The endless layers of the unearthed literature and archeological materials，Introduction of new methods and new perspectives，The world picture scene presented by the generation and derivative of the practice of the Silk Road as the learning and derivative of the practice of the Silk Road is enabled.。regard "Book" and "Things" as the original realm of objects、Cultural Note、"Unified Scene" of historical memory and life experience，By unearthed literature、Archaeological Cultural Relics and History History、Outreach Classics、Mutual invention of art works，Reconstruction of the phase of traditional knowledge，On the other hand, knowledge construction and utensil form、Writing behavior、Ceremony space、The relationship between the number of surgery，Discover knowledge -Deep structure and multi -dimensional refers to the tradition of beliefs，and from the level of "surgery", re -draws the contact between different civilizations、Draw、Cultural landscapes that blend and create again，Create "Museum、Fangshu、Space "fusion research paradigm，Not only can you open up the new face of the Silk Road research on methodology，and can provide new diameter for exploring the characteristics of people's livelihood religion from the perspective of diverse beliefs -civilized merger。

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The so -called humanoid，Special refers to a type of "magic weapon" from the category: formed from the cutting of wood，The upper part engraved the adult face with a knife，or outlined the painting face with ink (or Zhu pen)，Usually there are typical Hu Ren's appearance characteristics，The lower end is cut into a wedge shape，in order to insert it into the soil，There are also heads of heads as wooden figurines。Some humanoids on the chest and abdomen，There are ink books or Zhu Shu Chinese "generation" "generation"，There is Zhu Shu Su Special Text on the back。

1907，Stanyin's earlier discovery of such wooden small objects at the Great Wall site near Dunhuang，I am confused about this。He described in the archeological report "Archaeological Map of the Western Regions": "Strangely shaped pointed wood，This kind of utensils are also unearthed in other places along the bet365 best casino games Great Wall。But its use is unknown ... From the wear of its end，You can think that they are wedge on the ground; but，If you really want to be used as a tent wedge，Obviously not strong enough，Especially in a region that suffers such a storm。""，In Juyan、Wuwei、Dunhuang、High Taiwan、Turpan、Loulan and other places、Caves and tombs，A large number of such objects have been unearthed one after another，and the academic world has never explained its nature and functions。

The author has proposed a basic explanation: Humanoid is a large type of ancient square art，Rooted in plant worship and exorcism beliefs，and with the soil、Town Tomb Fang has a common source。Insert humanoid into the soil，The purpose is to drive away the intruder，Whether it is an enemy or a refined charm。It in the Middle Ages，Used to receive crime for the dead，Lift the blame for the disaster for the living，At the same time, it has the function of warding evil，Protecting tombs or residences，Therefore, a strong lift can be lifted。This square is along the grassland Silk Road、Desert Silk Road and Maritime Silk Road，Streaming throughout Eurasia，and show the original witchcraft、The tendency of idol worship and Taoist betting，It has a long and profound influence in the world of faith。

Silk Road research often focuses on the impact of foreign civilization on China，Especially material、Religious、East and West Cultural Exchange in Arts and other aspects，Few and Yu Fangshu。More and more archeological data indicates，The Silk Road is also a way to recipe。Look at the history of the world through the square，谛 方 方 The flow of things between different civilizations、derivative change and interactive blend，The world map that has never been seen before has gradually revealed true appearance。

　　Beyond material and text

"Literature" should include the carrier of all records of "knowledge"，But in the current historical research，Documents and utensils are still discrete: on the one hand, utensil research is very scarce，and often in the path of research on material culture and art history; on the other hand, the so -called "evidence history"，In fact, the image is used as another literature，In essence, it is still text research。We urgently need to surpass the nature and material nature，Solve from the original realm of history and practice，Thinking of literature bet365 live casino games and utensils in the historical context in knowledge -belief -system，Establish a research paradigm -based academic way。Examine knowledge construction and material form、ceremony time and space、The relationship between belief practice，The structure and knowledge system for the founder、Association of social life，Then discover knowledge -Deep connotation of belief in traditional generation and structure。Construction from the knowledge system and behavior process，Re -understanding Liberalology as a way of thinking as a recognition of the world，In society、Significance in the history of thought and civilization，and communicate text materials、Image data and utensil field，Performable research。

Research on utensils should pay attention to "the original state of the history of things"，Do not peel off the utensils and related documents from the original situation for one -way research，At the same time, the functional significance should be analyzed from the subject and use of the practice。Taking the human form obtained by Stein as an example，In addition to examining the original，It must also be distributed by the excavation point of the excavation point、Site Flag Chart、The text description of the unearthed environment and relics、List of cultural relics、Chart，Manuscripts in Stan's Archaeological Adventure File、Diary、Letter、Plant specimen，and the site of the unearthed humanoid and the photos of the excavation scene。This is the nature of our interpretation of humanoid、Production intention、behavioral process and usage method，It has the meaning of "panorama deep"。

Enterprise research must first overcome text worship，Any utensil is considered as a text material，or only follow the text part。The British National Library has a human form number number or.8211/412，The Great Wall site unearthed near Dunhuang。Because it is misunderstood as a word of words，This humanoid is used as literature，Favorites in the British National Library。Japanese scholar Dato Xiu was interpreted in "The British Library Collection Dunhuang Han Jian" as "Single Radio □ 绖 绖"，and Note: Zhalai related to delivery of clothes。Actually，This is the interpretation of the point of human form as the text as a text。Research on utensils should also pay attention to the traceability of the source of material materials and the production Bet365 lotto review process，At the same time, avoid the tendency to analyze text materials only as a text。In "Golden Guan Han Jian" published in 2016，There is a piece of wooden with a number of 73EJT31: 55，Interpretation shows that this is a rune book，Ancient text、Researchers of Jane Xue and System History are concerned about its content，The author found that this used rune biography was cut into a humanoid: the upper chopped adult first，Ink painting people and trunk，The back is the original text text。This can be seen，Make a human form for use of abandoned official documents，is one of its main materials，and its production and use is the official support of the "soldier yin and yang" (military witchcraft) said，I also got strong evidence。Earlier，BO SOMMARSTROM in the Archaeological Report，Many wooden materials that are considered semi -finished products are mentioned。We are based on inference，These humanoids must be manufactured in batches at the time，and the actual usage has a considerable scale。So far，This view was finally obtained from the new and old unearthed historical materials。

We should also see the functional connection between different nature of literature and utensils。Before，The understanding of humanoid function is unidirectional to remove: wicked evil for life，"undertaking" for the deceased。Through field inspection and unearthed wedding documents of Gaotai's Gaotai Wei and Jin tomb、Examination of humanoid physical objects，Finally realized that the crux of the symptoms is still the concept core of life and death that has been popular since the Han Dynasty。Gaotai Camel City 98-6 Tomb unearthed in the underworld wedding documents，Not only provides a new clue for studying the phenomenon of ancient Chinese marriage and the religious concept behind it，And contributed the "key" to understanding the tomb literature and the belief of life and death。There are a few vital expressions in the document: "Long live thousands of autumn，You must not harm your family。Life and Death Road，Shengren came to power，Born to move forward，The dead man is slightly，Shengren came to power，Deadly hidden buried，Rich Rich，Dead people day far。Coordination from now on，Long live after thousands。"This type of" life and death "sentences that emphasize" life and death "are buying land coupons from the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Wei, Jin, Southern bet365 Play online games and Northern Dynasties、Town tombs often appear often，Its main intention is to isolate life and death and remove life for life。Contact the new Turpan humanoid，The function of the human form is more recognizable. On the one hand, it is ominous，On the other hand, it is also isolated yin and yang，"imprisonment" of the deceased in the behind world，To avoid harming people。

Utilization and functional analysis of utensil materials，You should also pay attention to the location of the utensil、In space with other things、The overall relationship of the background。Changsha Mawangdui No. 1 Han Tomb Out of 36 Peach Wooden Humans，Discovery report is called "Evil Wooden Figurine"。These peach people jointly form a tight "group army"，Guardian and imprison the owner in the coffin，This is their dual mission。

The concept of space and boundary in the ancient world，and the "location meaning" and "cultural imagination" of the utensils in the space，worthy of in -depth exploration。Of course, the Great Wall is military facilities，It is also a building，It can be regarded as a physical and psychological space existence。In this sense,，Senters made a large number of humanoids，"Army Arcarians"，In an attempt to use this mysterious power to drive the enemy，It is equivalent to building another "Fangshu Great Wall" on the actual Great Wall，Create "Power Space"。The function limit function of the utensil built in the sacred world，It shows that "artifact" is by no means "metaphysics"，but the shaped by "space"。

　　From the view of civilization, the religion of the people's livelihood

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes North District B228 Grottoes Three Matshanea，"Three Years of Da Liang Guoan Le, Hexi (619) Guo Fang with the burial clothing sparse" unearthed in the cave、Human skeleton and other funerals，Archaeological workers think，The purpose of the excavation of this cave is to bury the dead。Outlook and death of life and death in different periods in different periods of clothing、Funeral River、Dao Shi、Fangshu，presents the strange scene of the natural growth of religion of people's livelihood。Clothing is the development of the list of funeral lists since the Warring States Period，It is used to ensure that the undead is through in the underworld、Residence and possession of property rights and vouchers，Itself is a ritual text from the traditional ritual text from Jianyuan'bet365 live casino games s official document。Sheng belongs to Taishan，Dead Returning Artemisia，It is the traditional concept of the world before the death of the dead after the Eastern Han Dynasty，The 7th century has faded out，Still appearing in the text like living fossils。Practice in the cave during his lifetime，In the burial after death，It is indeed a common practice of Buddhists。But the deceased Guo Fang was desperate as a devout Buddhist disciple，The god of prayer includes the Taoist Department of Taishan Mansion、Five Daishen，Yan Luo King of the Ten King System of Buddhism。Mantra Words have both the "Breaking Ruke Pear Branches" from the Buddhist scriptures，There are also "urgent rhythms" that are considered to be classic Taoist spells。However, the most noticeable person is not only here，In the text, the monoton is indicated in the text.，It shows that this integration work is operated by Buddhist monks。Whether the human form is also produced and placed in the grave tomb，We don't know，If so，Zengda is a surgeon who collects Buddhist monks and Fang Shi as a surgeon。This is undoubtedly an extremely amazing discovery。

Turpan Hara and Zhuo Sixteen Kingdoms Gaochang County to Gaochang period of Gaochang period of Gaochang period tomb unearthed from Gaochang period，Clearly use the word "generation" with ink or Zhu Shu Chinese，Some of the alphabets on the back of the back。Yoshida believes that Sogdwin is not a spelling of the word "generation"，but the word "stone"，But what is the relationship between the positive "generation"，Unclear。What is confusing is，Sogdwin's fonts seem to be late，Unlike things in the 5th century，Far distance from the age of the tomb。If Yoshida's interpretation is correct，The more reasonable explanation is，"Stone" may refer to the Skutan surname of the Shi brand，That is the tomb owner，Similar to the book "This is the Governor of the Cang" on the human figure of Astana。

Despite questioning of Chinese research，It still does not prevent us from speculating about the surgeon: it is likely to be the descendants of the Sogdians who have a deeper culture of the Han Dynasty，Due to the decline in mother tongue ability，Lead of irregular writing，It looks weird fonts。Of course，The possibility of the Han people who do not get home to learn Su Teen cannot be completely eliminated。Regardless of the writer is Han or Sogde，The existence of bet365 live casino games bilingual humanoid indicates that humanoid squares and associated funeral customs have penetrated into the Gaochang Su special settlement of the Western Regions，The gangers and the believer may be Huahua Sau special，This foot adds a strong and colorful world map for the Fangshu world map of east and western civilizations。

The emergence of new historical materials，You can constantly stimulate "Reflection"。There seems to be some alternative research on the surface，For the world history of reconstruction recipe，Exploring the thoughts of ancient Eurasian civilization and the rich connotation of religion, and the circulation and resonance between civilization，It has extremely important value，It helps us understand the role played by the Silk Road in the process of human history from a spiritual level，At the same time, it also provides a new example for civilization's evolution in interaction。Conscious consciousness of paradigm conversion，Continuous attention to base problems，The process of unremitting inquiry in methodology，It is undoubtedly more meaningful than simple conclusions。

(The author is a professor at the Department of History of Fudan University)