Shang Yongqi  Doctor of History，Professor of the Department of History of Ningbo University，concurrently the vice chairman of the History Society of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of China、Director of the History Society of Chinese Foreign Foreign Relations。Mainly engaged in the history of Buddhism in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties、History of Silk Road Civilization、Study on the history of image history and animal history，Published more than 50 academic papers in magazines such as "Chinese Social Sciences" and "History Research"，At China Social Science Press、10 books and other publishing works。

"image history" is a historical research based on ancient image data as the key evidence，It is a supplement and mutual evidence of the "non -visual" defect of traditional literature and materials。"History of image" is not the history of the work of art history，What it should excavate should be a visualized era as a great historical supplementary part、Society、Thought。From this，The main object of its inspection can be summarized as "object"，that is, the objects and images created by humans created by ancient society，Examine and examine the development and migration of human civilization。

Life and historical homogeneity，All are a flowing river，It is a vector on the arrow of time。Human creators on the ancient Silk Road，It is the best section that witnessed historical flow and civilization migration。The flow of civilized elements on the Silk Road，Including people's flow，Some merchants、Monk、Messenger、Army; flow of things，There are animals、Plants、mineral、Artificial product; flow of thought，There is a language flow、Book flow、Image Move、Technology Mobile; etc.。Where，The typical example we are most concerned about is the flow of images and image chemicals，Because the image flow or material communication of the same mother，often contains the transformation of different civilizations on the way where it goes.、Use and specific symbolization symbol，Show the real life of the same theme in different situations for us。

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Human civilization from the date of birth，People are aware of leaving materialized traces in various materialized，can fully express and confirm the existence of their common sense and durability。Human civilization system、Philosophy、Time Fashion, etc.，All should be expressed in a materialized symbolic system，can we break free of the power of time，Reserved historical events that have occurred in the eternal object of the historical affairs。

Tall tall stone stele, stone pillar and epitaph、murals、pottery and other objects，It is a classic creature that solidifies its image and merit in ancient times。We will even be on a small potter，You can intuitively see the life of the vivid image of the exotic king before the thousand years ago。

Sasan Persian king pot，Unearthed in the ancient city of Merfle in Turkmenistan。1962，Archaeological Team led by Ma Song，I found a Buddhist temple in Kaa Ulkala，Unearthed big Buddha head and stupa，Also 2th century Guishuang coin。This 64 cm high -fired pottery tank was unearthed in this temple，Its age is 4-5th century，The Buddhist scriptures are contained in the jar，Unfortunately being ruined by termites，Can't restore。The content of the painted on the jar has nothing to do with Buddhism，May depict a life of a certain Sasan bet365 live casino games Persian king。According to the plot of the development of the story，The main body part of the pot of pottery tank between the ears，Two theme pictures on both sides。On the one hand、The queen holds the scene of the flower bud，The background is a red petal that has fallen; the other side is the scene where King Persia rides in a immediately bowed and hunted，There is a rushing little deer behind him。The third screen is drawn under one of the cans and sides of the ear of one of them，is a scene after King Persia's death，He is lying under the fabric with a pattern，There are two women around you who shed tears or bid farewell，There is also a handheld cup next to it、Men who may be praised。The most important thing is，Behind this man，There is a mask worship priest，And above is an eagle that stands upright。

This light yellow pottery can be placed in a corner of the State Museum of Turkmenistan National Museum，Boil this most common way of creating such as soil，The simplest and classic three scenes: court life、hunting image、Passing the scene，Highly generally record the full life of the Persian king。Under the light more than a thousand years later，What we see on this utensil，Of course not just three short pictures，but a more complicated historical depth。above，You can see that or more intuitive love in the text record、War、Power; you can see the joy not seen in the official historical text、Tears and other ordinary feelings; you can see the publicity of life，You can also see the decline of life。These are the historical traces that the text cannot express well or some text materials unwilling to express。

Where，The image of the Persian king Zhang Bow Holding Har hunting is the main position，This is the concentrated summary and symbolic refinement of the most glorious part of the king's political and military career。

"Zuo Zhuan" so -called "major events of the country，Worship and Rong "，In fact, it is not just the classic state affairs of the ancient China in the Zhou and Qin period，but the general example of ancient Eurasian society。Although the content of the "sacrifice" of the country or tribe in different civilized systems is different，But its "Rong" incident is nothing more than expanding the territory and obtaining the children of jade。In ancient Egypt、Assyria、Persian，and even the etiquette creation of the Chinese Warring States Period，There are some expression and portrayal of some war scenes。And the hunting of the emperor and nobles，Not only the etiquette preview and practice of the war scene，Still connecting military、Politics、A daily activity of economic and social levels。

Hunting Figure、Travel Figure，is the top image of the emperor and nobles showing their sacred identity and power life，Without the entire ancient Eurasian continent，Such images are the most deductive means to shape the image of courage and noble life。From ancient Egyptian Pharaoh to the King of Persia and the princes and nobles in Huaxia，All occasions involved in sacred occasions such as etiquette buildings、Grave and other murals、On the utensils，Drawing or gorgeous or gorgeous riding horses or horses travel。

Wei and Jin mural tombs in the Hexi Corridor、Former Yan Noble Tomb、Beiqi Xu Xianxiu Tomb、Northern Zhou Anga Tomb、The tomb of Yu Hong in the Sui Dynasty and Prince Zhanghuai Tomb of the Tang Dynasty，We can all see exquisite images that perform hunting。These images portrayed by continuously portion of mobile life scenes，Interpretation of the merits and glory of the owner of the tomb and their family。Bianzhang Quan Minister、Sogo Merchant Lord、Royal Guidi，All in the same theme image，Express with different pigments Bet365 lotto review and compositions and composition、Andon and soothe their lives。Behind the image that seems to have met，Expressing the same power desire for human beings，But it contains the differences and characteristics of civilization in different regions。

Palace life like Melph pottery pot、Drawing of hunting images and past scenes，The same as the crafts and other creatures we see，Often not recorded in the king or noble life，Instead, it was portrayed when life died。The depiction of this scene is certainly from the minds and handwriting of future generations，Expressed may not necessarily be the wishes of the dead，But it must express a kind of attitude of human beings to secular life or religious life，Expressing the contemplation and yearning of life。More importantly，Expressed the ancients outlined "things"、Show off、Affirmation of the "eternal" appeal of the social identity level of the deceased and their family。

　　Moving the changing court school on the Silk Road

In the perspective of image history research，A variety of historical "things" is not a simple item，Instead, it stipulates and restricts the same character、Civilization symbols that understand the same event and the same scene understanding，It is a "speechless image display"。In this sense，Historical events in our eyes，In fact, to a certain extent, it is recognized and confirmed by "things"，Leaving those auxiliary and symbols of "things" with symbolic properties，The description of history will inevitably be a bit pale or unpredictable。"Sakya Cheng Sheep Question Picture"，This is such a typical image，It contains the text story content of distant India，Continuously transformed in the process of image manufacturing spread east，To adapt to the changing cultural atmosphere。

，It is an experience that everyone will have in modern society，But in ancient society, it is not necessarily，So，The scenes of ancient children to go to school we can see，At least before the Song Dynasty，Most of them should show the situation of the noble children。We have to inspect and describe here，This is the scene，This character -Jodamo Siddo，It is the ancient Indian noble youth that the famous writer Heisai has carefully described，One of the four holy philosophers recognized by modern philosophers in Germany。but but，The scene we want to enter is not his most glorious adult or lobbying the era of the city of India，but the Child Meng Chuqi，The scene of studying in the school -this is the first "Ghost Gate Pass"，The first stop of the strange knowledge career。

We call this scene as "Sakyama Make a Sheep and learn from"，In this Lugo Rock in the Charsadda TEHSIL area unearthed in Pakistan，Siddor Duo, who has the identity of a prince, is sitting on the car with two large sheep pull，Drivers hold the reins in their hands; from the sheep's fur，There are hair like long pine cones，They are obviously sheep。Lepo car at the front，It is the guide of a slightly smaller manner; under the car behind the car，Is 2 followers of the waiter。There are 4 people above the screen -in fact, the 4 companions who perform parallel to the same car，They are greater than servants，It should be children in the royal family such as the Shakya Ganlu Rice King，It is the partner of Prince Shakya。

We can understand this image as a historical event、Legend and art exaggerated creation，It shows the scene of an ancient Indian noble youth study，Deliven vehicles that ordinary people can ride can be taken，There are specific aristocratic children to accompany to go to school。and the question lies in，With the spread of Buddhism，This story has to leave its native place India，After Central Asia came to Central Plains, Bet365 app download China。The story recorded in the Western Regions Hu language is faithfully translated into Chinese，No character、changes in scenes and plots，But when converting text into images，Its expression elements begin to change。

Northern Zhou Dynasty，Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Cave 290 Human Po -Po Dongpo has the mural scene of "Prince Prince to Study":，Teachers in the front of the horse，There are two followers after the horse，One of them is under Hua Gai。Nobles in the Northern Dynasties are in a horse riding without a car，So Siddo must also ride on the right，and replaced it with the nobility of the nobility of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.。To the Tang Dynasty，In the 9th -century silk painting found in the Tibetan Sutra of Dunhuang，The scene of "Prince Prince Study" is portrayed as "Talk to Mr. Wenwu in the Palace"，It is completely the layout of the Chinese couch sitting on the palace -the ceremony of the Crown Prince of the Chinese Palace Education，Siddo and the Prince of the lecture on the couch and listening to the class，The servant of the followers and the noble children，There are also servants responsible for living life。

，Siddo is sitting on a sheep cart or riding on the back of the sheep to learn to learn，In the murals of the Northern and Southern Dynasties，Siddo is shaped into a ride on the right to worship，evolved to the Sui and Tang dynasties, I have to follow the Chinese etiquette，Sit on a Chinese couch to study carefully。Such a "magic" change，Dazzling。

Scene of the same theme in text records，Communication through the Silk Road，In image shape，Just in the human race image、clothing、Scene、Teaching mode and other aspects have undergone tremendous changes。The logic behind it，From the perspective, it is caused by the influence of the civilized system in different regions，and from the relationship between "people and things"，The meaning of the symbolic meaning of the "object" in different civilized systems is different。"Sheep Car" can be used as an iconic travel tool for the identity level of ancient Indian nobles，But the Northern Zhou Dynasty could not agree，Not to identify the person's identity，Only riding in the decoration、The high -headed hunting hunting is right，can we identify the nobleness of the characters in the portrait; and the complete etiquette system established by the Tang Dynasty，If you are not allowed to be a prince, Siddo to the teacher's house to "worship the teacher"，Only the etiquette in the court is the ritual "thing to respond to the person"。

　　The fashion and political order behind the horses image

Time Fashion is both a kind of chase of material，It is also a clustering identity of specific culture，It is also a group of "life must be happy".。The use of the nobles of the past and the aristocracy of the horses and their images，It is a "object" to identify its identity、Zhang Yang's momentum、Reserve its eternal materialized feast。Zhang Jian after the Western Regions，Wusun Ma、The so -called "Tianma" of Dawanma have been introduced to the Central Plains，But why do we have no large number of such good horses in our native natural horses today? The answer is the historical image of the Han Dynasty Liangma，All are a reflection of the fashion style，Zhao shows that the cultural atmosphere of "Tianma" was obsessed with that era。substantial，The main population of the Horse horses is not so beautiful，Huo Qubu、Wei Qing and other horses riding in the Han -Hungarian cavalry war，All are Qinma，That is the Mongolian horse of later generations -their body ruler is not tall，But Wind Frost、Percluding and tired、Good long -distance run。

So，Emperor Hanwu desires the times of the times Bet365 lotto review facing "Tianma"，Not the horses that fight against the Huns，More about the construction of its imperial image and the thirst for the medium to satisfy the spiritual life。Three years of Yuanxuan (120 years ago)，The poem cloud of "Ma Sheng Wa Wa" poem: "Taiyi Gong Xi Tianma，Dip Khan Xi Fo Liu。Rong Rong and Xiyi Wanli，Today's Anglong is a friend。"Four years of Taichu (101 years ago)，Its "King of the Wan Wan Wan Wanma" is clouded: "Tian Ma came from West Poor，Jingwanli returns to virtue。Cheng Ling Weizhi's Foreign Foreign，Disposal Sandi Si Yi。"Wakhisa horse in the distant northwest frontier、Danwanma，In the life of Emperor Hanwu，Not only is the dragon as a friend、symbol of 10,000 miles to return to Germany，It is also "Tianma Lai，Dragon Media，You 阊，Guan Yutai "Mirror of the Malaysia Traveling in the Fairy World。

The introduction of Dawima made the Han nation discover the more beautiful shape of the body，Qin Ma's short and short fatness is ingenious and dexterous by Da Wanma、Elegant Elegant Inspection。Because of this，The nobles of the Han Dynasty arranged the huge lineup of "Tianma" honor team and travel scene in the underground world after death。In the portrait stone, the horses that are carved in the trend of the times and the boasting of the times，His hoofs and mane boys、The image of the sound of noisy，It caused us to be confused，I thought that there were such manifestations of horses everywhere in the Han Dynasty。Actually，extraordinary horses image，It is just the identification and logo of the nobles of the Han Dynasty on their real life.，and the construction and self -evidence of the world after death。

，Saddle Horse Culture becomes an important cultural symbol to calibrate social identity level，Daily life in the life of clothing, food, housing，Rule of the hierarchical travel，It's gorgeous in complex ceremony and decoration、Diverse and handsome horse teams in Mercedes -Benz，Especially the Northern Dynasties、Sui and Tang dynasties，Zhou Qin's material civilization of the car and horse culture with exquisite bronze car parts is no longer，In the tomb murals or burial figurines of the emperor's nobles，We can often see the high -headed Malaysia or fierce cavalry image of the lifelike saddle。

Actually，obsession with horses，It is one of the common backgrounds on the Silk Road with a broad Eurasian grassland as the background，It is an important symbol of social order and social level。Among those or Mercedes -Benz teams，The viewer can find the central character at a glance。On the wool blanket unearthed from Bazarak，Wave hair cloak、British hero ride a horse to go to God's pattern，Hanyu Emperor Hanwu's longing to the world of fairy world is the same as the same work;，The image of Li Guangjiajie in the portrait brick unearthed from the northwest bricks is exactly the same。The use of horses as a classic symbolic pattern，It is both an informative sense of the ancient Eurasian country，There is also the mutual impact and imitation of artistic expression means。

In the hierarchical cultural system of the ancient world，As a "thing" as a "thing", it provides power，It has also become the best symbol of identity identity。The Xiongnu King chose the huge four solid -colored horse cavalry teams cultivated by the Quartet，once made Han Gaozu Liu Bang panicked; Er Zhu Rong took the valley as a unit，Choose a different color horses，This shows its power of iron riding;，Grade division of horses、Saddle decoration、Horse material, etc., becomes a court law that distinguishes identity。Extraordinary image、Maojue horses and their rated decorative horses have become the establishment bet365 live casino games of social order、Maintenance、One of the requirements of the symbol，In different regions、Different civilization forms are regional characteristic symbols，Echo the law system recorded in text records such as "Servant"，Make the corresponding era order of the times。

　　The king lion that walks in ancient Eurasia

In the ancient civilization system，Strict hierarchical system is one of the important prerequisites for establishing social order，Emperor、Xungui、General、Official、Civilian、servant Li, etc.，In politics、Military and social life must be opened in a good region，Therefore, the house of the ruling class、Cheyu、clothing、Color、Images and other visualized hierarchical identification systems are essential。Where，Lion images symbolized as a king in the western section of the Silk Road，Changes in the process of spreading China in the east，It is a good example we know civilization migration。

In a civilized system centered on ancient South Asia, India, India, and West Asia，Lion is the symbol of the king，Not only its king's court seats often decorate with lions，And the king is also called a lion，The description of the image of the Shakya family and its king in the classics such as the Buddhist scriptures，Always vocabulary such as "Lion King" and "Lion Cheeks"。and the magnificent lion hunting scene，is from ancient Egypt、Assyrian to the Persian king's classic images of the king of the king's sacredness and personal courage。

This is the sacred civilization system of the king with the lion，From West Asia to Northwest China in Central Asia。From West Asia to Central Asia，Leo's throne as the king is frequently used。In Chinese ancient books records，King of the King of India with the king of the king's king of Leo or the lion、King of Panda、Mud Borne King，King of Eurasia、King Persia，King of Guizi and Shule in the Xinjiang area，King Tuuhun, the east of Yumen Pass in the east of the Hexi region,。but，This culture has not been filtered by the ancient Chinese cultural system after all，Lion as a symbol of civilization symbolized by the lion，The northwest border will become the end of the crossbow。

In the record of "Zhou Li"，There is a dragon on the king's nine flags、Xionghu、Bird、The image of the turtle and snake is a symbol of the state and military of different levels。Lion as a foreign species，Its images only appear in the image of a Swiss beast or beast in the military symbol of the army，Its time was first in the Northern Zhou Dynasty，This is obviously caused by the long -term contact with the Huiren cultural influence of the Western Regions in the Northern Zhou Dynasty。After the Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty killed Quan Chen Yu Wenhu，Rectify the army，The flags of the army are painted with beasts、The image of the bird of the bird，And his court guards warrior to distinguish the legion of the belonging with the different animal images on the sword wearing a sword，There is a dragon ring knife、Fenghuan knife、Linhuan knife、Lion Circle Knife、Elephant ring knives, etc.，This is an early record that the lion image appeared in the royal military system。To the Sui Dynasty，The legion of Liaodong is the lion flag、Qingyaqi、White Beast Banner to distinguish its legion。

The Emperor of the Song Dynasty in the Trip of the Emperor of the Emperor，The flags of the followers to ward off evil、Rima、Carving Tiger、Red Leopard、Ruiying、Bai Ze、Lion、Rhino、Peacock and other images to represent different legions，and the introduction of new varieties of animals outside the Western Regions and other places，Golden Parrot Banner、Yutu Banner、Elephant Taming Banner。Obviously，These symbolic bet365 best casino games animal images are not just animals that the Huaxia dynasty centered on the Central Plains，Not only does it include the legendary animal dragon、Phoenix、Lin、Evil、Bai Ze, etc.，And also introduced many foreign species from the Western Regions and other places，Ru Lion、White Elephant、Peacock、parrot、Qingya、Rhino, etc.。

The use of lion images in the symbol of the Central Plains dynasty is accompanied by，The use of its entire social system，The most prestigious image reserved，It is an official office、Buddhist temple、The Guardian in front of the door of the Quanyu Home，It has no meaning in the civilization system like the "king" at all.。Adapt to this，Its most essential animal cultural background -The image of the fierce grassland carnivore is also auspicious，Gradually become naughty and cute。The most typical examples，We can shoot the moment image of the lion fighting from contemporary animal research scientists、Fighting images portrayed by artists in the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty，and this kind of image spread to the auspicious transformation after the ancient Silla transformation, see its continuous flow of changes，Understand the civilization migration trajectory contained in the flow of objects。

Obviously，This kind of lion fighting work of this lion fighting of the Tang Dynasty artists，Created on the basis of observing wild lions，The image of the lion is exactly the same as the moment when the wild African lion fighting by zoologists today。and obviously the Shinrashn Lion, who is obviously expressed in the same gesture, is obviously just a cat drawing a tiger with the same theme image，Its charm has completely separated from the species lion's phase，and imaginative auspicious as the main。

This can be seen，What human creativity contains not only an economic form，It is a way of life，A grade order，A civilized oath，A self -construction。In essentially,，Text and images are all things created by humans。Human blood ethnic group、Gender identity、Civilized belonging、Social identity、Level status and other elements，All depends on a large amount of objects to identify、Construction、Differential and Self -satisfaction，Images are indispensable in them，Not only the most time outside the text, the most time -penetrating human creature，And also understands the most intuitive creation of different civilizations migrating in long historical space and space。

(This article is the National Social Science Fund key project "Research on Animal Communication and Civilization Exchange in the Han and Tang Dynasties" (18AZS005) phased results)

(Author Unit: Department of History at Ningbo University)