Delivery，Selling pulp for cars，Since ancient times。but but，These ordinary to ordinary、Normal professional activities that cannot be normal anymore are now regarded as part of the "Informal Economy"。From the perspective of theory，The so -called "informal economy" (similar terms also include "informal employment", "informal department", "underground economy", "shadow economy", etc.，According to the original inventor Keith Hart of this term,，Refers to anything in the world that is not directly included in the world designed by mainstream economists，A lifestyle that is "strange" in contrast to traditional economic theory。Unpredictable、Unpredictable、Unstable，Even those who firmly believe in thinking and practice always follow those who are running in accordance with some of the established procedures，It may also be unspeakable。In short，It is a real reality that cannot be captured through textbook -style economic theories。

Hart after Hart，This concept that is similar to "replenishment" is quickly caused by its own complexity and its heterogeneity involved in the object.。until today，According to the summary of Martha Chen，You can distinguish four main theoretical genres: binary separationism、Structural associationism、Legalist and only wills。Each genre is an ontology of an informal economy、Functions and the reasons for formation have different explanations。For example，dual separationism believes，The non -formal Bet365 app download economy comes from the population growth rate and the employment rate of modern industrial and the skills that people master and the modern economic opportunities，Because some people (actually most) are blocked outside the gate of modern economic activities，I have to engage in informal economic activities to maintain basic living。In other words，From the perspective of binary separators，The informal economy is an underlying or marginal "security network"，It is used to receive workers who cannot enter or are "kicked" in the economic crisis。Structural associationism believes，It is the capitalist system, especially in the context of economic globalization，Modern capitalism's control of production methods has led to an informal economy，The fundamental reason is that the company "outsourced" some links in the original production process to reduce costs、Copy labor organization and government supervision。Brief words，Informal economy is a reasonable product under the control of the modern capitalist system。Legalist and only Willingism are closer，They all acknowledge that the informal economy is the result of the rational selection of the participants of the economic activity，Therefore, it can also be more generally attributed to the name of neo -liberalism。For them，The informal economy is not composed of those who are forced to live or being exploited，but a "mini entrepreneur" with ambitious ambitions，These miniature entrepreneurs chose to engage in an informal economy after weighing the cost and income of the regular economy。The difference between these two views is only，The former often emphasizes tedious legal bet365 live casino games procedures and a rigid bureaucratic system inhibitory effect on the informal economic vitality，The latter emphasizes the participants of the informal economic activities intentionally avoided supervision and tax。It is not difficult to find，Different theoretical genres are very different in the theoretical interpretation direction of the same economic phenomenon。In view of the heterogeneity of the informal economy itself，The above genre has seized one aspect of the informal economy，or the prominent aspect of the informal economy under a specific cultural conditions，It's just that as a overall real and non -formal economy is far more complicated than its appearance in a certain theory，It can even be said to be far more complicated than the sum of these theoretical appearances。

Therefore，We are not going to argue which theory is better than another，Because the propositions in social sciences originally looked forward to a diversified continuous dialogue，No one doctrine can claim to master the key to the door of the truth。but but，Once these theoretical genres are explained in the background of the history of economic thought，We will get two conclusions soon。First，Each of the above -mentioned theoretical genres is essentially corresponding to a specific economic ideological tradition; second，These theoretical genres prevail when explaining the phenomenon of informal economic phenomena，Echo the popularity of the traditional economic ideological tradition in the history of economics。These two points means that there is a force that belongs to the scientific knowledge sociology factors that originally belong to the conceptual object of the category of heterodox bet365 best casino games economics (according to Hart's initial expression) to the Orthodox Economics )category，A kind of anti -new classic economic phenomenon abstracted from daily life is once again new classical during its analysis，This is obviously not the original intention of the scholar to concern the informal economy。

From the perspective of the history of the theoretical theory of informal economic research，There is a clear revolutionary relationship between various informal economic theoretical genres。In simple terms，The informal economy first entered the field of vision of scholars，Research from the experience of applied economics and economic anthropology and Lewis's dual economic theory and modern theory have arisen.。The theoretical prediction is more and more labor force will be transferred from the traditional department to the modern department (from the countryside to the town)，However, scholars found in experience research，Even in the underdeveloped area, even if the labor force is transferred to the town，The scale of the city is not enough to absorb these labor force。Because it is unable to enter the modern department，These labor forces have to be located in a department in traditional and modern，As a result, the formation of dual separationism。，Marxist "connect" theory and dependency theory through the production method，Fixed a defect for the relationship between the relationship between the dual separation and the relationship between the relationship between the unconventional economy and the regular economy，Then a structural associationism is formed。Subsequent，Legalist、The economic theoretical foundation (such as new institutional economics) adopted by the only Willian analysis model is accompanied Bet365 lotto review by the emergence of neoclassical economics。Especially today，New Liberalism has become the mainstream theoretical framework for many international organizations to study the informal economy，It has also become the theoretical basis for many countries to formulate informal economic policies。

One of the problems arising from this is，Analysis mode using neo -liberalism (that is, orthodox economics) damages the prerequisite for analyzing the methodology of analyzing the non -formal economy。Hart pointed out that "formal" is a rule，It is a kind of thought that should be universal in social life，The reason why something is said to be "formal" is because it meets this rule，So opposite to it，The reason for the "informal" of something is that there is no such rule。Hart's definition of the term "formal/informal" actually implies a more general academic debate，That is, the "formalism-substantivism defbate" that appears in the history of economic anthropology。The former emphasizes the orderly operation of thought and practice，The latter first pays attention to the empirical content of the material environment，Decree that the diversity emerging can be fully grasped through only one sequence。If the background of "formalism -substantive dispute" appears and the history of economic thoughts of the contemporary economic thoughts，We can soon discover the reason why this debate appears，Behind it and the two World War Ith System Economics (Old Institutionalist Economics) has a great relationship with neo -classical economics。This kind of interdisciplinary ideological continuity existence，It means Thorstein Veblen、Karl Polandi (Karl Polandi) and unblocked bet365 best casino games economists who were affected by them in the contemporary contemporary stood aside，They regard the market as one of many economic systems; and formators、neo -classicalist and orthodox economists who have affected in contemporary contemporary stood on the other，They regard all economic systems as markets。Obviously，The latter attempts to prove that the informal economy is a market driven by rational behavior，This shows a conceptual departure。

But，Except for some Marxists，Few orthodontic economists really have an impact on the analysis framework of an unconventional economy，The academic community generally does not cause Lenovo between the two terms: "informal economy" and "non -orthodox economics"。This aspect is attributed to difficulties under the hegemony of neoclassicism，On the other hand, it is attributed to most non -orthodox economists' long -term neglect of the impact of informal economic phenomena。Of course，There is evidence that this neglect is gradually reversing，such as Jo TAE-Hee and others in the "The Routledge Handbook of Heterodox Economics" edited and published in 2018, edited and published in 2018，"Non -Orthodox Economists hold a broader definition of‘ economy ’，Social Provision Process，It includes both market activities and non -market activities，Including both paid activities and free activities，Including both the commodity economy and the non -commodity economy，This view also means that ‘informal economy’ should not be excluded，Because it not only involves capital accumulation but also involves people's well -being "。Visible，The informal economy is a theoretical position with realistic significance，It is necessary for non -orthodox economists to Bet365 app download further deepen the study from the origin and explanation direction of its concept，instead of an analysis paradigm of orthodox economics。

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