Ancient Chinese Classics is a belief、Thought、Knowledge、Literature、Complex of Political and Education，It originated from the feudal ritual and music system of ancient times，Among them, Buyu、Song Poems、Etiquette and History File，continuously selected、Explanation，Summary from the Confucian school in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period、Edit、Teaching，Ideological form was established as a unified county -oriented country in the Han Dynasty，It has a profound impact on Chinese culture and East Asian civilization。In Chinese classical culture，Studies are defined as "the learning of the king official"，Therefore, the highest paradigm of thought and academics，An important feature that is different from individual academics is the institutional cultural phenomenon，We still lack overall review and system research on this。Learn the institutional characteristics of Chinese classics，Can deepen our understanding of traditional Chinese academic form and cultural spirit。

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As the name suggests，Scripture is about the learning of the so -called "Five Classics", "Six Classics" or "Six Arts"，Different times have different interpretations and practice。About the Han Dynasty，"Six Classics" becomes the name of "classic" or "classics"，Form the level difference with other literature。Sima Qian said: "Juexie Six Classics of Six Classics，Neat hundreds of miscellaneous words。"(" Historical Records · Taishi Gong Self -Preface ") Kong Yingda Note" Shangshu Preface "" Boshu Jingli，Cai Qun Qun Word "cloud:" Classics，Five Classics is also。Group words，Zi Shi is also。"(" Shangshu Justice ") Compared to" Baijia "and" Group Words "，"Six Classics" is not the creation of individuals，Instead, the "Book of Kings Teaching，First Saint, so tomorrow，Positive Human Lun，To the Creative Law of the Governance "(" Hanshu · Rusin Biography ")。According to Zhang Xuecheng: "Six Arts Non -Confucius Books，The old code of the Zhou official。"(" School of School ") Six Classics was originally a literary article in the political system，and entered the cultural and educational system very early，The so -called "Shunxian" Poetry "and" Book "、Li、Le Yi Create "(" Book of Rites · Wen Wang Shizi ")。From the perspective of the ancients，The Six Classics can become a classic，It is due to the unique connotation: "Scripture and Code，Training is often "，"It can be normal，Therefore, the classics "(" Shangshu Justice ")。Frequently is the normal method、Changdao。Dong Zhongshu said: "The bet365 best casino games king has the name of restructuring，Music Taoism "，"If outline、Human Lun、Reason、Politics、Education、Customs、The text is all the same，How can I change it? "(" Spring and Autumn Fan Lu · King Chuzhuang ") These contents belonging to the common way，It is the common value and belief included in the Six Classics。

The concepts of "science" and "scripture" also come from the Han people，The so -called "Scholarship" ("Hanshu · Zou Yang Biography")、"language classics" ("Children's Biography")、"Bo Wen Jing Xue" ("Xuan Emperor")、"Confucian Scripture" ("Biography of Dongping Similar Wang Yu")、"Love Scripture" ("Hou Han Book · Rulin Biography") and other words，But the founder of the scriptures is publicly pushed as Confucius。Pixiri believes "before the Confucius，No name，Also said "，But the "opening era，Broken from Confucius Delete Six Classics as the beginning "(" History of Sutra ")。Lu Siman said to Zhang Xuecheng's "Six Classics History": "Books of Six Classics，and delete it by Confucius，If you have the righteousness taken by Confucius。The six classics of the scholars of Confucius，It also focuses on the meaning of Confucius，instead of the book that is inherently inherent。Don’t，Books have been passed down since ancient times，Why do Confucianism respected these six evils? "(" Cultural History and History Comment ") These views are all described，Ancient classics can only become classic through interpretation and teaching，Scripture is an interpretation of the classic system established by Confucianism。

Emperor Hanwu established the Five Classic Doctoral System，It means compiled from the ancient feudal system (home world) etiquette culture、The classics explained have become the charter of the political and religious charters of the unified county system (Gongtianxia)，The so -called "Deep Five Classic"，All Han Make "(Xu Chong's" Speaking Table ")，"The Five Classics" also established by the Han family，Confucian scholars' good politics，All of them "(Wang Chong's" On Heng · Chengcai ")。Therefore，Scripture also transformed from the "family words" of the pre -Qin sons ("Historical Records of Rulin Biography") to a new "King of Kings"，Individual interpretation behavior transforms into public interpretation behavior and power discourse。The scientific learning from different divisions and family laws is a doctorate in the scholars，A use of the scriptures，Two trained scholars，Not only must you have the chapters and sentences that meet the discourse and text mechanism，And to build a public meaning that conforms to the ideal of politics and religion，"Examination of the same difference"，"Writing for Tongyi" ("Hou Han Book · Rusin Biography")，"Thrin，Gongye "(" White Tiger Tongyi · Jue ")。Since then, whether it is the "Five Classics of Justice" bet365 Play online games in the Tang Dynasty，It is also the Ming Dynasty's "Four Books and Five Classics"，Both the official interpretation of the Han and Tang Dynasties and the Song and Yuanming scriptures have been promulgated as the standard for the election test，You can "Yi Jing Liyi" (Liu Ye "Wen Xin Eaging Dragon · Different Sao"，Can't leave the Taoist Tao。The folk classics of Wang Guanzhi's learning，Also follow the public discourse system of classics to expand its own interpretation。Study of the Chapters and Sentences、Justice and other interpretations of publicity and authority have also been used by later generations of classics and even history、Literature、Inheritance of the literature of Zhuzi Xue。

　　The institutional culture of classics

Publicity and authority must rely on the guarantee of the system，System culture is an important feature of Chinese classics。Han Yu's "Original Road" explains the discussion of "the teaching of the first king"，Classic is regarded as the content of the political and religious system。

Its text: "Poetry", "Book", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn"; Law: Li、Le、Sentence、Political;、Farmers、Gong、Jia;、Father and son、Fish、Bin owner、Kun brother、couple;、silk;、Room; Food: corn、Fruit and Vegetables、Fish。

​​So，Six Classics has historical value and belief value，Is the classic based on other political and religious systems。Well knows，The system is generally defined as law、specification、Social Organization、Institutional system, etc.，also includes custom tradition、Industry practice and other informal systems。Any system is not preset and given，but a concentrated manifestation of human experience and practice，"System" is the crystallization of "things" (Yan Gengwang's "History of Chinese Political System")。We can understand the relationship between classics and institutional culture from two perspectives。

On the one hand，Studies are part of the traditional political and cultural system，or regarded as the "Scripture of the System"。In Chinese traditional culture，Li is the most extensive and fundamental system，It is also a classic connotation。"Zuo Zhuan" said: "Li，The Sutra of the Heaven also，The meaning of the ground also，The benefits of the people also。"also said:" Li，Wang Zhida Jing also "，"Speaking with the examination codes，Code Yizhi Sutra "。It is said that the classics must be based on，Because the classics are records of ritual law。Starting from Confucius，Pay attention to the profit or loss of the three generations of ritual system，Grasp the laws of historical development from the change of the ritual and music system，The so -called "Yin is due to Xia Li，profit or loss，You can know; Zhou is due to Yin Li，profit or loss，You can know。It or the one who follows the week，Although bet365 best casino games Best can know it "(" The Analects of Confucius ")。Xunzi said: "Learn evil start? Evil end? Said: The number began to recite，Finally read the ceremony; its righteousness began to be ashi，Finally for the sage。"(" Xunzi · Persuasion ") The exploration of ritual and rituals through the study of the ritual system and rituals affects the institutional design in reality，So，The cultural logic of scriptures even directly interpreted the Six Classics as Li，Dong Zhongshu said: "Spring and Autumn"，Grand Privilege also。"(" Historical Records · Taishi Gong ") Cao Yuanzhang Yun:" Six Classics and Return，Its finger is in Li。""，Li Xue also becomes a public discourse within the study。"Scripture" in "Book of Rites"，Not only the general saying of etiquette and religion，It is also the earliest theory of science: "It is gentle and gentle，"Poetry" teach also。Dredging Zhuan Yuan，"Book" teaching also。Guang Boyi Liang，Lejiao also。絜 絜 精，"Yi" teach also。Gong Jianzhuang Jing，Lijiao also。belongs to the incident，"Spring and Autumn" teaching also。"White Tiger" is the first "Five Classic" class literature formed by the Eastern Han Dynasty Classics Conference，Its compilation method is "Ritual Names" instead of "Scriptures as the District" (Liu Shipei "" White Tiger Tongyi "source flow test"，There is a difference in the knowledge and thoughts of each scripture，Only in the ceremony system can start dialogue。

On the other hand，Studies are full institutionalized thoughts and academics，or regarded as "the system of classics"。According to the systemic classic literature and its interpretation、Teaching mechanism，Establishing academic、Education organization and ideological practice method。The History of the History "Scriptures" and "Yi Wen Zhi"、Li、Le、Election、The school's "Zhi" all involves the records of the classics system; Du You "Tong Dian"、Ma Duanlin's "Literature Test"，and the "Odds" and "Code"、Fang Zhi and others also include the relevant content of the scriptures into the election、Officer、School、Jili、Scriptures and other rules and regulations; and a large number of essays、Fang Zhi、Family and Academy's literature is also related to the classics system。The content of the scientific system can be roughly summarized as five categories: (1) from the order of the six classics、Mandarin example、S classan system、Publishing system, etc. The classics system; (2) by biography、Notes、Scripture、Lecture、Conference and other composition of the solution system and dialogue mechanism; (3)、Taixue、Guo Zijian、Local school、Academy and other educational systems; (4) Specifications based on the standards of scriptures、countermeasures、Chapu、imperial examinations and other election systems; bet365 Play online games (5) from the folk academy、Society Organization、Regional School、Family education and other folk science mechanisms。Among them, the narrative of the classic classics system began in "Han Shu · Yi Wen Zhi"，Not only narrate the collection of books in the Han Dynasty、School Book System，It will also cooperate with "six arts" with "yin and yang" and "five constant ways"，Classic ideology of cosmicization。"Historical Records of Rulin Biography" and "Hanshu · Rulin Biography" recorded the division method、The academic system composed of domestic methods and the education teaching system of each scripture，created literature paradigms such as "Confucianism", "Biography of Confucianism", the Biography of Confucianism, and the internal study of the classics of the classics。Changes in the scientific system will also affect the narrative system of historical biography。For example, "Historical Records" and "Hanshu" describe the scripture teaching system are based on the six classics，But the six classics of "Historical Records" use the "Poetry", "Book", "Li", "Le", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn" formed by the Warring States Period，and "Han Book" uses "Yi", "Book", "Poetry", "Rites", "Le", "Spring and Autumn" in the Han Dynasty's official scripture system。Another example is that Dr. Wu Classic of the Han and Wei Dynasties belongs to the end of the ritual and music，Dr. Taixue after Jin in the future、Dr. Guozi and others，Official Education Education is gradually transferred from Tai Chang to Guozi Supervision System，Dr. will no longer be in charge of five classics，The system of the teacher's law and sentence system declines，Therefore, since the history of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the "Confucianism" in the old and new "Tang Book"，Both the characters are based on the character of the classics。

The system is not only external specifications and institutions，and reflected in the form of ideological consciousness and the form of discourse。​​For example, the scholarship of classics is strong，There are so -called Qi Xue、Lu Xue、Learning today、Ancient learning、Sinology、Song Xue and other genres。Differences on the portal of the teacher，In the literature consciousness、Different from the interpretation of the Jingyi，Reflection of distinctive denomination and institutional consciousness。Folk Classics to obtain discourse authority，It will also imitate the official paradigm of the official classics。For example, Liu Ye wants to set up "Zuo Zhuan" as a academic officer，"Introducing the text to solve the scriptures，Turn on the invention，Because of the chapter and sentence, "(" Hanshu · Chu Yuan Wang Biography "); Jia Yan" 擿 "Zuo's Thirty Thirty Thirty -Thirty -Thirty -Thigest Thirty Those，The justice of the monarch and minister，Father Bet365 app download and son's Ji Gang。The rest is seven or eight with the same "ram" ("Hou Han Book of Jia Zhi")。Zhang Taiyan asserted this phenomenon: "Know the first line of" Zuo's "，Scholars must not be examples，Therefore Fu Hui "Gongyang" is justified。"(" Bingwu and Liu Guanghan Book ") The internal dialogue mechanism of the classics，Classics literature such as "refutation", "different", "general righteousness", and "general theory" produced。After the Tang and Song dynasties，The Han and Tang Classics was abandoned，New Confucianism has gradually constructed the "Four Books and Five Classics" scriptures in their own way，Their interpretation literature is mostly "original meaning", "new meaning", "question", "enlightenment" and even "claims" to construct a new discourse mechanism。

　　System study and its methodological significance

Although traditional academics lack overall research on the scientific system，But there is a lot of attention to the system phenomenon。For example, the "Six Classics" and "annotations" in Lu Deming's "Classic Interpretation" have sorted out the scripture system and the teaching spectrum。Another as Wang Yinglin's "Scripture" and "The Five Classics" in the "Yu Hai · Yiwen" have been recorded and approved by the historical materials of the classics from the Han Dynasty to the Song Dynasty，The topic listed includes the name of the scriptures、Question、Catalog、Text、Family Laws and sentences of classics、Dr. and Scripture System、Teaching system、Figure，Ceremony Conference、Difficulties、Lecture、Lesson、Book of Books、Economic Study School、Published、Favorites and Shi Jing content; the "Scripture" in the "Difficulty of Scholars" examines the name of the Six Classics、Doctoral system、Shi Jing and Historite、Scriptures and other system phenomena。The study of the history of modern classics has been conscious for the classics system。For example, Wang Guowei's "Dr. Han and Wei Dr.", "Dr. Han and Wei Title Test", "The Book of the Ancients of the Han Dynasty", "Wei Shi Jing Tao", etc.，It is a classic on the doctoral system and the classics of the scriptures。Another example of Zhou Yutong pointed out: Study on the study of sciences, we must seek three categories of the history of classics.、centered on the scripture teacher "，Such as Wang Guowei "Dr. Han and Wei Test", etc.; "Two、Book -centered "，such as Zhu Yizun's "Book of Books"; "Three、System -centered "，If Gu Yanwu's "Stone Scriptures"、Wang Guowei's "Five Dynasties, Two Song Supervisors", etc.。He also pointed out: "In ancient times，Election、There is also a close relationship between the school and the classics，So the "Election Door" of "Tong Dian"、"Election Strategy" in "Tongzhi"、The "Election Examination" and "School Test" of "Literature Test" also bet365 best casino games belong to this category "(" History of Study of Studies ")。His plan is exactly included in the academic and division system、Scripture system、Education system、Election system and other main aspects。

The institutional characteristics of the scriptures make it have a distinctive subject form and model value in Chinese traditional academics，Due to its exit in modern Chinese politics and cultural ideology，Study of scientific studies entered philosophy、History、Literature and other divisions of science and science，Lost academic subjectivity of scientific studies，Only in classics of classics、History of science、The research fields of scientific ideas are reflected，Therefore，Following the system characteristics of the scientific studies help deepen our overall understanding of the classics。The examination system is an excellent tradition of Chinese classics and history，Institutional analysis is also the theoretical and method worthy of reference in contemporary Western humanities and society research。So，We must not only study the institutional culture of scriptures，and system research as a method and perspective。In fact，The scientific system is not only the external specifications and organizational forms of science，It is also the discourse and practical mechanism of classics。In this sense，The system culture of science itself has made the most direct interpretation of classics，From this，We can not only know what the classics say and do，You can know how to say how to say it，How to do it。

(This article is the "Study of the Chinese Economic Studies System" (19ZDA025) in the National Social Science Fund's major project)

(The author is a professor at the School of Literature of Nanjing University、Dean of the Senior Research Institute of Nanjing University Humanities and Social Sciences)