Since the 1990s，The bet365 bonus code indiana division of labor system continues to deepen，China relies on its comparative advantages in factor endowments and infrastructure，Become the “World Factory”。But since the international financial crisis in 2008，The global economic and trade governance system undergoes deep adjustments，China’s traditional growth model is also gradually declining。On the one hand，The international situation is grim，Facing constraints from developed countries、“Reshoring of Manufacturing” and the Rise of Manufacturing in Developing Countries，China’s position in the bet365 bonus code indiana is suffering from “double-sided attack”；On the other hand，Domestic manufacturing companies are still large but not strong、Product quality varies、Problems such as lack of core technology，Urgent need to deepen supply-side structural reform，Accelerate the implementation of innovation-driven strategy and manufacturing power strategy，Promote the transformation from "Made in China" to "Created in China"。Therefore，Exploring the deep-seated reasons why China’s participation in the bet365 bonus code indiana may fall into the dilemma of “low-end lock-in”，And find the way to break the situation，Is the key to realizing the leap in China’s manufacturing value chain。

The deep-seated reasons for the “low-end lock-in” of the bet365 bonus code indiana

First, over-reliance on global value chains。On the one hand，In traditional growth model，China relies on its labor factor endowment advantages，Passive integration into the bet365 bonus code indiana division of labor system dominated by developed countries，The added value available is very limited。For example，The total value of an Apple mobile phone in 2010，China’s added value income only accounts for 2.3%。On the other hand，Because high-quality and high-tech intermediate inputs from abroad can be directly imported，Chinese enterprises have insufficient motivation to independently innovate high-quality intermediate products。For example，In China’s semiconductor industry，The rise of 3C manufacturers coupled with the call of the Internet information technology era，Greatly increased demand for high-performance chips，But domestic companies are short of supply，Only 1/5 of the domestic market demand，In this case, enterprises are highly dependent on the import of integrated circuit products。

Second, the ability to absorb technological spillovers is weak。Improvement of market openness and the introduction of foreign investment，Making technological spillover effects bring technological progress to many emerging economies when participating in the international division of labor。But，For developing countries，Can the transition from spillover technology to domestic innovation be successfully achieved，Depends on the strength of its enterprise’s technology absorptive capacity。Generally speaking，Relatively solid human capital accumulation and a higher level of economic development will help enterprises absorb the spillover of advanced technology，And eventually transformed into its own innovation results。At the same time，Research findings，Only when the absorptive capacity of enterprises reaches a certain threshold can the technological spillover effects of the bet365 bonus code indiana be transformed into the driving force of independent innovation。Although "Made in China" products have spread all over the world，But compared to developed countries，China’s absorption of advanced technology still faces problems of insufficient absorptive capacity and uneven quality。Take my country’s automobile industry as an example，The automobile industry has the characteristics of large-scale technology introduction but weak technology absorption capacity，Although the automobile industries in China, Japan and South Korea all grew up through the model of “introduction-digestion-absorption-innovation”，However, Japan and South Korea have formed strong independent research and development and international brand advantages in less than 30 years，After decades of comprehensive development, China has、After large-scale technology introduction，Still unable to reach the forefront of international competition，"Exchanging market for technology" to a large extent only has the direct effect of "exchanging market for profit"，Insufficient absorptive capacity still restricts the speed of China’s automobile industry climbing to the high end of the value chain。

The third is the “capture effect” of developed countries。Professor Griffin of Duke University in the United States first proposed five models of bet365 bonus code indiana governance，The most typical one between developing countries and developed countries is the "capture" model。When developing countries passively integrate into the value chain division of labor system dominated by multinational corporations in developed countries，Developed countries strive to achieve optimal global resource allocation，In addition to taking advantage of labor costs and infrastructure advantages in developing countries，Will also actively export certain technologies and standards，To help developing countries adapt to the needs of division of labor in the value chain more quickly。But，When developing countries gradually begin to climb from the low end to the high end of the value chain，will be "captured" by multinational companies or large buyers，They will not only use market power and advanced technology to block developing countries from climbing up the value chain，It will also establish an asymmetric value chain governance method through its monopoly position，Control the special assets of local companies to limit their independent research and development，Thus firmly trapping the enterprise at the low end of the low-profit value chain，Making "overtaking on corners" technically impossible。

Possible paths for Chinese enterprises to break through the “low-end lock-in” of the bet365 bonus code indiana

Based on the above analysis，We must break through the "low-end lock-in" dilemma of the bet365 bonus code indiana，There are three possible paths。

1st，By extending the domestic bet365 bonus code indiana，Reducing over-reliance on global value chains。The Toyota case provides us with useful inspiration。1950s，Due to restrictions on foreign exchange imported by the country，Toyota cannot use the United States、Purchase professional parts from Germany and other countries，Facing the growing demand after the war，Toyota can only unite its upstream and downstream companies to build its own supply and marketing network。Toyota builds a production network with a common destiny，Greatly enhance its competitiveness in the international market。Developing countries can also extend their domestic value chains，Gradually produce substitutes for imported intermediate inputs，Reduce over-reliance on global value chains dominated by developed countries。Extending the bet365 bonus code indiana can enhance the innovation capabilities of enterprises in three aspects。First，Promote productivity improvement。The extension of an enterprise’s bet365 bonus code indiana effectively promotes its integration into the bet365 bonus code indiana，Enhance the comparative advantages of enterprises in the international vertical division of labor，It will inevitably bring about an improvement in enterprise productivity，Thus stimulating corporate innovation，Helping enterprises to upgrade their bet365 bonus code indiana。Secondly，Promote industrial agglomeration。Extending the domestic bet365 bonus code indiana will enable companies to form a higher level of economies of scale，Enhance inter-enterprise connections and resource integration capabilities，Become an important guarantee for enterprises to improve their innovation capabilities。Finally，Ease financing constraints for enterprises。Due to the close relationship between "sales on credit and purchases on credit" among supply chain companies，A longer domestic bet365 bonus code indiana will provide enterprises with a more stable capital chain to a large extent，Thus reducing the risk of supply chain uncertainty，Provide more financial resources for enterprises to achieve technological upgrades。

Second，Introducing competition mechanism to strengthen enterprises’ technology absorptive capacity。Improving technology absorptive capacity is a key link for enterprises in developing countries to enhance their international competitiveness。Since the reform and opening up，China proposes a technological development path of “introduction-digestion-absorption-innovation”，Although it has achieved certain results in technology introduction，But still digesting、The absorption aspect is still slightly insufficient。If local companies can improve their ability to absorb technology spillovers in the bet365 bonus code indiana，The "low-end lock-in" will inevitably be broken through technological leaps，The introduction of the "catfish" competition mechanism will stimulate enterprises' awareness of innovation and crisis。Specifically，The competition mechanism can be strengthened from the following three aspects。First, improve the heterogeneous product production capabilities of domestic enterprises，And strengthen the synergy effect in the industrial chain。By strengthening heterogeneous production capabilities，Enable enterprises to have more comparative advantages in competition，And cooperate through coordination，Complement each other’s resources and market information between enterprises，Thus enhancing international influence in the process of cooperating with upstream and downstream enterprises to embed the value chain。The second is to eliminate market segmentation，Enhance inter-regional competition，Let the market play a decisive role in resource allocation。Strengthening the market’s guiding role in corporate innovation through the “Social Innovation” Championship，Strengthen the implementation of a local performance appraisal system that is innovation-oriented rather than just targeting GDP，And create an innovative competitive environment of “novelty and difference” based on the characteristics and advantages of local industries。The third is to improve the intellectual property system，Provide the optimal protective barrier for enterprises’ independent innovation from the source。Based on the basic principles of stimulating corporate innovation and creativity and ensuring a fair and just competitive environment，Design an intellectual property mechanism that coordinates supervision and competition，Promote the establishment of my country’s technical standards system，Strengthen enterprises’ awareness of using intellectual property to achieve strategic development。

　Third，Building a regional value chain system with the “Belt and Road” as the core，Gradually transform from a "participant" to a "leader" in the division of labor in the value chain。The current global production network is formed around regional "centers"，By building a two-way "nested" bet365 bonus code indiana production capacity cooperation system - leading the "Belt and Road" regional value chain system and integrating it into the bet365 bonus code indiana system as a whole，It is possible to introduce some high-tech products from the United States to South Korea、日、Europe and other places，Thus reducing external risks，Some advantageous industries and production capacity can also be transferred to countries along the route to form an optimized allocation，Play its pivotal role in “internal and external connectivity” at the core of the regional value chain，Promote the upgrading of my country’s value chain。This cooperation model has the following three characteristics。First, an inclusive nested division of labor system。In the “Belt and Road” regional value chain，China can build its own high-end、Connection of low-end industrial chain，And open up production capacity cooperation between North and South countries。Although this value chain is part of the bet365 bonus code indiana，But more inclusive and stable，It not only includes more countries but also alleviates the "unstable" dominance of traditional developed countries。The second is personalized heterogeneous participating subjects。In the new trade model (cross-border e-commerce、In the context of the rise of free trade zones, etc.，It is particularly important for countries to cultivate personalized industries to enhance international competitiveness，China can help the development of advantageous industries by importing advantageous products from various countries。The third is a cooperative international enterprise carrier。Through joint ventures with large local companies in countries along the route，Can reduce risks in complex investment environments，And optimize the local industry competition pattern。

(Author’s affiliation: bet365 bonus code indiana World Trade Organization Research Institute, University of International Business and Economics)