As an organizational method of social and economic activities，Evolution of European and American Cooperation Thought and its institutional practice，Closely related to the formation and development of capitalist production methods。Before the mid -20th century，European and American cooperation ideas have evolved into unique cooperative economic organizations。Where，British、France、Germany、Cooperation ideas and institutional practice in the United States and other countries are most commonly referred to。

At the end of the 16th century，Economic Organization of similar cooperatives in the UK。At the end of the 18th century，Scotland、Textiles in England and other places、Persons' staff formed a small -scale cooperation organization。After the early 19th century，The process of industrialization in the UK is accelerated，Small -scale agriculture、The living standards of handicraft producers are declining。To improve the living situation of workers，Some people in the UK advocate workers in production、Common cooperation in life，Robert Owen is one of the representative characters。Owen thinks，Intermediate organizations that remove capital profits are ways to avoid labor exploitation，Therefore, it is advocated that the producer and consumers are the same。1817，Owen intends to conduct a communist village test in the UK，But the opposition from the local government where it is located。1824，Owen founded the "New Harmonious Commune" in the United States。Due to the principle of distribution of absolute preparation，This exploration Bet365 lotto review ultimately failed。Later，Irving conducted multiple cooperation tests in succession，But no ideal effect was achieved。

1844，28 textile workers in Luo Xu, UK, organized a consumer cooperative，that is, Luo Xu Dai Fair Pioneer Club。During the operation of the cooperative，Member status is equal and each division of labor cooperation，and allocate economic rights at the investment ratio，Finally achieved good cooperation effect，Model of becoming a consumer cooperative。1852，The British promulgated the "Industry and Economic Cooperation Law"，further regulating the principles of cooperation，Promoting the formation of a consumer cooperation movement。According to statistics，In 1862, there were 450 consumer cooperatives in the UK，It has increased to 1429 from 1899。but but，Compared to Fa、De and other countries，During this period, British production cooperatives and rural cooperative undertakings develop slowly。

Like the United Kingdom，French early cooperation thoughts with utopian socialist color，Among them, the cooperation thinking of Charles Fourier is the most obvious。Fourier's attention to the improvement of farmers' lives，Proposal cooperative organizations that have established joint production and consumption based on agriculture，So as to realize members' self -sufficiency。He established a "Farang" worker and peasant cooperation organization in 1832。But because Fourier's cooperation ideas are too idealized，His cooperation practice encountered many failures。Despite this，Fourier is still regarded as a pioneer of consumer cooperation ideas and production cooperation ideas。Compared to Ying、Germany，French cooperation ideas stay more at the theoretical design level。until the beginning of the 20th century，Rural Bet365 lotto review France has formed a rural cooperation system with its own characteristics，But its essence belongs to an agricultural cosmid Organization。

The idea of ​​consumer cooperation in the UK spreads behind Germany，Germany has established some consumer cooperatives that aim to improve the living conditions of workers。On the basis of absorbing British cooperation ideas，Schultz -style urban credit cooperatives served by urban handicrafts have been established one after another。An important breakthrough of bet365 Play online games the cooperation system in Germany，It is the establishment of the Thunderba Rural Credit Cooperative。Urban Credit Cooperative and Rural Credit Cooperatives are not only differences in the service area，There is also different concept settings。The advocate of the Urban Credit Cooperative, Haierman Schultz Delic, advocates the free combination of cooperative members，Rejects cooperatives composite business and government interference。Friedrich Lei Faya thinks，Cooperatives should focus on credit cooperation and also operate other businesses，At the same time, it is advocated to develop cooperative business with external forces。1889，Germany promulgated cooperative regulations "Industry and Economic Cooperation Law"，and the Central Cooperation Bank has been formed one after another、German Cooperative Association。So far，The German cooperative banking system has developed into Europe's largest cooperative banking system。

At the end of the 18th century and early 19th century，Wood Industrial Production Cooperatives in the United States、Cooperative organizations such as cheese transport and sales cooperatives。mid -19th century，The concept of cooperation in the United States is affected by British cooperation thinking。After the establishment of the British Luo Xu bet365 Play online games Dai Dai Fair Pioneer，The United States has established consumer cooperatives on the basis of reorganization of the original cooperatives。early 20th century，Credit cooperatives appeared in the United States。Facts，bet365 Play online games the cooperation system in the United States is mainly established in the early 20th century。With the outbreak of the economic crisis in the late 1920s，Cooperation Movement has received more attention and advocacy in the United States。to the 1940s，The types of cooperatives in the United States have covered consumer cooperatives、Rural Phone Public Cooperative、Rural Electric Cooperative、College Student Accommodation Cooperative、Residential Cooperative、Medical Cooperative、Credit Cooperative、Agricultural Transportation Cooperative、Agricultural Insurance Cooperative, etc.。

It is worth noting that，Ying、Method、The ideas of cooperation in Germany and other countries have promoted Marx、The formation and improvement of Engels' cooperation thought。Marx、Engels critically absorbed the cooperation ideas of utopian socialism，And the "mutual assistance" view of Pierre Joseph Pulu Dong on the basis of small private ownership、Ferdinan Lhasar's production cooperation proposition refuting。At the same time，They think，Cooperation campaign that emerges in capitalist production relations，shakes the foundation of the capitalist system to a certain extent; although the cooperation movement has historical limitations，But it is of great significance for the transition of capitalist society to socialist society。

Marx、Engels’s attitude towards cooperation thinking，It is fully reflected in their views on rural issues。1868，Sae De Barp pointed out in the report of land ownership at the International Workers Association's Brouser Congress，Land must either Bet365 lotto review become the property of the agricultural consortium，Either must be the property of the entire country。For this，Marx believes in "On Land State"，"Land can only be national property。Give the land to the agricultural workers united to，It is equivalent to making the whole society only obey the class of the producer class "。Only land nationalization can completely change the relationship between labor and capital，So as to eliminate capitalist production in industry and agriculture，The economic foundation of class differences can disappear。Visible，Marx advocates land nationalization，and hold a negative attitude towards the agricultural consortium。

Marx、Engels not only followed the cooperation movement at the time，It is still constantly enriching its cooperation ideological system。Especially after seeing Danish production cooperatives in the 1970s achieved good development，Marx、Engels pointed out，After the proletariat obtained the power，Basic production materials including land are transformed from private possession to cooperatives，It is a link to transition to the communist economy，Especially in all countries and regions of small farmers, cooperatives should be advocated。After the first volume of "Capital" in 1867,，Russian scholars and politicians argue on the road of social development in Russia，The problem of the rural commune is one of the topics。For this，Marx pointed out in 1881 to check Sulic's reply，Labor cooperation relationship formed by rural communes characterized by public ownership，Help Russia transition to the cooperation economy。Here，Marx partly affirmed the positive aspect of labor cooperation relationship formed by rural communes。Later，Engels in "On House Issues" and "French Farmers' Issues"，After further bet365 best casino games clarification of the proletariat obtained the power，Take voluntary、Demonstration、The principle of the National Help Develop Production Cooperative。

After that，Lenin absorbed Marx、Engels’s cooperation thought，Combined with the experience of Soviet socialist construction，Further expansion from the practical level。During the transition period of Soviet Russia to socialist society，Russian Communist Party (cloth) Many people within the party are bound by traditional cooperation thoughts，Can't correctly understand the nature of the cooperative。1923，Leninkou in the disease was awarded "On bet365 Play online games the cooperation system"。In the article "On the Cooperation System"，He elaborates in detail the nature of the economic development of socialist cooperation、Path、Condition、Trends。Lenin advocates the development of cooperation，and point out，The cooperation system is an effective system that combines private interests with social interests。He also identified a socialist nature of cooperative enterprises for collective enterprises，That is, the nature of the cooperative depends on the economic relationship and the nature of the national regime that it dominates its dominant position。"，Under the condition that the proletariat achieved class victory for the bourgeoisie，Civilized cooperative workers' system is the socialist system。"Lenin believes，Guiding farmers to achieve cooperation must start from circulation，The farmers transition to the socialist system through the cooperative。For this，The Soviet Union renovated the consumer cooperatives，State -owned farms、Agricultural Commune、Agricultural production organizations such as Congress Cultivation Society and Xingxian Society。other，Lenin also demonstrated that it has certain complexity and long -termness through the cooperation system to achieve transition to socialism，In this process, the cooperative can be used as a transitional means to develop a socialist economy and eventually eliminate the capitalist economy。The 1930s，Lenin's cooperation ideas and Soviet agricultural collective experience have been introduced to China，It had an important impact on the establishment of a socialist system in China, which was in a semi -colonial semi -feudal society at the time。

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(Author Unit: Institute of Economics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)