In various ancient books in China and ancient legends，Phoenix birds are regarded as "the king of bird world" and "the long bird of the bird" for their auspicious meaning.，Just as "Historical Records" records "Phoenix Lai Xiang，The world Mingde "，Phoenix is ​​the same as China's "Dragon" totem，It has mysterious colors in history，is a symbol of the prosperous age。Phoenix bird patterns in their diverse forms、Vivid and vivid shape、Strong decoration and rich cultural characteristics，It has become an important totem of the Chinese nation since ancient times，Its patterns are all in Chinese art patterns。Especially in the Sui and Tang dynasties，Phoenix bird patterns are widely used in silk fabrics、Gold and Silverware、Grusted Temple murals and tomb murals。Short -finals in the "Top Ten Archaeological Discovery of 2019", Qinghai Wulanquan Gougou Tubo Tomb Tomb in the Tibetan Crown Crown of Golden Crossings，Among them, there is a phoenix bird pattern，So what is the difference between this pattern and the patterns of the phoenix birds on other precious cultural relics at home and abroad?

bet365 Play online games

　September 2018 to September 2019，Approved by the State Administration of Cultural Relics，Archaeologists found a mural tomb in Hiligou Town, Wulan County, Haixi Prefecture, Qinghai Province，This is the first time the Tibetan mural tomb was discovered during the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau，The tomb is limited to 663 (Tubo occupation period) to before the mid -8th century。There is a sealed dark grid in this tomb，This is not found in the archeological history of China and the world.。Dark grid built -in rectangular wooden box found a dragon, phoenix lion pattern gilt gold and silver crown，Golden Crown is symmetrically standing dragon ornaments，and the "one phoenix stands on the lotus seat on each side" on both sides。

The description of the opposite phoenix decoration of "Tomb No. 1 Tomb of Wulan County, Qinghai" is: "Lotus Lotus is inlaid with green litter petals，Five bunch of winter branches and leaves born in the surroundings，Among them, the three bundles of the center and the sides spread to the surroundings of Lifeng，Flower buds at the edge of the end。A cluster of collaborative bead pattern flowers on the top of the piano and the left and right wings are born，Flower Xin and petals are embedded with turquoise。Lifengkou contains bet365 live casino games flower branches，Wing -winged，Decoration of the body center decorative group of pearl pattern group flowers，Flower heart inlaid round blue gem，The surrounding rings and round turquoise are one circle。There is a petal -shaped perforation at each point of the left and right wings，Silk in the lining。”

"Brief News" just made a brief introduction to the overall style of the crown surface，No in -depth analysis of the shape characteristics of the opposite Feng。According to the author carefully observed，Lifeng lives in the middle of the crown noodles on the left and right sides of the golden crown，Its phoenix head、double wings、Phoenix claws are decorated by the branches and leaves of the honeysuckle，That is to say, Lifeng is clustered by the flower branch cluster。Lifeng's double claws are tightly buckled on the over -covered lotus lotus seat，The roots of the legs are almost posted on the body，Kneeling half squat，Like "& lt;" shape。Lifeng's wings are completely open，Raise upward，It seems to have the feeling of fluttering wings immediately。The phoenix crown consists of a petals inlaid with five turquoise petals，The inverted phoenix beak like eagle mouth，With a flower branch，The feathers on the rear neck are rolling like waves，Phoenix eyes look cold and arrogant，Phoenix、Phoenix neck and right wings form the upper and lower "S" shape，and a cluster of Lianzhu pattern flowers on Lifeng's body from 14 turquoise、The small long strip turloma and the sapphire of the center of the circle are composed of three layers of sapphire。and Lifeng on both sides also has different places in details。For example, the angle of the knee flexion、Phoenix's shape。Passing the entire phoenix bird pattern crown noodles，Its decoration looks rich and rich、Unique，Concentrated reflecting multiple culture、Mutual learning and blending of multiple civilizations。

　One Dance Millennium: Sui and Tang Penpy Bird's pattern changes in Dunhuang murals

On the murals of Dunhuang's various periods，Especially in the Sui and Tang dynasties Mogao Grottoes various transformations、clothing pattern、The algae pattern on the top of the cave and the sideways as the decorative pattern，Phoenix bird patterns are more common。We can classify it as the Sui Dynasty、Early Tang、Sheng Tang、Central Tang、Late Tang and other five periods，Lifeng by decorated with patterns on the 71st of Mogao Grottoes、Cave 220 Cave Light Tree Lighting Polygang and the West Niche Top Southern Tiangongrang on the top of the nest of the nest of the 321、Phoenix neck、Phoenix Wing、bet365 live casino games Phoenix Tail Performs Class Analysis Research，We can judge these three phoenixes as patterns in the early Tang Dynasty。

Through comparison we discover，Dunhuang murals in the early Tang Dynasty's phoenixes were vivid、Break up and confident，It seems that a strong dynasty is coming。Phoenix Bird is characterized by "Phoenix's head is slightly lower than the height of double wings and phoenix tails，The wings behind the cracker are slightly higher than the wings in front of the cousin，The tail feathers of the Phoenix Birds form the highest point of the overall phoenix pattern "。In addition，The first tail curve of the phoenix can be summarized as "Zhi" glyph，This is compared with the phoenix pattern of the Sui Dynasty，The attitude of the bird's body looks more rounded，Most of the wings can form a "round"。

At the same time，The first shape of the phoenix and bird patterns in the Sui and Tang dynasties is mainly chicken -headed chicken mouth，Overall style British qi，Placing and both。Phoenix head pattern can be divided into three categories，Raise the crown、Yu Guanping Slow、Placing and both，Among them, the main expression form is mainly erected with the crown，Phoenix pattern with similar thickness of the phoenix neck，Phoenix heads are generally erected in the crown; the phoenix neck is a thin and thick phoenix pattern，Phoenix head is a state of slow and flatness in the feather crown。

Comparison with the sampling of the phoenix pattern of each period，Dunhuang murals During the early Tang Dynasty, phoenixes wings were mostly expanded in symmetry; except for the appearance of the sides of the phoenixes on the sideline，The rest also expanded wings in symmetry; the wings of the birds in the middle of the Tang Dynasty were mostly in the side style; the form of phoenixes in the late Tang Dynasty was similar to the early Tang Dynasty，Most of the symmetrical formula。and the rear shape of the Dunhuang mural phoenix pattern during the Sui and Tang dynasties is very rich，Elegant posture，Aesthetic。Its general form can be divided into two types，The first type is parallel arrangement，The second type is the overall upward type。

After repeated observation，The author found that Qinghai unearthed the 8th -century golden crown phoenix pattern and 71 in the early Tang Dynasty、220、Three phoenix patterns in cave 321 are similar，In particular, the phoenix pattern with the pattern of the pattern on the cave 71 of Mogao Grottoes is extremely similar。Both comparison，Two phoenix birds are all Pic phoenix，Yu Guanping Slow，Both wings symmetrical expansion，Almost can constitute bet365 live casino games a circle，The shape of the phoenix is ​​not "chicken head chicken mouth"，The author believes that it is more appropriate for the chicken eagle beak，The mouth contains flower branches，Tail feathers overall rising。A little difference is the golden crown phoenix bird's legs flexed and knee -like，It seems to be fluttering and want to fly，and Cave 71 Phoenix Bird's legs upright，One front and back，The body has slightly forward leaning，It seems to be walking，At the same time, the front of the chest is protruding like a bow，But Golden Crown Phoenix Bird's chest converge，No exaggeration。and the similar shape of the front of the phoenix's chest is like a bow like a bow, but it is confirmed on the gold ornaments collected by overseas。

　Two -headed convex chest: Overseas Tibetan gold and silver tablets phoenixes are full of tension

"Cultural Exchange on the Silk Road in the Dunhuang Research Institute in 2019 -the Tubo period art treasure" exhibition was exhibition.，These two cultural relics are 45 cm long，35 cm wide，Favorites for the Plitzker, Chicago, USA。The curator's expression of these two cultural relics is: "The component of the Phoenix includes three -leaf crown feathers、curly tail feathers，and the most significant part -snake -like feathers on the neck。Each phoenix stands on a lotus flower，The overall is roughly oval。”

I think，These two phoenix bird pattern tablets of phoenix birds are slightly different in details，But the overall consistent。One of the phoenixes stretched from the lotus seat stopped to the head of the phoenix，Almost pulled into a circle，Both tension and full，Especially exaggerated is that the Phoenix Bird's chest and abdomen are protruding，The arc is like a bow bow，Legs are upright and upright，Double claws tight，Four neck feathers fluttering backward，The flower branches replaced by the tail feathers bloom behind them，The whole phoenix bird is upright and mighty，One faction is indispensable and proud。

Overseas Tibetan Phoenix Birds and Golden Crown Phoenix Birds are standing above the lotus，Wings are extended into the same place to see these eyes.，Careful distinguishing the author also sent cash crown phoenixes.。and Mogao Grottoes Cave 71 Phoenix Bird because the pattern is too small，Details of the copy of the copy of the copy did not portray the details of the neck feathers，Whether the neck is also a snake -like feathers is not known。When the author collects the characteristics of phoenix pattern characteristics of the characteristics of neck feather snake -like scale，It is found that a phoenix bird pattern bet365 live casino games gold jewelry collected by the Swiss Abel Foundation Textile Research Center，Its phoenix bird's neck is also snake -like feathers。At the same time，In 1971, a group of golden phoenix birds unearthed from the tomb of Guojiatang, Xi'an City was also snake -like feathers in the neck of the birds.。So this explains，Phoenix Bird -like neck feathers are Tang、Common features of the image of phoenix and birds such as Tubo。

Compared with the overseas Tibetan Phoenix Gold and Silver Tripper and Wulanquan Gold Golden Crown Phoenix Birds，A group of golden phoenixes unearthed from the tomb of the Guojiatang Tang in Xi'an Museum show the typical Tang Dynasty Phoenix image，Wing is short and lightly rising，Long -tail lines are exquisite and vivid，Show the Phoenix Light Song Dance、Business attitude。Three comparison，We see that the snake scales on the neck and chest are expressed on the Phoenix of the Tang Dynasty，The difference is，These parts of overseas collection and golden crown phoenix are separated from other parts with deep grooves，Forms an independent unscuting three -dimensional structure，Emphasize it with this。The upper and tails of the wings are also made into three -dimensional three -dimensional effect，Highlighting details。Claw、Eagle beak and large wings are the characteristics of the combatants。Tang Jinfeng Bird shows the elegant and gorgeous aesthetics of the Tang Dynasty nobles，So compared with it，The aesthetics of the Tibetan royal family are more inclined to be beautiful, full, strong and powerful，So the Tibetan style Phoenix is ​​healthy，Wings are tough and powerful，closer to the image of Raptor。

Favorite Phoenix Gold and Silver Trims for Politzke，"Cultural Exchange on the Silk Road -Art Treasures of the Tibetan period" editor has extremely brilliant interpretation。They think the 7-8th century，The image of Phoenix has been fully integrated into the visual language of Mahayana Buddhism，Early paintings and temple murals in the Tang Dynasty and Nara in the Tang Dynasty all have Phoenix images in the murals of temples。Due to the paradise of Phoenix and the Buddha and its apartment in heaven，The image of Phoenix is ​​often associated with the rebirth of people in heaven and the concept of the life of the life。Phoenix on these two cultural relics stands on a blooming lotus flower，It is the emphasis on this kind of connection。In Chinese and Japanese culture，This kind of godbird has further developed a new meaning，Phoenix is ​​usually used to connect with the queen，The country symbolizes the power of the queen Bet365 app download and the decent country。So，Phoenix is ​​used as a symbolic pattern on rituals such as the crown and the tombs of the female nobles。In Sasan and Saute tradition，This godbird is also used as a symbol of kingship。

　Foot Step Lotus: A Penta Culture of Phoenix Birds in Buddhism

Qinghai Wulan 8th Century Golden Crown Phoenix Bird pattern is compared with all types of phoenixes in the Sui and Tang dynasties，It is the closest and similar to the phoenix bird patterns seen in Mogao Grottoes in the early Tang Dynasty，At the same time, it is similar to the Phoenix bird pattern of the Mogao Grottoes in the early Tang Dynasty.，Their common feature is the chicken eagle beak，Yu Guanping Slow，Stand above the lotus，Both wings symmetrical expansion，Almost can constitute a circle。Ninja Winter、Lotus、Tuanhua、Together, flowers and plants and other styles appear at the same time on Pritzker's collection of phoenix patterns and gold and silver trims and Ulan gold crown phoenixes，These decorative elements are closely related to Buddhism。

After the Silk Road opened in the Han Dynasty，Ninjin Winter、Lotus pattern、Pomegranate patterns and other external patterns passed through the Western Regions to Dunhuang，Then enter the Central Plains region。Therefore, the dragon and phoenix pattern at this time began to be with lotus、Ninjin and other patterns combined with a combination of composition screen，This is reflected in Dunhuang murals。The decorative part of the first phoenix pattern is the phoenix head beam behind the Buddha statue of Cave 254 of the Northern Wei Dynasty，The Phoenix Bird Hua Gai in Cave 249 of the Western Wei Dynasty，Cave 285 Phoenix Bird Lotus Lotus Lotus Winter Winter Pattorders Plus，All have a strong religious atmosphere。

Well -known，Lotus is both a sign of the birth of the Buddha，It has also become the main symbol of Buddhism，Representative "Pure Land"，symbolize "purity"，meaning "auspicious"，and become the main decorative theme in Buddhist art。Foot Step Lotus，The earliest recorded in "South History, Qibenji · Waste Emperor Dong Fast Hou": "(Dong Xunhou) and gold as Lianhua with gold，Lest Pan Fei on it，Said: ‘This step is to give birth to Lianhua。'"In the southern dynasty portrait brick unearthed from the portrait of the southern dynasty brick tomb in Yuhang Mountain in Yuhang, Zhejiang Province，We saw the image of the Phoenix Bird Step Lotus。

I found the same shape of the same shape of the same shape in the two Tang Dynasty "Phoenix Pattern Embroidery" hidden in the Kosaku Institute of Japan and the Tokyo National Museum in Japan.，Two Phoenix Birds stand on the lotus seat，Masakura bet365 live casino games House Lifeng's feet upright，Lili Single Foot Establishment of the National Museum，Another one lifts the contraction，It seems to be going to walk。The biggest feature of these two Lifeng is the Grand Tail Feather，Ruye Crescent High hanging，It is extremely uncoordinated with the thin body。It is extremely uncoordinated with the thin body、Strict cold and not withering、Winter winter without death，A large number of applied in Buddhist art，Compared to the soul of the person who is not immortal、Reincarnation eternal life。Compared with the Birds Step Flower Model of the Magic Chinese and Western Methods，The form of bird stepping flowers blends the image of Buddhism，presents a more natural form beauty，and originated from Central Asia、Sashan Patt's Lianzhu pattern, etc., also appeared in the bird pattern，The artistic features of the Tang Dynasty phoenix bird tattoo reflect the multicultural multicultural mutual learning and blending。

(This article is the Western Project of the National Social Science Foundation "Blending and Mutual Learning-New See Tubo (Tu Guhun) Research on Cultural Relics" (22xkg-005) phased results)

(Author is the director of the Gansu Jianyu Museum、Research librarian)