As a place to "always make up" as an ancient Silk Road，Dunhuang is not only a place for multi -ethnic groups，It is also a place where Chinese and foreign envoys and businessmen have been born for a long time，It is a place where east and west culture blend together，The culture of compatibility and accumulation penetrates the production of local people、All aspects of life。Arts and Crafts is a advanced form for the development of handicraft industry，Among them、It contains the aesthetic consciousness of various historical periods、Creation Thought、Technical development and cultural exchanges，Smart experience that condenses and melts for thousands of years、The ideological system and innovation spirit。Dunhuang Grottoes are scattered with rich social life image information，The Tibetan Scripture Cave was unearthed like color plastic、Textiles、Embroidery、Books and lacquer wooden articles such as arts and crafts，There are also a large number of artisans related to arts and crafts in Dunhuang documents、Craft system、Famous objects and other information。These images、physical、The literature reflects the development status of the arts and crafts of ancient Chinese Silk Road、appearance and features，It is also an important material for studying Chinese and Western cultural exchanges，Organize it for it，Not only can provide new materials for the study of Chinese arts and crafts、Supplement new content，It can also provide concretely for the positive role of Dunhuang in the cultural exchanges of the East and the West.、Objective results。

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Dunhuang Grottoes existing murals are about 50,000 square meters，Its construction lasted for thousands of years，completely recording the production and life of different strata people in the real society in the middle of the ancient times、All aspects of clothing, food, housing and transportation，At the same time, it also reproduces ancient utensils、Furniture furnishings、Clothing、Tattoos and other aspects of design styling and style development and changes，Reflected the interaction and integration development of Chinese and Western creation design，The realism of the picture and the characteristics of the details of daily life，All can provide important image historical materials for the study of ancient Chinese arts and crafts。

A few tens of thousands of ancient clothing materials were stored in the Dunhuang Grottoes，Not only huge quantities、Rich in content，and the sequence is complete，Reflected different times、National、The basic appearance of the clothes crown clothing in the class。The portrait portrait painted in the grotto is a portrait portrait bet365 live casino games of the character.，There are both senior officials who are expensive、Monk Dade，There are also civilians、Ordinary monks and nuns，Huns、Xianbei、Tubo、Back、Yu、Xixia、Mongolian and other ethnic minorities gathered together，The clothes they are in，Most of the depicting the structure is clear，Gorgeous and Exquisite，Reflected the characteristics and development of the era of clothing in the Middle Ages。Buddha in the grotto、Bodhisattva and other deities costumes have a certain gap with real life，But it is also an important information about the study of the nationalization of foreign clothing and cultural exchanges between Chinese and Western clothing。In the Bet365 app download study of the history of Chinese clothing，The importance of clothing data of Dunhuang Grottoes has been prominent，Shen Congwen、Zhou Xibao、Sun Ji、Duan Wenjie and others have used some use in ancient Chinese clothing research。In recent years, the research team of Beijing Institute of Fashion in Beijing Copy Research Copy Realizing the representative Dunhuang clothing，There are also designers who integrate Dunhuang clothing features to design and develop the characteristics of trendy clothing，in the country、International stage display unique charm with traditional oriental aesthetics。The value of Dunhuang clothing data is not only highlighted from the construction and enrichment of the history of Chinese clothing，It also has a positive and far -reaching impact on contemporary clothing design。

Chinese furniture as daily necessities is mostly wooden，Easy loss，Due to material reasons, the real furniture of furniture in ancient furniture was very rare，Therefore, I have to rely on the help of the relics such as painting。The story paintings of the Dunhuang Grottoes and the transformed paintings depict many indoor scenes，Show the appearance of ancient Chinese indoor furniture and furnishings。These furniture images are rich，Including bedding (bed、couch)，Sit (seat、Rope bed、Hu bed、chair、pier、Holy hoof、Wooden、Buddha seat)，Contract (table、Case、a few)，Screen (screen、Wide screen)，庋 庋 (letter、cabinet、Box、Box、奁)，Steel (Scriptures、lamp rack、Holding、Lotus Book、Hand towel rack, etc.)，Facial decoration (curtain、Chair Plus、table curtain、Table circumference、Account、bedding、Pillow、hidden pocket、carpet, etc.)，Not only vividly shows the furniture forms of the Central Plains and the Western Region during the Middle Ages，It also witnessed the millennium evolution of Chinese people's living methods and the fusion development of local furniture and foreign furniture styles。In the previous research involved in the history of furniture，Furniture image data of Dunhuang Grottoes has always been an important image evidence，It is important for the construction and in -depth Bet365 app download study of the history of furniture from the Northern Dynasties to the Yuan Dynasty.。

Dunhuang Grottoes depict a large number of daily utensils and Buddhist contributors，Such as various types of glassware、Gold and Silver Word、lacquerware、Disk、Bowl、Lighting、Toys and other daily utensils，Bodhisattva、The net bottle taken by the disciples and supporters、Vase、Fragrant burner and other suppliers。Dunhuang murals depict Buddhist art although the art of Buddhism，But the images of the utensils in the mural are drawn from the materials from the time to depict。For example, hundreds of glassware depicted in the cave，Some of them、Color、Size and patterns with the glassware unearthed from the same generation，Prove that the painter of the Dunhuang Grottoes is depicting these utensils，It was based on the utensils popular in society at that time.，These images are the morphological shape of the utensils in the medieval period、Important information of cultural information。Classification of these images、Drawing Figure，and will be with the unearthed cultural relics、Similar images in other grottoes and tombs for comparative analysis，It may outline the basic features of various types of utensils、Development and evolution and the design of Chinese and foreign utensils collide with each other、Traces of the influence。

In Dunhuang Grottoes，The pattern with decorative function is an important part of the cave art。Dunhuang's unique geographical location, compatible and compatible cultural characteristics，Extremely rich theme of the Dunhuang pattern，Flowers、Birds and Beasts、Geometry、You can see the cloud qi，Including all the forms in the usually seen decoration，Therefore, Dunhuang Grottoes is also a database of ancient decorative patterns。Dunhuang pattern not only "Caves have craftsmen，Wall Wall has innovation "，and the inheritance relationship is clear，Development context，Not only showing ancient buildings、Dyeor、Clothing、Decoration style and development and changes in the production process，It also reflects the status of Chinese and Western decorative art exchanges and integrated development。For example，The most large Tang style in the traditional Chinese decoration system，The formation process and development sequence of its formation can be seen in Dunhuang images，Lotus pattern from India，After entering the Dunhuang Grottoes，Traces of foreign influence gradually weakened，More style and tradition from the Han Dynasty，Reactions and combined with Ling Winter、Peony、Camellia flowers and grapes、The shape of the pomegranate，Compatible with medium -west patterns in one，The final melting of Chinese and Western combination、The thick and atmospheric treasure phase flower。Dunhuang pattern has both a distinctive foreign culture immersion，There is a constant connection bet365 best casino games with the traditional culture of the Central Plains，is a cultural monument created by the people of all ethnic groups along the Silk Road，Therefore, it is an indispensable and important part of the construction of the history of Chinese arts and crafts。

　　Literature Historical Materials: Reveal the System of Five Dynasties of the Late Tang Dynasty

In ancient arts and crafts research，The literature can explain the real objects and images，Deficiency of the deficiencies of supplementary images and inadequate objects，Its function is irreplaceable。But，The lack of historical materials is the problem of outstanding problems in the research of Chinese arts and crafts。Although the ancient literature is vast.，But the Chinese value the world more importantly、Dianzhang System、Ethics such as moral academics，and the historical materials related to the handicraft industry of arts and crafts are extremely rare。Comparison of comparison，Dunhuang Tibetan Sutra unearthed in literature、Historical relics such as craft organizations and famous objects are rich，To reveal the basic status of Dunhuang craftsmen、Craft system、Craft Products and other related issues provide valuable information。

Crafts from design、Made to use，All relationships with people，Its research cannot avoid related designers、Producers and users，But because of the lack of related records，In actual research, this information is very difficult。But there are a lot of records about Dunhuang craftsmen in Dunhuang literature and grotto supporters，Stele of the Master of the Merit of Caves、Ming、Like、​​Descriptions of "good workers" and "craftsmen" in the data，Disputes and supply records of artisans in the revenue and expenditure accounts of the government and temples，Records of various types of craftsmen in Dunhuang in the account documents。The technical level of the craftsman in the Dunhuang literature involves the metropolis、Dr.、Artist、Sheng, etc.，such as S.6452 "The Zhou Monk on December 13th of the Year of the Year of the Year of the Year of the Year of the Essential Library Lending Oil Noodle Calendar" is a stool calendar in the Tibetan Scripture Cave，Age for 982，It records: "29th，Music Liangshi Buy Silver Bringing Silver "，"The first month of the day of Renwu，Jiu Yimeng，Dr. Silver Bowl "。From this document, we can learn that the craftsmen of the production of gold and silver utensils in the late Tang and Fifth Dynasties are called doctors，There is also a job in the gold and silver craft industry。Metropolitan positions are mostly appeared in Dunhuang literature and grotto topics，According to Jiang Boqin、Zheng Binglin、Studies by Made and others，Metropolitania is mainly existed in industries with large scale or high technical standards，The status in the Dunhuang handicraft industry of the Tang Dynasty and the fifth generation of the Tang Dynasty is higher than that of other levels of craftsmen，Being in bet365 best casino games the leadership，Usually appointed by the government。These reflecting the professional category of craftsmen、Literature materials of related conditions such as technical levels revealed the highly organized handicraft production environment of Dunhuang in the late Tang Dynasty and the fifth generation of the Tang Dynasty。

According to the records of Dunhuang literature，Dunhuang stores in the Tang Dynasty and the Fifth Dynasties，There are many types of handicraft industry，Strict division of the industry area。In order to effectively manage these handicraft industries，The Guifu Military Government has set up a series of special management agencies，For example, there are special city wall division management，It is a house division that manages the textile industry，There is a house officer in each house、Judge，House officers are generally served by Jiuye，and home affairs are generally the heads。There is also a workshop division that is also a government agency that manages handicrafts，During Dunhuang documents, more records。For example，Dunhuang Documents P.3347 "After the Three Years of Jin Tianfu (938) Zhang Member Jin and Revised the Qianzheng Ten General" reflected in the workshop is divided by the team，Outstanding job as a team、Team deputy and can be promoted to the tenth general，Charging to the official system。This kind of literature provides information for us to understand the problems of the Dunhuang hand -industrial system，If you compare the research system from the Central Plains and other regions from the Tang and Song Dynasties from a wider perspective，It will help form a more in -depth cognition of the Chinese traditional craft system。

other，Various books in the Dunhuang literature、Books and other miscellaneous documents are large，Among them, some temple accounts、What calendar、Breaking Calebby、Entering Calendar、Loan silk deed、Singing clothes calendar、Postering in documents such as Shuxian preserved specific utensils vocabulary，The content is also very wide，Involved in clothing、Furniture、、Transportation、Textiles, etc.，It is a precious research information for famous famous objects。For example, the "Forest of Popular Affairs" is a popular word for popular words that are popular in the Tang Dynasty，Contents and most related to famous objects，Among them, different ministries are linked to different knowledge areas，Ru male service、Women's Service、Picking silk cloth is related to Tang people's clothing and textile production，Treasures related to craft utensils。The content of "Essential Words for Miscellaneous Collection" also involves clothes、Booter、Guan帻、Car、saddle、doors and windows、House、barrier、Flower、Color、缬 缬 缬。Dunhuang Document P.3432 Phase the calendar for Longxing Temple，From "Longxing Temple Qing Zhao Shi's feet，The starting bet365 best casino games calendar of the Buddha statues attached to the family of the family and the directory "，Explanation is the directory of the temple property of the Tubo period in Dunhuang，Among them, the content involves arts and crafts with colorful plastic、幡、Gold and Silver Word、Incense burner、Furniture, etc.。The Kao Suo of the famous object，On the surface is traceable、Name Test，Actually it is the design idea of ​​utensils、Material、Structure、Decoration、Formation of comprehensive analysis，Then reveals the trajectory of its development and evolution，Interpretation of the cultural connotation hidden in it。The interpretation of the data related to the process related famous items in the Dunhuang literature can not only enrich our cognition of ancient utensil culture，Can see a small see big、See you，Provide new evidence materials for the Bet365 app download study of the history of ancient Chinese arts and crafts。

　　physical historical materials: presentation technology in the medieval period

Dunhuang arts and crafts, the physical historical materials of the arts and crafts, are mainly colorful plastic、Textiles、Fragmentation of the Tibetan Sutra Book、Lacquer Woodware、Bamboo and hard pen writing tools, etc.，Although not as rich as the image relic category，Number of quantity，But because it is unearthed cultural relics，The origin is reliable，Clear era，Not only can provide reliable physical basis for arts and crafts research，It also provides real and reliable basic materials for recovery ancient craftsmanship。

Textiles are usually the focus of arts and crafts research，Because it is not just a material，It is a physical material containing important craftsmanship and art information，Types of fiber、The process of dye、Weaving structure、Embroidery needle, etc.; At the same time，It is an artistic design work，Contains color、pattern、Style、Themes and other information。Dunhuang is the main land out of the ancient Chinese textile relics，Many textiles unearthed from Mogao Grottoes，The Tibetan Scripture Cave also preserves a large number of paintings made of silk、幡、Scarf and other crafts。The varieties of these textiles are very rich，silk、Ma、cotton、Mao Wu or Lack，Silk in the silk fabric at the time、Qi、绫、Jin、makeup flowers、Silk and other fabrics and dye、Embroidery, etc. are unearthed，and commonly in the Mainland Ru Ding 绫、Wu Yan、Chuanjin and other famous weaving products are all of them，covering all aspects of the silk production technology at that time。，Textiles unearthed from Dunhuang are also extremely rich，Many of them can be compared with the costume painting cases on the murals。These relics are textile materials for studying the Middle Ages、Technology、pattern pattern、Seed color staining and process restoration provides a large amount of physical basis。

Dunhuang Cai Shao is also an important relic in the historical material bet365 Play online games of Dunhuang Arts and Crafts.。Because the cliffs of Mingsha Mountain are rough fragrance，Not easy to carve，So the ancient craftsman took the material，Developed clay sculpture，Customer mature and unique。Ancient Color Plastics preserved in Dunhuang Grottoes、Live for a long time、Fine Arts，It is rare in China and the world。Color plastic art of different styles in each period，Reflecting the technology of different times、Art expression、Aesthetic development and changes in the era，Provided physical materials for us to study the color plastic process and development of the medieval period。

The Tibetan Scripture Cave was unearthed from more than 50,000 volumes of more than 50,000 volumes of the 4-14 century，Among them, the decoration design is very rich，There is a scroll installation、Brahma sandwich、Whirlwind outfit、Puttable、Package、sticky leaves、Settlement、Butterfly installation、Line installation and some discovery of decoration forms to be studied。Some framework methods have been annihilated from history。The discovery of these materials enriched our understanding of the history of ancient Chinese books，It is also worthy of attention。

Overall，Dunhuang Arts and Crafts Historical Materials is an important creative vein，It is an important carrier for the inheritance of Chinese culture，It is also the creative conversion of Chinese culture、Important resources for innovative development。Dunhuang Arts and Crafts Historical Materials has been involved in the study of ancient arts and crafts earlier，Become an important material describing and constructing a complete Chinese design history，How to use rich historical materials of Dunhuang arts and crafts，It is also an important issue for the research of Chinese arts and crafts in the future。

(This article is the special topic of "Dunhuang Arts and Crafts Literature" (2021zjx002) phase results)

(The author is a professor at the School of Design of Shanghai Jiaotong University)