividend of foreign residents living in the country are regarded as the production resources within the country，If the definition of "national income" is the income from a country，So the remittance and foreign investment living in the country and foreign investment can be considered as part of the "national income"。

Three，Although various social surveys have emerged in the late Qing Dynasty，But until the 1940s，Still lack of supporting the systemic data of "national income"。Therefore，German Dreside Bank, which was estimated to China's "national income" earlier、Colin Carak, etc. can only use insufficient data indirect calculation，and its valuation method is very rough，It can only be regarded as a summary。It is because of the poor connection between the survey statistics，Different Chinese "national income" estimates adopted different treatment methods。Wubao San designed the statistical project of "national income" based on the industrial characteristics of China's socioeconomic and economy，Comprehensive application increase value method、Consumption and Investment Law，Focus on the "national income" value in 1933，Based on this, the valuation of other similar years is calculated。The research results of Wu Baosan not only provide a more comprehensive material index for the estimation of the national income in 1933，It is an important basis for subsequent research。

"Chinese National Income (1933)" in cooperation between Wu Bao's third -class cooperation was completed in 1945，Published by the Chinese Book Company in 1947。The manuscript is not yet published，Get the affirmation of the person when you get it。Chen Liyi thinks，Compared to Liu Dajun、Estimation of Liu Dazhong，The information collected by Wu Bao San is the most complete，Estimated methods are also the most cautious。Shen Jingnong thinks，In the "National Income" book that was published at the time，Most detailed、The most complete estimate of the Central Research Institute, Bet365 app download Mr. Wu Bao San, etc.。Fang Jin's proposal，China's "national income" is estimated not to start in "Chinese National Integration (1933)"，But all the estimated results and how to get the estimated various materials and calculation methods are the first。Kuzsh, which is known as the "father of GNP", also wrote a special article，The definition of "national income" on Wubao Third and others、Whether foreign debt is included in the income that can be dominated、Chinese professional population、Early income from some industry projects、Food costs and other issues made comments。

Later，Wubao San combined Simon Kuzsnets、Ding Chen and others' perspectives，Combined with the new social survey information，Fixed the depreciation rate and calculation index of the previously estimated agricultural income，Completed "" Chinese National Income，1933 "Amendment。After the Anti -Japanese War，All sectors of Chinese society are urgent to understand the changes in China's "national income"。For this，Wu Bao Three and others estimate the "national income" of 1946 in 1946。In this estimate，Wang Yizheng、Zhang Jixuan participated in the manufacturing industry、Transportation、Government's labor income。The final result was "Chinese National Income published in the" Social Sciences Magazine "in 1947，1933、1936 and 1946 "。In addition，Wu Bao San also in Quarterly Journal of Economics ("Economics Season")、Journal of Polictical Economy ("Political Economics") published "International Payments in Nations Income" ("International Revenue and Expenditure in National Income")、"A New Estimate of China's National Income" (a new estimation of "Chinese" National Income ") and other" national income "papers in estimated areas。

From this, it can be seen，Wu Bao San not only systematically introduced the relevant concepts of "national income"，It also published English clarification that some major theoretical problems existing in the national economic accounting method at that time，and thus clarified its basic theoretical framework and method of "national income" in modern China，Its valuation was used as the official data reported by China in 1948. In 1948, the "Statistics of the National Income from 1938-1947" published by the United Nations。Wu Bao San himself was also elected as a member of the International Revenue and Fortune Research Association and a Chinese correspondent for this study in 1948。After 1949，"Chinese National Integration (1933)" was by Colin Clark、Fei Zhengqing、Thomas Roseki、Xu Dixin and other scholars quoted。Some scholars have pointed out，In the theory of the estimation of the Chinese national economy in modern times，The results of the statistical method of using Wu Bao's third -class people account for about 70%。

　　Research on the history of Chinese economic ideology

Compared with the problem of rural economic development、"National Income" Estimation In these two areas，Wu Bao San invests more than half of its academic energy into the scientific research work of the history of Chinese economic thought。After the mid -1950s，Most of the history he believes that the history of economic thoughts includes only the economic thoughts of ancient Greece and Rome and Western Europe，Eastern countries, such as China, are rarely mentioned。Therefore，The history of Chinese economic thought should be an important task in the construction of socialist ideology and culture。，Wu Bao San started research on the history of Chinese economic thought。The first step in sorting out China's economic thought is to master first -hand information，Only by analyzing historical materials，can we summarize the characteristics of economic thoughts in various historical periods and its evolutionary context。Wu Baosan first edited and published the "Selection of the Modern Economic Thought and Economic Policy Information"。After reform and opening up，Research on the History of Chinese Economic Thoughts has resumed one after another。The Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Renmin University of China、Beijing Normal University、scholars from Nankai University and other institutions have successively edited the "Selection of the History of Chinese Economic Thoughts -Pre -Qin" (1985)、"Selection of the History of Chinese Economic Thoughts -Part Two Hans" (1988)、"Ancient Greece、Selection of Roman Economic Ideological Data (1990)、"Selection of the History of Chinese Economic Thoughts -Ming and Qing Dynasties" (1990)、"Selection of the History of Chinese Economic Thoughts -Part of the Three Kingdoms, the two, the Sui and Tang Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms" (1992)、"Selection of the History of Chinese Economic Thought bet365 Play online games -Song Jinyuan Part" (1996)、"Selection of the Economic Ideological Data in the European Middle Ages" (1998)。These materials are not simply selected for historical materials，I also briefly commented on economic thought。Publishing of the series of data selection，It laid a solid foundation for the research on the history of Chinese economic ideology。time to this day，They are still an indispensable reference material in the teaching and research of this subject。

、Based on historical materials，Wu Bao San also wrote a lot of discussion，mainly covers three aspects。First，Define the research objects and methods of the subject of economic ideology and history，Clarify the subject attributes of the study of Chinese economic thought。The "Research on the Research on the History of Economic Thoughts in Economic Thought" published in 1982、Method and Significance，Wu Bao San pointed out，Economic thought is an unsureable economic concept、Views、Introduction，Also includes economics of various eras。Look from the history of Western economic thought，A sub -subject set under economics，The history of economic ideology is generated after economics becomes an independent discipline，It only has more than a hundred years of history。The research object of the history of economic thought can be defined as the generation of economic concepts and theory、History of development and its relationship。Wu Bao San was further pointed out in the "On the Research on the History of Ancient Economic Thought in Chinese Economic Thoughts" in "Research on Economic History of China" in 1991，Economic ideas are composed of three contents: one is the philosophical idea of ​​the foundation of the economic ideological or starting point; the other is the view of various economic issues、Proficiency and policy plan; Third, the analysis of the relationship between various economic phenomena and problems in the relationship between inside and outside。other，Wubao San emphasizes the space -time characteristics of grasping economic thought，Disaggment to make a simple analogy with Chinese economic ideas with European and American economic ideas。

2，Promote the study of comparative research of Chinese and foreign economic ideas，Reverse the development characteristics of Chinese economic ideas through comparative research、Poems，And this uses Chinese economic ideas as a comparison body to examine European and American economics theory。"Talk about the meaning of studying the early economic thoughts of China in 1982、Status and Prospects，Wu Bao San pointed out，In modern times, there are no lack of rich economic ideas in China and the West，and have some common features。Ancient China、Greece、Rome's economic thought as an example，They have not become an independent discipline，Pay attention to agricultural production and most ancient thinkers have a light attitude towards industry and commerce，Exchange product exchange、Currency、Market、Price and other issues have related discussions。For Western economists who criticize Eastern countries, the lack of analytical assertions in Eastern countries，The "Essentials for Analysis of the Analysis of the Ancient Economic Analysis of the Economic Analysis of Economic Analysis of the Economic Analysis of the Ancient Economic Analysis" published in 1992，Economic thought can be classified as two types of regulatory ideology and analysis and argument。The former lies in answering "How should it"，The latter lies in answering "What"。Analysis and argument that the significant status in economics is developed after political economics becomes an independent science。More regulatory economic ideological norms in China，less analytical，The economic thoughts of ancient West are the same。Although there are fewer analytical thoughts in ancient Chinese economic thoughts，But not without，Ancient Chinese thinkers about renting tax、Rich Country、division of labor、Discussion on exchanges and other issues presented in economic analysis.。Ru Sun Wu uses the relationship between the size and tax rate of the acres and the tax rate as two independent variables when demonstrating the relationship between agricultural production and negative taxes and land systems，A quantitative analysis of the agricultural prosperity of Liuqing under the jurisdiction of Liuqing。Wu Bao San In the "Research on the Influence of the French Agricultural School of Economic Thought on the French Agricultural School" published in the first issue of "Chinese Economic History Research" in 1989，Quine's "Natural Order Theory" is in line with Bet365 app download China's "Tiandao Theory"，Quine's serious farmers 'views have the same appearance as ancient Chinese -heavy farmers' thoughts。

third，Push away from the pre -Qin period，Research on the history of ancient Chinese economic thought。The economic thought contained in "Pipe" is very rich。The "Research on the Economic Ideology of Tube Economic Thoughts" published in 1989 in 1989 is affirming that "Tube" is the most comprehensive economic problem in ancient Chinese economic ideas，The richest works。At the same time，Witch Bao San's "Luxury" chapter is a luxury or a reorganized business、The rental idea of ​​the "Ride of the Horse"、The theory of the currency and price of "Level"、"The Tube" period of the book of the book was inspected。The research on the economic thought of Wu Baoan's economic thoughts has achieved a achievement that made the economics and historians commonly known。Based on the research of pre -Qin economic ideology，Wu Bao San extended its research scope to the Chinese economy ideology。The "Rise of the Merchants of the Tang Dynasty" published in his later years pointed out，The Tang Dynasty was a turning point in the development of the development of the ideas from the traditional "suppression" thought to the development of the reciprocal thinking，Tang Taizong affirmed the necessity of industrial and commercial operations for the existence of the feudal economy，Liu Yan later、Han Yu、Bai Juyi and others have greatly advocated importance to industry and commerce，Readial business as a trend of thought。Liu Yan's "official salt and civil sales" policy has changed the rigid circulation channel，But because folk merchants do not have the autonomy and independence of capital accumulation，Make the recreational thoughts restrained by the feudal system，This is fundamentally different from the theory of recreationalism in the end of the end of the 16th to the 17th century.。Wubao III died in 1999，"The Rise of the Merchants of the Tang Dynasty" was published in the 3rd Issue of 1997 "Research on Economic History of China"，It shows that Wu Bao San has spared no effort to pioneering the research on the history of Chinese economic thought。

In addition to being engaged in academic research on the history of Chinese economic thought，June 1980，Wu Bao San and Hu Zai Window、Zhao Jing and others initiated the establishment of the Chinese Economic Thought History Society。At the Council of the First Society，Wu Bao San was recommended as Vice President。Later，His honorary chairman of the Chinese Economic Thought History Society。Wu Bao San Most and Half of his life to work at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences，The institute is currently a common unit of the Secretariat of the Chinese Economic Ideological History Society，It is even recognized by the history of Chinese economic thought in the academic community。The first generation of the first generation of Chinese economic ideological history represented by Wubao San as a representative of Wubao III has died，But their academic spirit is getting dyed in the old age，Still if you live in Youde Youguang，Call a generation of generations to develop in the field of Chinese economic ideology.。

　　(This article is a special discipline project of "History of Chinese Economic Thought" in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

(The author is deputy director