Multiple turns and evolution in the development of Confucianism，Confucian natural philosophy also changes accordingly。Among these changes，The late Ming and early Qing dynasties, known as "the sky crash", are undoubtedly a remarkable historical stage。This period，The development of Confucian natural philosophy is facing unprecedented complex situations: heart learning fading、Ming and Qing Dynasties、West Xue East Biography。The introduction of western natural philosophy，Self -update in the same Confucianism，The value steering of "Chongshi"、Development of "Matto to Knowing" theory、The prosperity of Qi Theory is clever combination，It has caused the concept of knowledge of Confucian natural philosophy in shape、Thinking method，Tiandao Outlook of Sharing School、Cosmic theory and other changes in many aspects。

Liang Qichao referred to the academic changes of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties as "the success of great reaction"，Typicality of this "reaction"，Not only in the transformation of the internal style of Confucianism、Chinese and Western Studies suffer，It also originated from the unique entanglement of these two situations。Based on correcting time、To sum up the needs of the lesson of the Ming Dynasty，Confucianism in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties has launched a reflection on the end of Wang Xueliu。Whether it is Wang Fu's "Dunshang Performance，Don't be stubborn "，It is still Fang Yizhi's "virtuality and difficulty"，All reflect the value steering of Confucianism "from virtual" and "use of the world"。This initial Bet365 app download "Chongshi" demand from the internal Confucianism also makes the integration of Western Academy more smooth。Under the influence of this dual factors，Confucian natural rationality has been highlighted for a considerable degree，Among them, the most typical example，It is the new development of the important concept of Confucianism.，It opened an important path for the steering of Confucian natural philosophy。The practical thinkers in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties further developed Cheng Zhu's "things in the world，It is unreasonable，Modeling of the grid，On the one hand, it will be beneficial to the people's birthday，But the skill knowledge of the Confucian person has always been regarded by Confucians' skills; on the other hand,，Considering the mastery of natural knowledge as an important way to "knowledge"。So，The style of the grid in this period not only emphasizes the accumulation of natural knowledge，and pay more attention to the acceptance of new knowledge，This provides the theoretical basis for the natural scientific knowledge in the Westernology。There are many Western learning knowledge introduced in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties，Over the field of astronomy、Calendar、Medicine、Machinery and other categories，Many of them are the scientific new knowledge of the inherent cognition of Confucianists，Rand of the ground、Earthquake solution、Hail generation, etc.。

Another important manifestation of the turning of Confucian natural philosophy in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties is the change of traditional natural philosophical thinking，This process is accompanied by the improvement of mathematical status at the value level。Since the Yuan Dynasty，China's mathematics development is declining，But at the time of the Ming and Qing Dynasties，Mathematics bet365 Play online games "Jingshi、All things of all things "once again aroused the attention of natural philosophers。What they emphasized about life、Studies in the Economy，such as astronomical calendar、Medical Physics, etc.，All are closely related to mathematics。More importantly，Matthemers and other missionaries also emphasize the value of mathematics，They attribute the main defects of traditional Chinese mathematics due to excessive practicality、Insufficient logic, etc.。So，Mathematics as a rational science that they value very much，It is regarded as an important means to change the way Chinese people's thinking。Although the purpose of Western missionaries is to let the Chinese understand God's existence through logic，However。Among them, Xu Guangqi's translation and promotion of "Geometry Origin" can be regarded as a iconic event。He's "Fate Seeking reason" and "Exploring the original、Push step by step "" Li、Yi、Method、Number "strict logical thinking system is highly respected，Even given a high evaluation of "None of the world's improper learning"。If you say "Know it，I do n’t know why "is the obstacle of the" poor "of Chinese natural philosophy，So the emphasis on mathematics is an important bridge between "numbers" and "reason"。

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty，The connection between this "number" and "reason" is closer，This change is inseparable from Emperor Kangxi's strong advocacy of mathematics。Emperor Kangxi deeply felt the deficiencies of China's science and technology development in the dispute over the early Qing calendar，Then he began to vigorously learn western science from missionaries，Mathematics is the main content of his learning。Emperor Kangxi Criticized the endless rationality of Confucian bet365 live casino games Confucians，Only the last section，As a result, "later generations of mathematics are not passing"。He emphasizes "the principle of the principle of all mathematics and all things"，Even "things must be reasonable，It is reasonable to show it，Capsules with God "as the Template Test to ask Confucian questions。Due to the advocacy of the rulers，Mei Wending and other natural philosophers to further explore the important relationship between the number and reason，Even emphasizing "unreasonable number"。Another，In the process of "rationality" from "numbers"，In order to more accurately seek the connection between the "of course" and the same "reason" and "the reason for may"，Empirical、Experiment、The measured method is also valued，This traditional natural philosophy of Chinese traditional natural philosophy、The way of thinking is so determined，It is also a correction。

Knowledge at the level of learning、Missing Methods and other aspects，In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Confucian natural philosophy of Confucian natural philosophy at the Temple of Tiandao, Tiandao、The steering of cosmic theory seems not clear enough。Actually，Matthemel and other Western missionaries have never stopped the criticism of "ration", "qi", "yin and yang five elements" and other doctrine，And the transformation of the level of schooling，It has always been their most valued。For example，Riccrons in "Qiankun" in "Qiankun" made the theory of the theory of the cosmic material generation of western natural philosophy-，On the one hand, he compares it with the five elements of China，On the other hand，But constantly find evidence from Chinese classics to criticize the five elements。This kind of "careful" caution，bet365 Play online games It just means that Western missionaries know how to change China's natural philosophy of natural philosophy、The importance and difficulty of cosmic theory。Under the influence of the theory of the four elements，Xu Guangqi、Yang Tingyu、Xiong Ming Yu、Fang Yizhi and other Confucians reflect on reflection and criticism of the doctrine of Yin and Yang Five Elements。where，Xu Guangqi explains an astronomical phenomenon，such as predicting problems such as rain and rain，The four elements are used instead of traditional or based on the number of stars or the number of yin and yang five elements.、A method for rain。Xiong Mingjun also tends to explain the heavenly phenomenon in four elements，For example, in the exploration of the problem of hail cause，Explanation mode such as traditional "lizard hail", "dragon scale hail"。Confucian natural philosophy is photographed by the concept of "unity of heaven and man"，Always existing views of heaven、Cosmic theory with moral ethics entanglement difficulties。Facing Western natural philosophy in the universe、The impact of Confucianism on Confucianism such as all things and other issues，Confucianism often weakens the explanation mode of the connection of heaven and moral political associations under the influence of Western studies，This adds considerable rational ingredients to Confucian natural philosophy。

Due to the turning of Confucian natural philosophy in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, there is a complex society、Academic background，There are many factors that promote steering，The performance of the steering also shows multi -faceter，Therefore, it is difficult to avoid many contradictions and conflicts，Conflict on the conversion of new and old values、New and Old Knowledge System Conflict、Bet365 app download Conflict of Cultural Belief in Chinese and Western Culture。The most intense in these conflicts is the collision of Confucianism and Western studies。Treatment of the relationship between Confucianism similar heterogeneous culture，The most intense is Yang Guangxian and other Confucian，They treat the West、The attitude of Western Xue is "I would rather make Zhongxia Wuxia Calendar，Do not make Midsummer Western people "，Do not "be sophisticated with the exquisite equipment"，All forms including the knowledge including Western natural philosophy。But this fierce confrontation is not the mainstream of this period to treat Western studies，Because even if Yang Guangxian and other fierce Western studies are opposed，Also acknowledged the "fine" of western science。So，"Essence" of Western Studies to make up for the lack of middle schools and reconcile，Obviously a more favorable route。But no matter what，in East、In the exchange of western natural philosophy，The conflict between knowledge and value always exists。Because both sides have a strong and clear "under -shape -shape" episodes，The difference is that middle school is "grid → poor reason → knowing heaven"，and Western learning is "grid → poor, knowing God"。Whether it is the material of the other side，Entering the Datomy Model "，Or "Western Studies" said，All the inevitable results caused by this contradiction。So，Two cultures show slow changes at the top -school level when they communicate and collide，It is even very different，But the results of the scholarship can be smooth and smooth。But，Differences at the degree of communication at the level of "under -shape -shape"，It is difficult for the conference to make the natural philosophy of Chinese and Western bet365 best casino games natural philosophy.。When there is a fierce conflict at the level of value belief，Knowledge of Xang Xue、Methods and other levels of interoperability and interaction will also be forced to interrupt。where，The most prominent example is the dispute between Chinese and Western etiquette，The communication between Confucianism and Western studies belongs to silence。

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(Author Unit: Department of Philosophy of Shandong Normal University)