Wu Baosan (1905-1999)，alias Weisu，Economist，Main pioneers in the study of “national income” estimation in modern China，Important founder of the history of Chinese bet365 sports in the new era。Born in Jurong, Jiangsu Province in July 1905，Admitted to Wusong Chengchi University in 1925。After the school closed，Admitted to Nanjing Central University in 1927。September 1928，Transferred to study at the Department of Economics, Tsinghua University。After graduating from university in July 1932，Joined the School of Economics of Nankai University to engage in scientific research。July 1933，Transferred to work at the Social Investigation Institute in Peking。1934，The Institute of Social Research merged into the Institute of Social Sciences of Academia Sinica，Wu Baosan has served as an assistant researcher at the institute、Associate Researcher、Researcher，And concurrently serves as a professor at Nanjing Central University。September 1936，Wu Baosan was selected by Academia Sinica to study in the United States，And obtained a master's degree from the Department of Economics of Harvard University in July 1938。September 1938 to June 1939，Going to Berlin University for further studies。1947，Wu Baosan went to the United States funded by the Rockefeller Foundation，Complete the doctoral thesis "Capital Formation and Consumption Expenditure in China"，Received PhD from Harvard University in 1948。

　1950，Wu Baosan serves as deputy director of the Institute of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences。1953，The Institute of Social Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences was renamed the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Sciences，Wubao serves as acting director for the third time。After Di Chaobai became the director of the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1954，Wubao’s third term as deputy director。1978-1982，Wu Baosan serves as director of the Research Office of the History of bet365 sports at the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Since 1979，Wu Baosan serves as consultant and academic committee member of the Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Member and consultant of the editorial board of "Economic Research"、Professor and doctoral supervisor of the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Part-time professor at Peking University、Honorary President of the Chinese Society for the History of bet365 sports、Advisor of the Association for the Study of the History of Foreign Economic Doctrine、Member of the 4th and 5th Central Committee of China Association for the Promotion of Democracy and member of the Standing Committee of the 6th and 7th Central Committee、Member of the Fifth to Seventh National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference、Vice Chairman of the Sixth Beijing CPPCC Committee and other positions。

Based on the main works，Wu Baosan has been engaged in rural economic development issues、Estimation of "National Income"、Research in the field of Chinese bet365 sports history，Or，These three fields can roughly outline the three important academic transformations in Wu Bao San’s scholarship。And throughout the academic career，He always keeps up with the development trends of domestic and foreign economics，Understand the source of bet365 sports of related theories。Therefore，Wu Baosan can explore economic issues in the real world and social history based on economic theory，Integrate economic theories into the analysis of issues in related fields and consider them。Even from research results that explore specific economic issues，We can also get a glimpse of his profound economic theoretical literacy。

　Changing the backwardness of rural China in modern times through academic bet365 sports

In the "Personal Future Career Plan" column of the "National Academia Sinica Staff Questionnaire" in the early 1940s，Wu Baosan filled out two research plans，Respectively, "Research on China's National Income and National Wealth" and "Theory of bet365 sports Development of Agricultural Countries"。The latter is the graduation thesis topic formulated by Wu Baosan after passing Harvard University’s doctoral qualification examination in 1938。The reason why he chose the topic in the field of rural economy，Closely related to life experiences in childhood。Wu Baosan was born in a farm family in Mazhuangqiao, Jurong，The bet365 sports situation is not very comfortable。According to the memories of his beloved witch Yunming，Wubao San Kindergarten is studying in a private school，When graduating from junior high school，My grandfather no longer supported his studies。In order to continue further studies，Wu Baosan left home and studied in many schools。This life experience made Wu Baosan very concerned about rural bet365 sports development issues since his youth。

　1926，"Oriental Magazine" solicits articles on the living conditions of Chinese farmers。Wu Baosan, who has just entered the university campus, wrote an essay based on his understanding of the countryside in his hometown of Jurong，The article was finally published in "Oriental Magazine", Volume 24, No. 16, 1927。In this article，He introduced the distribution of farmers in Jurong、Farmers’ production income、Farmers’ financial circulation、Farmer Education、Farmers’ organizations, etc.，Profoundly exposed the local tyrants and evil gentry、The exploitation of farmers by corrupt officials。Not long after joining the Social Research Institute，Wu Baosan translated and published "Agricultural Economics" by George O'Brien of University College Dublin in Ireland in 1934。"Agricultural Economics" is the author's class lecture notes，After its publication in 1929, it became a popular agricultural economics work at the time，Sold out shortly after publication，The Chinese version translated by Wu Baosan has been continuously reprinted since its publication。While working at the Institute of Social Sciences，Wu Baosan successively published "China's Agricultural Economy in the Twenty-Two Years of the Republic of China", "Inspection of the Huayang Disaster Relief Federation's Handling of Rural Credit Cooperative Lending in Hebei Province", "Agriculture and bet365 sports Changes", "On my country's Agricultural Financial System and Loans" Policy" "On Rural Overpopulation"、“Food Problem in War-Time China” and other articles in the field of rural economy，And cooperate with Zhang Zhiyi，Published "Transportation and Marketing of Grain in Fujian Province" in 1937。These research results have a profound impact on agricultural production、Farmers’ living standards、Rural Financial Market、Agricultural working population、Agricultural product consumption and other issues were investigated from multiple angles，Revealing the decline of rural economy、Lack of funds、Reasons for backward production technology，Proposed to improve farmers’ lives、Increase agricultural production、Opinions on promoting rural bet365 sports development。

From the perspective of writings on rural bet365 sports development，Wu Baosan’s discussion in this field has two characteristics。The first is that the analysis of rural bet365 sports issues is rooted in the full use of field investigation and research data。For example, "Inspection of Huayang Disaster Relief Federation's Handling of Loans to Rural Credit Cooperatives in Hebei Province" published in the 5th issue of "Social Science Magazine" in 1934，This is Wu Baosan’s research report on the rural loan business of Hebei Rural Credit Cooperatives。This article analyzes the sources of rural loan funds、Loan procedures、Business type、Loan amount、Loan period、Loan interest rate、Period for carrying out loan business、Members’ credit status, etc.。Hebei Rural Credit Cooperative was first supported by the Huayang Relief Society，Rural loan business through credit unions，Social Research Institute participates in related surveys。Wu Baosan wrote "Inspection of Huayang Disaster Relief Association's Handling of Rural Credit Cooperative Loans in Hebei Province" not only using the information provided by Huayang Disaster Relief Association，Also used the relevant information collected by myself。

The second characteristic is the emphasis on combining bet365 sports theoretical analysis with the specific reality of the research object。As in "Agriculture and bet365 sports Change" published in Tsinghua University's "Social Science", Volume 3, Issue 1, 1941，Wu Baosan first introduced two views on agricultural bet365 sports issues in the 1940s，That is, one view is that agriculture is a passive factor in changes in the national economy，Another view is that agriculture is the driving force behind the rise of a country’s industry and commerce。For these two views，Wu Baosan pointed out，To judge the role of agriculture in the national economy, we should clearly distinguish the differences between industrialized countries and countries where agriculture dominates，In countries where agriculture dominates, the quality of agricultural harvests will affect the rise and fall of the entire national economy。Based on the analysis of crop elasticity，Wu Baosan pointed out，Generally speaking，Agricultural harvest in a closed economy is bound to bring bet365 sports prosperity，But in the case of foreign trade，Whether a bumper harvest of agricultural products will promote bet365 sports prosperity depends on the share of a country's agricultural exports in world trade and the elasticity of its exports。At the same time，Article analyzes the role of agriculture in countries where industry dominates。China is an important object of analysis in this study，The article believes that the bet365 sports perspectives summarized from the industrialized countries in the United Kingdom and the United States are not applicable to agriculturally dominated countries like China。"Agriculture and bet365 sports Change" is part of the book "Theory of bet365 sports Development of Agricultural Countries"，Won the 1940 Academia Sinica "Yang Quan Memorial Award" for his original ideas before the manuscript was published。Later，"Agriculture and bet365 sports Change" and "On my country's Agricultural Financial System and Loan Policy" were included in "Ten Articles on Agriculture" published in 1943。

　　Responsible for estimating China’s “bet365 sports”

Early 20th century，European and American economists proposed the early “national income” accounting concept and framework，And estimated the “national income” of some countries based on statistical data，For a time, there was a global craze for estimating “national income”。To the 1940s，There is still no widely recognized numerical value of China’s “national income”。Given that China’s macroeconomic data is difficult to satisfy social policy formulation、The need for bet365 sports problem analysis，Wu Baosan recruited Wang Fuxun (Jing Yu) in 1942、Zhang Jihong (Yiyi)、Ma Liyuan、Nam Jongwan、Bei Youlin sets out to estimate China’s “national income”，Wu Baosan is responsible for this work。In fact，This research work faced a theoretical bottleneck at the time、Divergence of methods、Lack of information and a series of difficulties。

一，The basic connotation of “bet365 sports” in domestic and foreign academic circles at that time、No consensus on how to get started，This is the first prerequisite for conducting “bet365 sports” estimation。As Alfred Marshall from a net productivity perspective，Advocates that "bet365 sports" should calculate the net production of goods and services in a country in a certain period。Irving Fisher advocated counting only the goods produced by a country in a certain period。So，Before accounting for “bet365 sports”，It is particularly important to define relevant theoretical issues。To this，Wu Baosan defined two definitions of "bet365 sports"。The first definition is the total income produced by a country，Excluding foreign income and domestic income expenditure。The second definition is the total income obtained by the residents of a country，The second type of "bet365 sports" should be added to the previous type of "bet365 sports" with income from investment abroad，Also subtract the foreigner’s income in the home country。Later，Scholars such as Wu Bao and others define "bet365 sports" as the total net production of goods and services by residents of a country during a period，“bet365 sports” is not the total income of all production organizations in a country，But the net income or net output value of different production organizations。Issues regarding the lack of unified statistical methods for “bet365 sports”，Wu Baosan classified the popular methods at that time into five types: the first is to add up individuals in a country、Income of the organization；The second is the total amount of various distribution items paid by corporate organizations and government agencies；The third is the sum of the increased production value；The fourth is the sum of the final product value；The fifth is the total of personal consumption and savings。Wu Baosan calls the first statistical method the income method，Second、The third method is called value-added method，Fourth、The fifth method is called accumulation method。Wu Baosan pointed out，The method chosen when calculating “bet365 sports”，Should depend on existing statistical materials，If the statistical materials are complete、Correct，The statistical results of “bet365 sports” obtained by these methods are consistent。On the premise of sufficient materials，The method itself is not important。Later，Wu Baosan further divided "bet365 sports" accounting into four methods: one is the added value method，That is, the net production value obtained by subtracting raw materials from the selling price of the product，And remove the duplicate statistics；The second is the expenditure method，That is, the wages a company has to pay for production、Salary，Profit、Add interest, etc.，Thus obtaining the distribution of “bet365 sports”；The third is income distribution or income method，This method estimates “bet365 sports” based on income tax statistics；Fourth is Consumption and Investment Law，That is, goods and services based on a country，Estimated quantity of products produced by the whole society for consumption and investment。In reality, many countries lack statistical materials，Making any statistical method completely effective，Therefore, the above statistical methods can only be used comprehensively。The most common statistical method is the income method combined with the added value method，Wu Baosan calls it a mixed method。Because China’s statistical data is extremely incomplete，Only the mixed method can be used to estimate “bet365 sports”。

　Second，There are many differences in the specific practical aspects of "national income" estimation。For example，There is a dispute between production cost and market price in the theoretical circles regarding the pricing method。Wu Baosan pointed out，The essence of this question is whether the calculation of "national income" includes indirect taxes。Based on the logic that consumer price equals production price plus indirect tax，The "national income" calculated based on consumer prices will be larger than the "national income" calculated based on production prices。Wubaosan thinks，This may not happen in real statistics，Because the "national income" calculated through consumer prices will decrease due to the increase in prices。Another example，On the "National Income" statistical item，Marshall and others believe，The "national income" statistical item includes all goods and services produced in a year，Fisher believes that “national income” should only count goods and services that are ultimately consumed。The Swedish school advocates treating newly invested equipment as part of “national income”，The income from the production of supporting labor services or machinery is not included in the "national income"。There are also opinions，"National income" only includes new output，Income from labor input should not be included。Wu Baosan’s opinion on this is，“National income” includes goods、Labor、Transfer income、Producer’s consumer goods、Foreign debt and other statistical items，Whether all or part of it is included in "national income" needs to be discussed in detail。Zairu，Under open bet365 sports conditions，Due to the existence of the balance of payments，Making the accounting of “national income” complicated。About how the balance of payments is calculated in "national income"，1930s，Simon Kuznets and Maurice Copeland have argued about this。Wubaosan thinks，The core of this problem is，Whether the net income interest and dividends of foreign residents living in the country are regarded as the country’s internal productive resources，If "national income" is defined as income from within a country，Then remittances and foreign investments by foreign residents living in the country can be considered part of “national income”。

　Third，Although various social surveys had already emerged in the late Qing Dynasty，But not until the 1940s，There is still a lack of systematic data to support the estimation of “bet365 sports”。Therefore，German Dresdner Bank’s earlier estimate of China’s “bet365 sports”、Colin Clark and others can only make indirect calculations using insufficient data，And its valuation method is very rough，can only be regarded as an approximate number。It is precisely because the existing survey statistics are poorly connected，Different Chinese “bet365 sports” estimators have adopted different approaches。Wu Baosan designs the statistical project of "bet365 sports" based on the industrial characteristics of China's social economy，Comprehensive application of value-added method、Consumption and Investment Law，Focus on estimating China’s “bet365 sports” value in 1933，On this basis, the valuations of other similar years are calculated。Wu Baosan’s research results not only provide a more comprehensive material index for the estimation of bet365 sports in 1933，It is an important foundation for subsequent research。

The manuscript of "China's bet365 sports (1933)" collaborated by Wu Bao and others was completed in 1945，Published by Zhonghua Book Company in 1947。When the manuscript has not yet been published，Get the approval of the people at the time。Chen Liyi thinks，Compared to Liu Dajun、Liu Dazhong’s estimate，Wu Baosan collected the most complete information，The estimation method is also the most cautious。Shen Jingnong thinks，In the published work on "bet365 sports" at that time，most detailed、The most complete estimate is that of Mr. Wu Baosan of the Academia Sinica。Proposed by Fang Jin，The estimation of China’s “bet365 sports” did not begin with “China’s bet365 sports (1933)”，But it is the first time to publish all the estimation results and various materials and calculation methods on how to obtain this estimation。Kuznets, known as the "Father of GNP", also wrote a special article，On the definition of “bet365 sports” by Wu Baosan and others、Is foreign debt included in disposable income、China’s professional population、Income from some industry projects、Comments on food costs and other issues。

Later，Wood Treasure Three Combination Simon Kuznets、The views of Ding Chen and others，Combined with new social survey data，Corrected the depreciation rate of agricultural income and its derivation index in the previous estimate，Completed ""Chinese bet365 sports"，1933 "Amendment" article。After the Anti-Japanese War，All sectors of Chinese society are eager to understand the changes in China’s “bet365 sports”。For this，Wu Baosan and others estimated China’s “bet365 sports” in 1946。In this estimate，Wang Fuxun、Zhang Jihong participated in the estimation of manufacturing industry、Transportation、Income from government labor。The final result was "China's bet365 sports" published in the "Journal of Social Sciences" in 1947，1933、1936 and 1946》。In addition，Wu Baosan is also at the Quarterly Journal of Economics、"International Payments in bet365 sports" was published in the Journal of Political Economy、"A New Estimate of China's bet365 sports" and other papers in the field of "bet365 sports" estimation。

It can be seen from this，Wu Baosan not only systematically introduced the relevant concepts of "national income" earlier，Also published English treatises that clarified some major theoretical issues existing in the national bet365 sports accounting methods at that time，And thus clarified its basic theoretical framework and method for estimating "national income" in modern China，The valuation was once used as the official data submitted by China to the outside world and was included in the "National Income Statistics of Various Countries 1938-1947" published by the United Nations in 1948。Wu Baosan himself was elected as a member of the International Institute of Income and Wealth and China Correspondent in 1948 because of this research。After 1949，"China National Income (1933)" by Colin Clark、Fairbank、Thomas Roski、Quoted by Xu Dixin and other scholars。Some scholars once pointed out，In the treatise on national bet365 sports estimation of modern China，The results using the statistical methods of Wu Baosan and others accounted for about 70%。

　　Continuously promote research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports

Compared with rural economic development issues、“National income” is estimated in these two fields，Wu Baosan devoted more than half of his academic energy to scientific research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports。After the mid-1950s，He believes that most of the popular history of bet365 sports works only include the economic thoughts of ancient Greece, Rome and Western Europe，The economic ideas of Eastern countries such as China are rarely mentioned。Therefore，Organizing the history of Chinese bet365 sports should be an important task in the construction of socialist ideological and cultural construction。Since then，Wu Baosan began to research the history of Chinese bet365 sports。The first step in sorting out Chinese bet365 sports is to master first-hand information，Only through analysis of historical materials，Only in this way can we summarize the characteristics and evolution of bet365 sports in various historical periods。Wu Baosan first edited and published "Selected Materials on Modern Chinese bet365 sports and Economic Policy" in 1959。After reform and opening up，Research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports has been resumed。Wu Baosan organized the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Renmin University of China、Beijing Normal University、Scholars from Nankai University and other institutions have successively edited "Selected Materials on the History of Chinese bet365 sports—Pre-Qin Part" (1985)、"Selected Materials on the History of Chinese bet365 sports - Part of the Han Dynasty" (1988)、《Ancient Greece、Selected Materials on Roman bet365 sports" (1990)、"Selected Materials on the History of Chinese bet365 sports—Part of the Ming and Qing Dynasties" (1990)、"Selected Materials on the History of Chinese bet365 sports - Part of the Three Kingdoms, Two Jins, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties" (1992)、"Selected Materials on the History of Chinese bet365 sports - Song, Jin and Yuan Parts" (1996)、"Selected Materials on European Medieval bet365 sports" (1998)。These materials are not simply a compilation of historical materials，Also provides a brief review of bet365 sports。Publishing of selected series of materials，Laid a solid historical material foundation for research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports。Today，They remain indispensable references in teaching and research in the subject。

In preparation、Based on the compilation of historical materials，Wu Baosan also wrote a large number of treatises，Mainly covering three aspects。First，Defining the research objects and methods of the discipline of history of bet365 sports，Clear the disciplinary attributes of research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports。"On the Objects of Research on the History of bet365 sports" included in the "Collected Essays on the History of bet365 sports" published in 1982、Method and Significance》中，Wu Baosan pointed out，bet365 sports is an unsystematic economic concept、Insights、claim，Also includes economic theories of various eras。Viewed from the history of Western bet365 sports，As a sub-discipline of economics，The history of bet365 sports was produced after economics became an independent discipline，Only more than a hundred years old。The research object of the history of bet365 sports can be defined as the study of the emergence of economic concepts and doctrines、History of development and their interrelationships。Wu Baosan further pointed out in "On the Main Aspects and Significance of Research on the History of Ancient Chinese bet365 sports" published in the 1991 issue of "Chinese Economic History Research"，bet365 sports is roughly composed of three parts: first, philosophical thought as the basis or starting point of bet365 sports；Second, as insights into various economic issues、Proposals and policy plans；The third is the analysis of the internal and external relationships of various economic phenomena and problems。Also，Wu Baosan emphasized grasping the time and space characteristics of bet365 sports，I do not agree with the simple analogy between Chinese bet365 sports and European and American bet365 sports。

Second，Promote comparative research on Chinese and foreign bet365 sports，Revealing the development characteristics of Chinese bet365 sports through comparative research、Context system，And use Chinese bet365 sports as a contrast to examine European and American economic theories。"Discussing the significance of studying early Chinese bet365 sports" published in 1982、Current situation and prospects》中，Wu Baosan pointed out，Before modern times, there was no shortage of rich economic ideas in China and the West，And share some common characteristics。Based on ancient China、Greece、Roman bet365 sports as an example，They have not yet become an independent discipline，Emphasis on agricultural production and most ancient thinkers had a disdainful attitude towards industry and commerce，Exchange of goods、Currency、Market、Prices and other issues are discussed。In response to Western economists’ criticism of the lack of analytical thinking in Eastern countries’ bet365 sports，Proposed in Wu Baosan's "Summary of Ancient Chinese Economic Analysis" published in 1992，bet365 sports can be classified into two types: normative thought and analytical argumentation。The former lies in answering "what should be"，The latter lies in answering "what"。The prominent position of analytical argumentation in economic doctrine was only developed after political economics became an independent science。Ancient Chinese bet365 sports was more normative，Less analytical，The same is true for ancient Western bet365 sports。Although there are few analytical thoughts in ancient Chinese bet365 sports，But not nothing，Ancient Chinese thinkers on taxation、Fuguo、Division of labor、The discussion of exchange and other issues also shows the color of economic analysis that shines brightly。For example, when Sun Wu demonstrated the relationship between agricultural production, taxes and the land system, he used the size of the mu system and the level of tax rates as two independent variables，Quantitative analysis was conducted using the agricultural prosperity and decline in Liuqing's jurisdiction as the dependent variable。Wu Baosan believed in "Explanation of the Influence of Ancient Chinese bet365 sports on the French Physiocratic School" published in the 1989 issue of "Chinese Economic History Research"，Quesnay’s “Natural Order Theory” coincides with China’s “Tiandao Theory”，Quesnay’s physiocratic views have the same appearance as ancient Chinese physiocratic thoughts。

　Third，Starting from the pre-Qin period，Deepening the research on the history of ancient Chinese bet365 sports。"Guanzi" contains very rich economic thoughts。The "Research on Guanzi bet365 sports" published by Wu Baosan in 1989 affirmed that "Guanzi" is the most comprehensive discussion of the economic issues of feudal countries in ancient Chinese bet365 sports，The most abundant writings。At the same time，Whether Wu Bao San's "Extravagant" emphasizes luxury or commerce、The Thoughts of Renting Fu in "Riding a Horse"、Currency and Price Theory in "Light and Heavy"、The age of the writing of "Guanzi" and other issues were investigated。Wu Baosan’s research on the bet365 sports of "Guanzi" has achieved achievements that are praised by the economics and history circles。Based on the study of pre-Qin bet365 sports，Wu Baosan extended the scope of his research to medieval Chinese bet365 sports。The "The Rise of Merchant Thought in the Tang Dynasty" published in his later years pointed out，The Tang Dynasty was a turning period from the traditional "suppressing the late" thought to the mercantile thought，Tang Taizong affirmed the necessity of industrial and commercial operations for the survival of the feudal economy，Afterwards Liu Yan、Han Yu、Bai Juyi and others strongly advocated attaching importance to industry and commerce，Merchant has become a trend of thought。Liu Yan’s “official salt sales to the private sector” policy changed the rigid circulation channels，But because private businessmen do not have the autonomy and independence of capital accumulation，Making mercantilist ideas bound by the feudal system，This is fundamentally different from the mercantilist doctrine at the end of European feudal society from the 16th to 17th centuries。Wu Baosan passed away in 1999，"The Rise of Merchant Thought in the Tang Dynasty" was published in the 3rd issue of "Research on Chinese Economic History" in 1997，This shows that Wu Baosan spared no effort in researching and developing the history of Chinese bet365 sports。

In addition to engaging in academic research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports，June 1980，Wu Baosan and Hu Jichuang、Zhao Jing and others initiated the establishment of the Society for the History of Chinese bet365 sports。At the first society council meeting，Wu Baosan was elected as vice president。Later，He serves as the honorary president of the Chinese Society for the History of bet365 sports。Wubaosan worked for the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences for most of his life，The institute is currently the permanent unit of the secretariat of the Society for the History of Chinese bet365 sports，It is also recognized by academic circles as a center for research on the history of Chinese bet365 sports。Although the first generation of researchers on the history of Chinese bet365 sports in the new era, represented by Wu Baosan, has passed away，But their academic spirit is gradually stained by the dust of the years，Still like the hidden light of virtue，Inspiring generations of latecomers to pioneer in the field of Chinese bet365 sports history。

　　(This article is part of the special subject project "History of Chinese bet365 sports" of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Summit Program)

(The author is deputy director of the Research Office of the History of Chinese bet365 sports, Institute of Economics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)