South Korea Pan (1920-2003)，Word Soseki，No.，Zhai Lao Rong Book House，It is one of the founders of contemporary Chinese Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang History and Chinese Economic History Discipline，It is also the main founder and academic leader of the country's first special history (economic history) in my country，made outstanding contributions to the teaching and research of ancient Chinese history。The "Historical Outline of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties" and "History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties" written by Pan in South Korea，Widely used as a national university textbook，Won the National Education Commission Outstanding Textbook Award and Fujian Social Science Outstanding Achievement Award。"Tentile of the Northern Economic Temini" and "Economic Tenture of the Southern Dynasties" have opened up a new series of research history research; "Sui and Tang Dynasties System" is the first domestic field research monograph。South Korea Pan was a senior professor at Xiamen University Liberal Arts during his lifetime，Doctoral instructor in ancient Chinese history，my country's first economic history -topic post -doctoral mentor。Former Standing Committee of the Fourth CPPCC of Fujian Province、Members of the Presidium; Member of the Central Education Committee of the Democratic League; member of the 5th CPPCC、Representatives of the 6th National People's Congress。Participate in the creation of the Chinese Tang History Society，Creator Creator Council of the History Society of the History Society of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties of China、China Dunhuang Turpan Society Creative Consultant、President of the History Society of Fujian Province、Academic partnerships such as consultants such as the Poetry Society of Fujian Province。Founded the Journal of "Chinese Social Economic History Research" at the Institute of History of Xiamen University，Academic Consultant。South Korea Pan founded the first Chinese economic history research institution in 1960，In 1991, he became the first Chinese sociological historian who was awarded a special allowance of the State Council in my country，In 1989, he was rated as an excellent teacher in the country。I was invited to the Tang History Research Association of Japan、Meiji University、University of Tokyo、Kyoto University，South Korea Qingbei University、Korean University、Zhongbei University、North Korea University、Korean University，University of Hong Kong and other universities lectures，Hired as a guest professor at the Meiji University of Japan。

Mr. Pan in South Korea is one of the founders of contemporary Chinese Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang History and Chinese Economic History Discipline，It is also the main founder and academic leader of the country's first special history (economic history) in my country、The first postdoctoral mentor of the economics of economic history。He was born in Rugao, Jiangsu，Family situation is poor，Diligence and learning since childhood，Especially love Chinese classical culture，Reading Poetry Book，Make a view to the history of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui and Tang History Big Big Big，Twenty -four history，Delivery for poetry and rhythm，Become a lifetime hobby。After the outbreak of the Anti -Japanese War，Due to the fall of my hometown，He entered Xiamen University in Changting, Fujian to school，Play with the head of the underground party of the Communist Party of China (the deputy director of the History Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences) very much，Start contact with Marx's work，Study and learn with carefully，Pay attention to the method of observation and analysis of history。Korean Pan is due to excellent grades，Recommended by Professor Ye Guoqing of the Master，As a teaching assistant in the Department of History of Xiamen University，Since then, he has been concentrating on academic，Finally became a historian。

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After the founding of the People's Republic of China，South Korea Pan reads a wide range of Marx、Engels works，Especially carefully studying "Capital Theory"，Write a lot of reading notes，It is deeply affected by Marx's research perspective and method of determining economic foundation。He reflected in the past Chinese history research over the past political history，Especially the activity of the emperor's general phase，Discussion in the history of phenomena，It is difficult to reveal the inherent cause of the evolution of ancient bet365 live casino games Chinese society。For this，He is committed to studying the economic foundation of ancient Chinese society，and the national system specified from this、Legal system and social management system and other upper -level buildings，Explore the interactive relationship between the two，Divide the profound internal cause of the development of ancient Chinese society。1954，South Korea Pan published the "Laws that must be suitable for productivity in the law of productive forces in the study of the major guidance of Chinese feudal economy history" ("Xiamen University Journal" Financial version，1954 Issue 2)，Theoretically explained the perspective and method of studying the ancient Chinese socio -economic history，Thinking of the research field in China's socio -economic history。

How to understand the economic foundation of ancient Chinese society? South Korea Pan published a series of papers, "Some Opinions on the ownership of Chinese feudal land", "The change of the land system during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods", "The State -owned System of Fure Land in the Southern Dynasties" and "Changes from the Montead to Manor Economy"，The most fundamental means of production in ancient Chinese society is land，Under a highly centralized imperial system，The country is the highest owner of the land，The so -called land private rights belong to the country's land ownership，is limited、Inadequate and unstable。Therefore，Ancient China belongs to the state -owned system of land，Compatible with it is a highly centralized dynasty system。No wonder the major farmers' resistance from ancient China in ancient China pointed the spear head to the autocratic dynasty，Causes to change dynasties again and again。Farmers try to adjust the production relationship through war。but，As long as the nature of the state -owned system of the land has not changed，The dynasty system will not change，Land mergers and farmers' wars will start one after another、Cycloping back。This fundamentally answered the cause of the cyclical turbulence of ancient Chinese society。

At the same time，South Korea Pan started to study the economic form of the Sui and Tang dynasties in the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Publication of the "Sui and Tang Dynasties System" in 1957，Published "Northern Economic Temini" in 1958，Publication of "Economic Temple of the Southern Dynasties" in 1963，These three works have laid the foundation for the research of economic history of the Sui and Tang dynasties in the Northern and Southern Dynasties。"The Mandarin System of the Sui and Tang Dynasties" is the systemic research conducted by the state -owned nature under the guidance of the first theoretical guidance，Discuss the era and social reasons for the production of averages、Social root of Juntian Thought、Implementation process、The form of existence and its internal contradictions and collapse process。The latter two works are empirical research on the social and economic form of the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Including social class、Land morphology、Household registration handicrafts and business and even a comparable temple economy at that time。These two monographs use the analysis method of social class，Breakthroughs divided the society into a large and general overall of the ruling class and the ruling class or landlords and farmers，Point out the intricate complexity of the social class and their respective interests，Analyze the socio -economic status and historical role of various social classes from the perspective of economic history，On this basis。

The reason why these three works have a great impact in the academic community at home and abroad，First，The key is to reveal the decisive element behind the social and economic phenomena。Pursuing the source，Social root causes formed by the system、The existence of the social class determines the fundamental problems such as the social and economic form and other fundamental problems.，Plan description of economic phenomena guide the three -dimensional analysis of economic evolutionary roots，Emphasize to make a fundamental interpretation of the social and economic form。Next，Aware that the economy of ancient China is not a completely independent form，Fundamental speaking，greatly influenced by society and politics。Therefore，Pure economic history does not exist，can only be from economy and society、Economy and Politics、Grasp in the interactive relationship between economic foundation and upper -level buildings，Therefore, it is called "socio -economic history"。No matter how much the specific research results formed by these three works，The perspective and method of its research have opened a new road Bet365 app download for subsequent researchers，So different from previous economic history research，Unique，Promote the study of ancient Chinese history from focusing on political history to focusing on social forms、Basic System、Changes in the economic and ecological direction。Affected by this，Social and economic history research is like rain after rain，For example, the study of the average field system becomes a popular，Thousands of papers; social classes、Land System、History of fiscal history and other studies frequently came out。Japan and the Korean academic community also echoed，Form an international academic dialogue。

Ancient Chinese socio -economic history research has become a business of Pan in South Korea，Published a series of papers，In 1986, edited "Research on Economic Documents unearthed in Turufan unearthed in Tunhuang"，It can also be seen。

Research on Social and Economic History in ancient China，Different forces from three aspects to emerge。The 1930s，Tao Xisheng and other scholars study from the perspective of social history，Affective，However，The History of Hua Window "History of Chinese Economic Thought"、Fu Judge waited for "History of the Social Economic and Economic History of China"; historians provided systematic empirical research from a historical perspective，Ascending Han Sheng、Studies from Scholars and other scholars。After 1949，Chinese history community has fully accepted Marxist theory，According to analyzing the ancient economy，generated Li Jiannong's "Draft of Ancient Chinese Economic History"、Hechangqun "The National System and the Native Field System in the Greed Land in the Han and Tang Dynasties"、Tang Changzheng "The Development of the Great Land ownership of the Jiangnan Dajiangnan in the Sixth to Sixth Century" and so on。Three -party convergence，Wei Ran Great View。until the 1980s，The discipline of Chinese socio -economic history is finally born。South Korea Pan was selected as the first postdoctoral mentor in economics in the country，In 1982, he founded the academic journal "Research on Chinese Social Economic History" with Professor Fu Yiling in 1982，The impact is huge，Driven from the research of domestic socio -economic history。From 1986 to 1995，Posted by mainland China、Published economic history research is nearly 20,000 kinds，equivalent to the total amount published from 1900 to 1985。

In the study of socioeconomic history，Korean Pan not only pays attention to the national economic system and policy，Also attaches great importance to the existence of vivid and real workers，"A glance of a peasant life in Tang Tianbao" is an example。History research, the more micro，The more restricted by the retention of historical materials。Generally speaking，It is difficult to conduct large -scale micro history of the history of Han and Tang Dynasties。Therefore，The discovery of the first -hand layer social historical data has huge academic value。South Korea Pan recognized this problem very keenly，Its historical research has attached great importance to the use of new historical materials from the beginning。Dunhuang Tibetan Scripture Cave Dedication reveals the dust，It is known as the major discovery of historical materials in the early 20th century，But most of them have lost overseas，The earliest Chinese scholars can see and use the "Dunhuang Information" edited and published by the Institute of History of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1961，It is difficult to find a book。Lucky is，The research results of the outstanding research results of South Korea Pan attracted the attention of Hou Waulu, the deputy director of the History Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences，His Professor Wang Yanan, president of Xiamen University in 1954，Business extending the Korean Pan -to History Research Institute as a full -time researcher。Wang Yanan is also a principal who attaches great importance to talents，Gong Yan Reject。After repeated consultations，South Korea Pan finally served as part -time as a part -time job to let it go。Because of this convenience condition，South Korea Pan can buy "Dunhuang Information" for the first time，Study immediately，Analyze the peasant's life of the farmers through documents in the grassroots towns。"The Mandarin System of the Sui and Tang Dynasties" uses Dunhuang documents to clarify the implementation form of the average field system，It is the first uniform research monograph that records historical records with the unearthed literature，opened a new path for the research of the average field system，Get an important breakthrough。Since then，In a series of discussions, use a large number of Dunhuang bet365 live casino games Turpan literature，Achievements。South Korea Pan in his later years, he compiled his discussion of the Social and Economic History of the Southern, Southern and Tang dynasties as the two academic monographs of the "Social Economy of the Tang Dynasty" and "The Economic History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties".。

Under the leadership of Pan, South Korea，Xiamen University forged an academic team to study ancient Chinese socio -economic history and Dunhuang Turpan documents。The first batch of master's degree he guided，Professor Li Bohong studied the Jiangnan economy of the Tang Dynasty，Professor Yang Jiping studies Dunhuang Turpan Document，His original assistant Professor Zheng Xuemeng was postponed to the study of the five generations of regional economic history，All made outstanding achievements。Therefore，History of ancient Chinese socio -economic history at Xiamen University、Dunhuang Turpan Document and the history of the Sui and Tang dynasties of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties constitute a three -footed trend，Become a domestic academic town。

　　Construction of the history of Wei, Jin, Sui, Tang, Tang, Sui, Tang, Tang and Tang

Use Marxist materialist history to re -construct the theory of ancient Chinese history and start in -depth research，It is an important job after the founding of New China。Korean Pan dares to be the first，The teaching work of the Marx theoretical class of Xiamen University，Strengthen theoretical learning，Try to apply it in the study of the history of social history，Write a series of papers such as "Class Analysis of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties", "Imperial Examination System and Yiguan House", "The Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties"。"The Economic Development and its limitations of the Five Dynasties and its limits" analyzes the social classes and economic forms of the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties，For the first time, I proposed that clothing households appeared in the late Tang Dynasty、Situation House，Pointing out the official households of the Song Dynasty、The situation is developed from this。In terms of system history research，Published "The Mandarin System and Renting Mrs. of the Tang Dynasty"，The first proposal to be leased is based on the duty system above the average field system。This research is very important，This can be determined，until the middle of the Tang Dynasty，State -owned Land System -The Mandarin System is the foundation of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui and Tang Dynasties，The main source of the taxation of the dynasty，At the same time is the foundation established by other military and political systems。Regarding whether the Junfield System and Rentimon Monation constitute an institutional support，At that time, academic debate caused。Look at various systems in isolation，They are like a plate of loose sand。But，Continue Northern Wei、Beiqi、Northern Zhou、The average field system of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasty，If it was not the most suitable society at that time，There is no reason to inherit without objection by different dynasties。So，The Juntian system is the fundamental system since the Emperor Xiaowen Dynasty of the Northern Wei Dynasty，Other military and political systems are based on it。And，The supporting system launched in each period，Promote the evolution of national society。For example, a combination of the uniform field system and the leased meanton modulation，Promote the transformation of the Northern Wei Tuoba people from nomadic groups to farming society。The government -soldiers system developed on the Junior Field System of the Northern Zhou Dynasty，The military and political forms of the agricultural war are constructed。So，Pay attention to the correlation between various systems in the research of institutional history，Determine the main weight，to sort out the system of the national system。Academic Discussion，Rental meditation modulation is the point of view of the supporting system of the average field system.。If the time continues to extend backward，So，The major changes in the country and society after the "Anshi Rebellion" of the Tang Dynasty，It can also be presented from the system and economic form。South Korea Pan wrote "Changes from the Economic Study from Junian to Manor"，Investigating the evolution process of the manor system that is possessed by private land after it was disintegrated after the inspection of the average field system，It revealed a huge change from the first half of the Tang Dynasty based on state -owned land to the rear semi -leaf private large land system，Then cause changes in the nature of the dynasty。The significance of this transformation is not limited to the Tang Dynasty，magnified to the entire ancient Chinese history，Perhaps it is the watershed in Bet365 lotto review the early and late period。

With this change，The rule of the dynasty is also very different。The front half of the Tang Dynasty，The dynasty controls the production information，Practice a strong uniform rule。Half of the Tang Dynasty，The dynasty failed to adjust it in time and presented institutional disorders，Specialist for specialist，Forms a "tribute"，Divide the national management system fragmented。The emperor's dispatching for the concentration of power on the one hand，Increased efficiency; on the other hand, they are against each other for their respective politics，The overall decline in the efficiency of national management has been greatly reduced。The rule of the ancient Chinese dynasty was always deeply trapped in this strange circle，Unable to extricate，and the more serious the later, the more serious。Ritual rights，It will inevitably bring the formation of power to fight for profit and the formation of different interest groups，Eunuchs formed after the middle of the Tang Dynasty、Three major problems in the separation of Pengdang and Fanzhen are in this context。

eunuch represents the collection of the court，Peng Party represents different privileges interest groups，Fanzhen represents local forces。With the solidification of the power pattern，The upward channel of the lower level of society is normal and non -normal。The latter channel often comes from the bottom layer of society，Poverty is difficult to stand on its own，Let the young men be cleared as eunuchs，great trauma that makes them physiological and psychological，hatred for society，Selling self without bottom line to depend on the imperial power，Once you get the momentum, you are extremely greedy for power and wealth。South Korea Pan pays attention to the eunuch of the Tang Dynasty very early，Write the book "Eunuch of the Tang Dynasty"，I made a comprehensive discussion。As for the normal channel，The most common is the scholars seeking to enter the official through the imperial examination，Climbing to the wealthy class。However, the promotion of the officialdom depends more on the wealthy portrait，Therefore, a political gang is formed。Behind these gangs is the political demands of various interest groups。"The Directors of the Tang Dynasty and the Conflict of the Party" published by Pan in South Korea，pointed out the imperial examination system for expanding the ruling class、The important role of providing stable official sources to the dynasty，At the same time, the attitude of different social classes for the imperial examination，The dispute over the party of the scholars and the Hanmen Xun nationality。On the place，"The Rebellion of Anshi" has caused local futile town cutting。These fans towns, especially the three towns in Hebei，It affects far from the end of the five generations of the Tang Dynasty，It has a deep local economic reasons for its long -term storage，Also politically affect，"Fan Town Section of the Fifth Dynasties in the Late Tang Dynasty", "Social Economic Analysis of the Social Economic Analysis of the Period of the Five Dynasties of the Tang Dynasty", "。Hebei Three Town is one of the key to influencing the politics of the middle and late Tang Dynasty，In the past studies, the important reason for supporting its independence is Huhua in Hebei region。Of course，For what is "Hu Hua"，and whether there is such a serious Huhua，There are different views in the academic community，But the customs and customs of all places have undoubtedly played an important role，And this folk custom is stipulated by different production and lifestyles，So，Analysis of socio -economic analysis obviously seized various key pests，This reflects the perspective of social and economic history that South Korea has always adhered to，The theoretical research history of the interactive relationship between economic foundation and upper -level architecture，Therefore, be able to whip in，full of views，A great inspiration for later research。

　　History constructing the history of Chinese legal system

Effect of economic foundation on upper buildings，strongly reflected in the provisions of the law。Since ancient times，The ruler attaches great importance to showing his political will through political declaration and then showing the world in the form of law，Standard the nature of the regime、System、Program、Criminal and civilian rules，etc.。Liu Bangyi enters Guanzhong，Immediately with Qin Min Law three chapters，Get broadly support，Explain the importance of legislation。Sui and Tang dynasties are the era of high attention to legislation，"Tang Law" reflects the superb legislative level of ancient China，Become a monument to become the Chinese law department。bet365 best casino games Can't deeply understand the relationship between the law and politics，Can't complete the political history。It is based on this understanding，South Korean Pan has begun the exploration of ancient legal history history since studying in the study of ancient Siyi，1956 published the first work of "The Law of the Sui Dynasty"。In the history of the development of the legal system in ancient China，Western Han、Western Jin and Sui and Tang dynasties are very important。Although the Sui Dynasty's country is short，But the legislative achievements are great，"The Law of the Emperor" summarizes the results of the legal system since the Western Han Dynasty and the lessons of the experience of governing the rise and fall of chaos，Open a new pattern of legislation，Don't start a lifetime。Its legislative ideas were inherited by the Tang Dynasty，Born "Tang Law Shu"，Can be called a model。The legal system of the Tang Dynasty is implemented to all aspects of state management，"Law" with existing grammar，There are also prescribed government orders and procedures、Details, etc.。The provisions of these methods are huge and detailed，But because of the time of the time, it is abolished。Japanese scholars have been restored to the Tang order from the 20th century according to Japan's "Order"。Dunhuang Turpan Discovery，Korean Pan is also committed to editing from literature and documents，Published "Tang -style Stocks in the Literature of the Passenger Literature" and other related results。Order、grid、Type series of recovery and research，It is important to detect the government's operation from a legal perspective。

Looking at the ancient Chinese dynasty，The tradition of legislative administration is far away。The revolution of the legal system reflects the change of political society，The meaning of tracing back its evolution is not to be said。Because of this，Korean Pan always takes the history of legal system as an important aspect of historical research，Perseverance for a long time，Research results in Lianlian，System combing from 1993，Revised the old text，Add new work，Collection and publishing the monograph on the Study of the History of the Ancient Chinese Legal System，The evolution of ancient Chinese laws in Tongguan，Detailed before the Tang Dynasty and slightly behind。Tang Law is the collection of ancient Chinese law and for the future of various dynasties，Therefore, you must trace the source and flow.。Pass rigorous research，The book clarifies the most critical periods and problems in the legal flow of ancient to the Tang Dynasty，So far，South Korea Pan completed the academic structure of its legal history research。Domestic legal history works are basically from scholars in the legal community，They focus on explaining the legal system from the perspective of law。This legal historical work in Pan in South Korea is from the hands of historians，Observation of history，Study the legal form in the country's operation。Studies made by historians and jurists from different aspects，complement each other，Commonly constitutes a multi -perspective、The history of Chinese legal system with three -dimensional and deeper Chinese。

　　The systematic interpretation of the history of the Sui and Tang dynasties of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The 1950s，Universities in the country are generally lacking systematic textbooks。South Korea Pan took the initiative to assume the heavy responsibility of compiling "History of Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties" and "History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties"，and completed in 1953，Filled the blank of ancient Chinese historical textbooks of the new historical theory of colleges and universities。These two textbooks are used in the history department of Xiamen University，As a communication textbook, it is used by many universities，Reconcile。Based on this，South Korea Pan officially wrote the "History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties"，officially published by Sanlian Bookstore in 1961，deeply praised。This is the earliest new teaching material published in China，Breakthrough in many aspects。The whole book is based on the interactive relationship of the same upper floor building as the main line，In discussing the political process，Reveal the economic internal cause behind it。For example，Political decline in the middle and late Tang Dynasty is a phenomenon of obvious to all，But the book further revealed the growth of the labor production class and privileges since the establishment of the Tang Dynasty，In this gradual process，Labor producers decreased from 2/3 of the total population to less than 1/3，This change determines the trend that the dynasty declines is difficult to reverse。Another Bet365 app download example，"The Rebellion of Anshi" caused the decline in northern society，But promoted the development of the south，It has become an important reason for supporting the Tang Dynasty regime without falling without falling。These wonderful analysis makes people refreshing。

When the "History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties" was revised in 1975，Korean Pan suffers from esophageal cancer，Discovery is already late，When I was sent to the hospital for treatment，He repeatedly expressed to his loved ones and school leaders，If it cannot be cured，He asked to give up treatment，Complete the manuscript with the last breath of life，Make people around you very moved。Professor Li Wenren, the top domestic thoracic expert, self -knife，Make sure healing after surgery。Perhaps South Korean Pan's unpleasant will moved to Shangcang，The surgery is extremely successful，He really cured。And South Korean Pan is under the severe pain of the chest and abdomen.，Revised the manuscript while chemotherapy。Xiamen University arranges him to live in Gulangyu cadre nursing home，accompanied by Han Sheng，Complete the revision in half a year，Published in 1977。After that, the History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties has been revised multiple times，One version of the reprint，It becomes a teaching material commonly used in universities in the early days of reform and opening up，Won the National Education Commission's College Outstanding Textbook Award。Since then，Korean Pan continues to write "The History of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties"，There are many clues、The chaotic and complicated history of the Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties is clearly sorted out，Class relationship、Ethnic contradictions and large -scale population migration organic integration discussions，Reveal the interaction between it，Outline 挈 collar，Candle Yousso Hidden。For example, the weakest power of the Eastern Jin Dynasty，But the longest duration，The reason is that the factions of people from north and north and local indigenous people，The Governor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty is good at appeasement and use，Make it from each other to obtain a dynamic balance。Northern Qi Xiong crown for a while，But by the weak Northern Zhou Dynasty,，The reason is that national contradictions and factions fight，The governor is biased without control and lost，Causes political disorders，Corporation。Korean Pan also sorted out some papers，Collection is "Collection of History of the Five Dynasties of the Sui and Tang Dynasties"; compiled "The Economic History of the Northern and Southern Dynasties"，Won the Excellent Academic Monaste Award of the National Education Commission's Press Press; editor -in -chief "Chinese General History"，Get 15 provinces in the north、City、Outstanding Book Award of Philosophy and Social Sciences in the Autonomous Region。These works are the chapters he wrote with academic understanding，Impact to Deep。

Korean Pan use Marxist history theory，In -depth study of ancient Chinese history，History of socio -economic history in ancient China、Wei, Jin, Northern and Northern Dynasties Sui and Tang History and the history of ancient Chinese legal system have made outstanding contributions。

　(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University、Vice Chairman of the History Society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties China)