Wu Chengming (1917-2011)，Born in Qixian County, Hebei Province。I have been educated by traditional private education at a young age，Young people study at the new science and engineering school，Youth，Hugging the ideal of saving the country，Study at Tsinghua University Institute、Department of Economic Department and the Department of History of Peking University。1943 Going to the United States for further studies，In 1946, he received a master's degree in economics from Columbia University。In 1947, he served as the Shanghai Central Trust Office，After 1949、Administration for Industry and Commerce。1958 Researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences。From 1977，Researcher at the Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences、Professor of Graduate School、Doctoral supervisor。In 2006, he was elected as a member of the Honorary Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences。Once the president of the Chinese Economic History Society、Director of the Chinese Society of Chinese History、Honorary Chairman of the China Investment History Research Association。He has also served as a professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University、Professor of Soochow University、Professor of Nankai University、Foreign researcher at the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Tokyo, Japan、Guest professor at the Department of Humanities, California Institute of Technology。

Wu Chengming's research is not limited to the interrogation，From modern times to the Ming and Qing Dynasties and even the Song Dynasty，Pay attention to long -term inspection; inspection angle from the economic scope of production、circulation、Social structure to non -economic factors、System changes、Ideological culture and other aspects，Emphasize the overall view; pay attention to the empirical analysis of history，It is advocated that all economics theories should be regarded as methodology。He has been committed to Chinese economic history research for decades，Get outstanding achievements，Research model for the combination of economic theory and historical practice。Wu Chengming's modesty and open -minded personality，Thinking keen activity，Optimistic Tongda，Treating people's thoughtfulness，Compatible with learning，Promote "diversified coexistence"。Year of 耄耋，He still studies modern theory、Existentialism、structuralism、The theory of communication、Interpretation, etc.; 84 -year -old writing monograph "Economic History: History and Methodology";，90 -year -old continues to write a poem collection "濯 濯" (3)，Analysis Chu Ci、Tang Poems、Song Ci，History of Poetry。Unremitting knowledge，Written farming。Therefore，He is known as "Economy Nothing Elderly"。

Wu Chengming is a well -known Marxist economic history at home and abroad，He learned from China and the West、Shitong ancient and modern、Thought wisdom，Academic style is compatible and stored，academic accomplishments is extensive and profound。​​His academic concept、Academic methods and academic achievements mostly live in the leading position at home and abroad，Deep for the academic community at home and abroad，Biography of scholars in a wide range。The general name of the economic history community is called Wu Chengming as "Wu Lao"。

Wu Chengming insists on the historical view of materialism，Respect historical facts，Pay attention to the history of history。In the study of economic history，Whether for Western economics theory，Still Marxist political economics theory，He all adheres to this rational academic attitude。He develops the discipline of broad political economics in the Soviet Union and China，and the relationship between the theory of political economics and the research of Chinese economic history，I made in -depth and inspiring discussions，It has made important contributions to the development of political economics with Chinese characteristics。

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Since Engels in 1877 In the Anti -Dulin Theory, it has proposed a broad political economy in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，This bet365 live casino games discipline has not gained much development。Broadly mean political economics is a science that studies the laws of production and exchange of material living materials in human society。Western economists usually regard capitalism as an eternal economic system，There is no concept of general political economy at all。Some people in the West also studied the economic theory of ancient or medieval，but not the main production relationship，It has not formed a general political economy of the system。Engels said，Broadly Political Economics "needs to be created"。Wu Chengming thinks，Creation of broad political economy is the task of Marxist scholars，Exploration of it has taken different roads in the Soviet Union and China。

In the Soviet Union，The popular view after the October Revolution is，Political economics is the study of the laws of commodity economic laws。Some scholars of the Soviet Union think，Socialist economic goals will automatically achieve，No need for political economics to study。Later passed through Lenin、Stalin's criticism of this view，Socialist economics is gradually recognized，At the same time, starting discussions on general political economics。Discussion several times，The first broad political economy in the Soviet Union mainly talks about capitalism and socialist production methods，canceled the former capitalist part，On behalf of the "General Principles of Economic Development"，After the Soviet Union published a variety of political economics theory，Most of them follow this system。

In China，The exploration of broad political economics has come out of its own road。The 1930s，Comrade Mao Zedong proposed that the general truth of Marxism is combined with the actual reality of the Chinese revolution。He pointed out，Leaving Chinese characteristics, Marxism，Just abstract、Empty Marxism。He calls for specificization of Marxism in China，Make it with the characteristics of China in each performance。Therefore，Chinese scholars have tried and carried out political economics research with Chinese characteristics。Wang Yan's "Chinese Economics" research，It started from studying the semi -colonial semi -sealed economy。Xu Dixin's "Broadly Political Economics" described from primitive society to China's new democratic economy，Then explore the socialist economy。

Engels pointed out in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，"The conditions for people during production and exchange，Each country is different，In every country，Each generation is different。Therefore, it is impossible for political economics to be the same "。This means，Broadly political economics contains two aspects of broad time and broad space。The broad political economy of the Soviet Union is the study of the production methods of various historical periods，This is a broad sense in time。The road explored by Chinese scholars is from the actual departure of Marxism in different countries，It can be said that it is a broad sense in space。

Soviet scholars most think，Broadly political economics should not be the convergence of economic theory in various historical periods，And it has its own unity or integrity。The long -term popular view of the Soviet Union is that broad political economics should mainly study the occurrence of various socio -economic forms in history、Development、Destiny and its successive replacement rules。The focus is on criticism，Derived from Marx's "Critical Political Economics Criticism"。In the Marx era，Criticizing the Eternal theory of the Capitalist System、Reveal the inevitability of the demise of capitalism，Is completely necessary。Wu Chengming thinks，Study broad political economics today，The situation is different。For the socialist economy，The focus is on researching how it improves development，instead of criticizing。Social forms have successively repaired the proposition of historical materialism，Not the proposition of political economy，To study broad political economics，It will inevitably lead to a narrow range、Abstract content。

So，What should I study for broad political economics? Wu Chengming thinks，Discussion on the issues of political economics that have been arguing over the years，Experience of Practice。The economy of various society is running under a certain mechanism，Otherwise, it will not last long。Contemporary Western economics bet365 live casino games takes the operation of the study of the contemporary capitalist economy as the main content，The former capitalist part of broad political economics should also be like this，And this is where its unity is。For the socialist economy，Not only do you want to study how it runs，Also to study how to improve it。For the former capitalist economy，There is no need to consider improvement，But you need to summarize the lessons of experience，Provide reference for today's economic development strategy。

The narrow political economy is explained from abstraction to specific methods，Therefore, Soviet scholars are discussing broad political economics，Pay special attention to economic categories。The so -called category，refers to the essence of the type of things。Marx has proposed "specific categories" and "simple category"，The former cannot be separated from specific history，The latter can exist independently。

There is a prerequisite for "from abstraction to specific" proposed by Marx，That is, "From specific to abstract research"。Marx when writing "Capital"，Narrow political economy has 200 years of history，Marx himself has also studied 20 years，From specific to abstract research, it has been basically completed。Wu Chengming pointed out，Whether it is a former capitalist or a socialist part in broad political economics today，No such condition，All need to start with historical materials or specific practice。Therefore, it should be based on empirical analysis，It is not advisable to set the category first，Not to "fill" history。As for the specific demonstration method，Wu Chengming has an article on the methodology of economic history research，Proposal should be the length of the methodology of traditional and contemporary schools，and based on historical materialism as a weighing standard。He believes that this is also applicable to research on political economics。

Political Economics is the study of objective laws of economic operation。The so -called law usually refers to the inherent inevitability of the relationship between things and evolution。There are rules for economic operation，But it is not easy to find it。Marx is very cautious about this。Classic writers do not speak lightly。Soviet scholars are talking about the rules，Each social form is set to a "basic economic law" and a series of other laws。In this regard，They have gone through a lot of detours。Engels in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，It has defined broad political economics as a science of science for studying the laws of production and exchange。But then he said again，Broadly political and economics is "a science and form of product distribution in various society for human society to produce and exchange product distribution"。Use "condition and form" instead of "law"，Rough equivalent to the mechanism and mode of economic operation，This makes our research closer to reality。In view of the discovery and proof of a law, it is difficult，Wu Chengming advocates telling more facts and experience in the study of broad political economics，Careful words。

Engels said，Broadly Political Economics "involves historic materials that are often changing; it first studies the special laws in each development stage of production and exchange，And only after completing this research，It can establish a small number of，Suitable for all production and exchange、The most common law "。This means，Broadly political and economics cannot be achieved overnight，Economics at various historical stages must be studied first。Wu Chengming thinks，For China,，Socialist part has been specially studied，Study on the part of the former capitalist part is unsatisfactory。In the former capitalist part，He believes that it is best to study Chinese feudal economics first，Graduation and other。There is a benefit to doing this，That is, economics at each historical stage will not be a kind，There are several kinds of，Contention of different perspectives。

　　New thinking of exchange economic history

In the political economy community，Often re -production and exchanging lightly，Or the exchange belongs to production。In the Soviet Union，There has always been a trend of thinking and exchange of commodity production and exchange。In our country，This trend of thought also reached the peak in the 1970s，Forms "Natural Economic Theory"，Causes great harm to the national economy。After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party in 1978，This situation Bet365 app download begins to change。1983，We proposed "change self -sufficient economy、Semicable Economy as a commodity economy "。1984，The Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Party more clearly pointed out that "the socialist economy is a planned commodity economy"。Wu Chengming thinks，In vigorous promotion of commodity production，It is not enough to consider the production and exchange of goods alone，It should also study the role of "coordinates" in the broad sense of this "coordinate" in developing the national economy。

Wu Chengming pointed out，Political Economics is the ideological guidance of studying economic history，Economic History is the history of summarizing production and exchange、The basis for researching political economics。At that time，my country's research on business history is quite prosperous，Many results have been achieved，Very gratifying。But the scope of the discussion is narrowed，Unable to reflect what Engels said exchange social functions。Engels said in "Anti -Dulin Theory"，"Political Economics，In the widest sense，It is a science that studys the laws of governing material living materials in human society。Production and exchange is two different functions ... Each of these two social functions is mostly under the influence of special external effects，So most of them are your own special laws。But on the other hand，These two functions restrict each other at every moment，Affects each other，So they can be called the horizontal coordinates and vertical coordinates of the economic curve "。Therefore，Wu Chengming feels necessary to expand the research scope of business history，Called it to the history of exchange economic。

Wu Chengming divides the exchange of political economics into three meanings，Combining is a broad exchange。The first meaning refers to commodity exchange，That is material exchange，It is also the subject of our research; the second meaning refers to labor exchange，Energy exchange; the third meaning refers to intelligent exchange，information exchange。The foundations of these three exchanges are division of labor，and develop with the expansion of division。This is exactly that exchanges can be independent of production、The reason for its special development laws。Division of labor also has a narrow sense and broad sense，Summary division of labor refers to labor division，The division of labor in a broad sense is compatible with the general exchange。Exchange except to promote the product of the product、The professionalism of labor is conducive to expanding the reproduction，The only effect of it is: Make the original isolated、Often self -sufficient production areas or regions are interconnected，Form the national economy as a whole; let those professional、Uncomfortable department or region，Can be produced independently。Therefore，exchange made "the original independent things lost independence"，Make "the original non -independent things get independent"。This process will promote the development of productivity and the progress of society。The situation in Western Europe is very different from China。

my country's commercial prime is called developed，In recent years, business history research mostly praised the prosperity of the calendar market and the prosperity of the product production。but，How can the capitalist production factors be delayed in China? Why should we vigorously promote commodity production in the 1980s?，my country earlier abolished feudal separation，Earlier national market，The development of productive forces has long been at the world's advanced level，Commodity exchange is indeed more developed。but，In the study of history, you should notice，Business activities with different content，There are different nature of product exchange，Their role in productivity and social progress is also different。In the study of economic history，Differential exchange of use value and exchange value exchange is very important，Because of its role in production and social progress, it is different，The production of value to use is to meet the needs of the self，Is the anti -division of labor，Its selling is also to get the value of use，Not due to division of labor。Therefore，No matter how much the transaction is，Each exchange is conditional，They do not get the benefits bet365 Play online games of division of labor in production。

　Re -evaluation of the Chinese feudal economy

Wu Chengming thinks，Political Economics is based on economic practice，In terms of research, it is based on economic history，my country's economic history research has excellent tradition，Since the establishment of disciplines in the 1930s，It has always been developed under the guidance or influence of Marxism。In continuous development，It gets rid of the constraints of dogmaticism，Break the dominance of "European Centralism"，Get fruitful results on the road to seeking truth from facts。Based on this，If our economists and historians further improve it to theoretical research，Then it will inevitably make a significant contribution to the development of broad political economy。In this study，He feels that the starting place should be the longest in Chinese history、The most abundant content、The most mature feudal economy developed。China's feudal economy and Greece、slavery in Rome，It is the two most typical economic forms in ancient human history。

Wu Chengming pointed out，China's feudal society earlier abolished the lord economy，Earlier from the serf system to the rental system，and earlier realizing land trading，Forms a feudal society dominated by the landlord economy，The feudal system of this society is not as rigid as the European lord system，Direct workers have certain production enthusiasm，Therefore, the development of productivity is relatively fast。Since the 11th century，Chinese agricultural production、Many departments of handicraft production and science and technology are at the forefront of the world，Business developed、Urban prosperity、Cultural prosperity，Can be called a developed、Mature feudalism，This situation is rare in human history。Since the 16th century，my country's landlord economic system has experienced some important adjustments，Public and private disappearance of public and private、Discracled stalls enter the ground、The appropriateization of the land rent and the emergence of the permanent power、Gradual freedom of hiring workers。Therefore，Late in the feudal society in my country，There is no process from the peak to decline，Instead of continuing to develop。developed in my country、In mature feudal society，The production structure is relatively stable，Comprehensive self -sufficientness，The landlord economy can accommodate a certain commodity economy for self -adjust，In addition, my country has long been a unified country，Protective power of upper -level buildings is relatively strong。Therefore，Although there are capitalist buds in the late stage，But the development is extremely slow，Feudalism has continued for a long time，until the Opium War period。

After the Opium War，Chinese landlord system and growth capitalist economy for a long time。During the century since then，China's agricultural productivity is still increasing，Explain that the landlord's economy still has vitality。If it is not a democratic revolution and land reform led by the Communist Party，It will survive。With the development of the capitalist economy、disintegration of rural natural economy、The evolution of the ingredients of commercial capital and financial capital governing rural and the landlord class ingredients，The landlord economy in modern China is no longer the original feudalism，but the economy of semi -feudalism。From feudalism to semi -fertilized constructionism，It is still an evolution that conforms to the principles of historical materialism。Of course，It also caused endless suffering to the Chinese people。

　　Analysis of the theory of socialist market economy

The Fifth Plenary Session of the Fourteenth Central Committee of the Party proposed to establish a "socialist market economy system"。It has been a long years of my country's transition from a planned economy to a socialist market economy，But the road to the establishment of a socialist market economy is still long。Wu Chengming has discussed several issues in the research of market economy and economic history。(Wu Chengming: "Traditional Economy · Market Economy · Modernization"，Yunnan University Press 1996 edition; Wu Chengming: "Traditional Economy · Market Economy · Modernization"，"Research on Chinese Economic History" 1997, No. 2)

Look from history，There is a "change" process in the market economy。What is a market economy，No classic definition。Marx has never used the bet365 Play online games word "market economy"，Just talk about the commodity economy。Western Economics，From Smith to Keynes，Both talk about market，But the word "market economy" is not seen。Marx basically adopts the market perspective of the heavy agricultural school，The exchange of industrial products and agricultural products formed a market。Agricultural products include a long history of exchange of agricultural sub -business products，But it is not a market in a completely sense。The emergence of the handicraft industry of the workshop，Produced independently of agriculture，established a domestic market for capital，But it has not caused "fundamental changes"。to the era of the big machine，completely eliminated the peasant family industry，Only conquered the entire domestic market for capital。In "German Ideology"，He detailed the process of this transformation: the transition started in the rise of the "businessman class" in the 16th century's merchantism，The market expands and the politicalization of business，Large development of productivity，to the late 18th century，The domestic market is completed by the Great Industry of the Machine，200 years before and after。

Master in Western economics also discuss this process。Hicks thinks，This transformation begins with the emergence of "professional businessmen" during the recreational period，Then go through a "market penetration" process。On the one hand, the government infiltrates，Formed a national country，Establish a legal system for protecting property rights and maintaining commercial contracts，and currency、Credit、Finance、Reform of the tax system, etc.。On the other hand, economic penetration，It is mainly the commercialization of agricultural production and the establishment of the free labor market。Finally, realize the industrial revolution，It is also 200 years before and after。Nous calls this transition to "Second Economic Revolution"。The driving force generated by it is the rise of the nation -state、Change of property rights and systems、The effectiveness and competitiveness of the market caused by the savings of transaction costs。This is about 300 years before and after，There is a "17th century crisis" in the middle。

Wu Chengming thinks，The "transformation", "market penetration", "revolution" of each house，In fact, it is the transition of the traditional economy towards the modern economy; it is not only the economic transition，There must be politics、Social change。Since the market economy does not have a classic definition，It can be called the market economy after this "transformation"。Western economics starts at least from Li Jiatu，What I studied is this transformed economy，Therefore，No need to define what is the market economy。In our country，The commodity economy in history has always been more developed，No 300 -year backwardness like Western Europe。in the 16th century，my country's market also has the clue of "transformation"。but，For various reasons，It is ups and downs，Until the Republic of China has not completed this change。Therefore，Can't equate the prosperous commodity economy in the history of our country with the market economy。Research from the transformation from traditional economy to a market economy，It should be an important subject of economic history research。

Wu Chengming pointed out，The academic community has different opinions on the market economy itself，But one thing is basically the same，That is, its main function should be to regulate production through the market mechanism，Improve the benefits of resource allocation。There are two main ways to allocate resources: First, sovereignty or state formulation plan，Commands; the second is to adjust by the market through the transaction。Both are means，Original no absolute advantages and disadvantages。Western scholars propose some theories that market regulation is better than planning，For example, "Consumer Remnant Theory", "Multiple Pareto the best theories"，Market adjustment is "public choice", "voluntary behavior", etc.，It is difficult to empirical。As a study of economic history，Empirical analysis should be made from history，instead of relying on theoretical derivation。In history，These two means of deployment resources often coexist，Different from the environment，Frequently focusing on the sovereign bet365 Play online games plan。But，Long -term planned economy is bound to cause high cost、low efficiency，"proportional disorder" situation，This is also a proof of history。From the historical perspective，Socialism should develop normally，Steering to market regulation is inevitable。Wu Chengming thinks，Transition to the market economy as a sign of economic modernization，It seems that capitalism as a modern logo in the past is more in line with historical reality。Any traditional society，Unless the death of the way，Otherwise, sooner or later will enter modern society，This is logically。But it does not necessarily have to go through capitalism，my country is actually crossing the "Kafotin Canyon"，Entering socialism from half feudal。

Wu Chengming further analyzes，How is the market mechanism regulating production? Generally speaking, the market mechanism is mainly (not exactly). Through the relative price of the market, that is, the value of value laws,。The so -called "invisible hand" in classical economics，Determined by the law and demand law，Actually it is also the law of value，Because it is also based on labor value theory。In Marx's theoretical system，Resource deployment is attributed to the savings of labor time and the proportion of various departments，The role of the value of value is also here。but but，"Average necessary labor time in society" or "abstract labor" cannot be measured。Therefore，Market mechanism is through production price，That is, the cost price plus the average profit of each department。Marx refers to production price as a form of transformation of labor value under capitalist conditions。Market mechanism with production price as a tool，Usually still call the value of value。The market is constantly developing。Starting fundamental change in the 16th century，Completed in the late 18th century，Western Europe entered the market economy。The market economy is facing the big market of the whole society and internationality，Not only the concept of the market is different，The principle of dominating market prices is also different。

Therefore，Wu Chengming pointed out，Research on the development of the commodity economy in history，Not only must I see the fundamental change of the market mechanism，Also see the expansion of market connotation and the evolution of the principle of market mechanism。It should also be seen that the reasonable application of resources does not rely entirely on market mechanisms，such as a system、Organized reform，Society、Culture、Evolution of customs，Especially the effective government intervention and strategic plans in history are very important。In terms of market mechanism，It is not completely through the price balance，There is also a non -price signal system outside the price signal system，There are vertical transactions outside the parallel transaction、Level transaction。The past and present，None of the market has never had a complete free market。There are a lot of garbage and obstacles in any market，Normal operation of the market mechanism。Economic History Research is to from the widest practice，Observe those short -term and long -term effects，Good and bad、Positive and negative experience，Law or even unexpected things，Provide materials for economists who construct "model"，It also provides a reference for politicians who formulate policies。

　　(Author Unit: Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)