What we are now about the origin of bet365 champions league、Origins of agriculture、Research on the origin of modern humans and even the origin of hominin，They all focus on the same mode，That is to find its iconic features。At the origin of bet365 champions league，its logo includes text、Metal smelting、City、State power；Origin of agriculture，Including settlement、Pottery、Grinding Tools、Domesticated animals and plants；Origin from modern humans，It is a work of art、Composite tools, etc.；Origin of Hominin，Walks upright、Tool making, etc.。Controversies about the origin of bet365 champions league that frequently erupt in archaeological research，The center around is the universality and limitations of these signs，For example, the early civilizations of South America did not have writing and metal smelting，The regime of a nomadic society has no stable cities。As for the organizational form of complex society，It’s even more diverse，Any standard is simplistic。This kind of research focusing on the characteristics of signs is very specific、Easy to operate。However，This research method is reductionist，Ignoring the integrity of bet365 champions league development。The origin of bet365 champions league seems to be a spark，After ignition, it gradually spreads，We can call this explanation the "tinder model"，The goal of research is to find the earliest sprouts of bet365 champions league and evidence of the spread of bet365 champions league。But，This model cannot explain how bet365 champions league can occur，It is also impossible to explain why the pluralistic and integrated pattern of Chinese bet365 champions league can exist in history。Therefore，We need a new perspective: one that emphasizes wholeness，It can also be called the perspective of the system。

　　bet365 champions league never exists in isolation

The system perspective is similar to the "world system" theory popular in contemporary world history and sociology research。Wallerstein’s theory was originally used in the analysis of recent world history，Emphasis on economic ties。Buzan and Little based on this，further developed into international system theory，And expand the concept of "pre-international system"，It is suitable for discussing the origin of bet365 champions league。International system theory places more emphasis on units at different levels within the system (system、subsystem、Unit、subunit、Individuals) in different departments (such as military、Politics、Economy、Interactive relationship between society, etc.。Whether it is the world system or the "pre-international system" theory，They all tend to consider social development on a holistic basis。What’s more important，These theories have rich connotations，Not just a framework or general idea，It can become a new way of thinking for us to explain the origin of bet365 champions league。bet365 champions league as a system，Units at different levels have multi-department interaction capabilities，This kind of interaction may occur in settled settlements、Chiefdom、States are three social organizations of varying complexity (these definitions are still rough，The actual form is more complex and diverse)，Through continuous integration，Finally formed a bet365 champions league system。bet365 champions league is never an isolated existence，It has always existed in social interaction，Shaping the system during the interaction。

The origin of Chinese bet365 champions league is the formation of a system，Not just the characteristics of certain civilizations that first appeared in a certain place。We went to Liangzhu National Archaeological Park to visit，You will see a sentence - "Five Thousand Years of Demonstration of Chinese bet365 champions league"，A series of discoveries surrounding the Liangzhu ruins，It can solidly advance our understanding of Chinese bet365 champions league to more than 5,000 years ago。But，What else we need to see，Liangzhu is just a representative of Chinese bet365 champions league during this period，From the Hongshan Culture in the North (can also be called bet365 champions league)、Longshan Culture in Shandong，To the Shijiahe Culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River，There will be Tao Temple later、The amazing discovery of Shimao Ancient City，It can be said that the stars are bright。At this time，We cannot be without doubts，Why these civilizations appeared almost at the same time？Why they have quite a lot in common，No similar bet365 champions league forms were seen in the surrounding areas？For example，Liangzhu and Shijiahe thousands of kilometers away、Similar degree of social development in Shimao，Higher than the adjacent Fujian area。Therefore，We have to examine it from a system perspective，In other words，The rise of Chinese bet365 champions league，It is a system。

　　Building bet365 champions league

Why does such a common system exist？Because it is based on common ground，This is our second understanding，This common basis is the Neolithic agricultural society。Agriculture is the foundation of bet365 champions league，Agriculture provides the production surplus needed by a civilized society，The existence that supports the elite class and its affiliated professional groups，Including specialized manual production、Army、Bureaucracy, etc.。We know from ethnography，A small number of hunter-gatherer societies that rely on aquatic resources，Especially in areas rich in offshore marine resources，Complex societies existing in densely populated areas，Such as the northwest coast of North America。But，Such a society of scale and complexity，Compared with a civilized society based on agriculture，There is still a big gap，There is no evidence that such societies established states and cities。Prehistoric civilizations had different forms，But its economic basis is agriculture，No exceptions。Of course，Our definition of agriculture needs clarification，It is different from hunting and gathering to obtain food from nature，But through domestication、Cultivation to produce food，Including livestock、Nomadism and garden agriculture based on planting rhizomes。Agricultural production requires stable control of resources，Whether it is animals or plants、Field、Grassland、Water source or population。Control leads to conflict，Conflicts over management lead to more complex social structures。

China’s prehistoric agriculture originated in two major regions: North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，To be more precise, it is the piedmont zone and basin edge area in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。In addition，A kind of mixed rhizome planting is developed in South China、The livelihood of hunting, gathering and fishing，Archaeologists call it “low-level food production” (more primitive agriculture)。About 8,000 years ago，Prehistoric agriculture began to gradually expand to plain areas，To get flatter、More fertile、Fields that are easier to irrigate。Of course，Develop such fields，Need to drain swamps or resist flooding，This requires more manpower investment，More complex social organizations are also needed。At this time, the Xinglongwa culture in western Liaoning emerged、Cishan Mountain in the North China Plain—Peligan Culture、Shandong Houli Culture、Longdong Dadiwan Culture、Guanzhong Laoguantai—Lijiacun、Pengtoushan Culture in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River、A series of archaeological cultures represented by the Shangshan Culture in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River。Their development levels and forms are similar，The time stages are roughly the same。The Neolithic cultural area developed from them，It happens to be the area covered by China’s prehistoric bet365 champions league system。In this sense，It was the origin of agriculture that nourished and limited the scope of China’s prehistoric bet365 champions league system。

From the Middle Neolithic Age，Prehistoric agriculture formed a complete cultural ecological system，Not only domesticated crops，There are also domestic animals，As well as supporting tools and social organization management capabilities，It starts to expand to the surrounding edge area。China’s prehistoric bet365 champions league system is still built around the above-mentioned Neolithic Age cultural area，The area where agriculture spreads is the area of ​​influence of the bet365 champions league system。These cultural areas may have frequent interactions with peripheral areas，For example，Interactions between western Liaoning and the northeast and grassland areas，Should be more convenient than Central Plains，But in terms of the occurrence of bet365 champions league，The relationship between western Liaoning and the Central Plains，It has a closer relationship with the Northeast and grassland areas。There may be two reasons for this: First, the foundation of bet365 champions league is agriculture，There is no long-term development of agricultural society，It is impossible to form a bet365 champions league，The agricultural development in these marginal areas is relatively lagging behind，Although agriculture spread later，But its development level cannot be compared with that of the central area；The second is the interaction between agricultural societies，Despite Northeast、The grassland area is closer to western Liaoning，But because of lifestyle、There are huge differences in social structures，The level of social interaction between them、Channel，Not as deep and rich as the interaction between western Liaoning and the Central Plains。Visible，The levels and channels of interaction between members within a bet365 champions league system，More than the relationship between members and surrounding areas，Spatial distance is not the most important factor。

　　Agricultural society creates a prehistoric bet365 champions league system

Based on the above understanding，We can think，China’s prehistoric bet365 champions league system had already established its pattern in the early stages of the origin of agriculture，At least when China’s early Neolithic culture emerged 8,000 years ago (some views define it as the middle Neolithic Age)。The origin of agriculture is a long process，Since the end of the Paleolithic Age，Lasts for seven or eight thousand years。About 10,000 years ago，Middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、The sprouts of the origin of agriculture appeared in North China。About 2000 years ago，A series of early Neolithic cultures emerged，Then form different regional centers，And begin to affect surrounding areas。

However，In the process of China’s prehistoric agricultural development，There are two exceptions，First, South China，An alternative area as the origin of agriculture，Its Neolithic age sprouts (such as ground stone tools、The emergence of pottery, etc.，Even earlier than North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，But grain agriculture appeared much later；The second is the Sichuan Basin，Its performance is exactly opposite to that of South China，The Neolithic Age started later，But it is developing rapidly，Later became the center of Bashu bet365 champions league。The reason，That is, the conditions for developing agriculture in the Sichuan Basin were better than those in South China in prehistoric times。With the spread of prehistoric agriculture，The surrounding areas are gradually integrated into the Chinese prehistoric bet365 champions league system。Another model is the development of a nomadic economy on the edge of agriculture，This is not a self-sufficient way of living，It forms a symbiotic relationship with grain agricultural society。Traditional view emphasizes the conflict between two societies，ignoring that they still belong to the same system。This center-edge structure，Constitute the basic characteristics of the subsequent development of the Chinese bet365 champions league system。

Our tracing back to this system is limited，Basically stop at the old one、Neolithic Transitional Stage。Go further back，Between the known cultural pattern of the Paleolithic Age and Chinese bet365 champions league as a system，The structural difference is obvious。Late Paleolithic Period，Fine stone leaf technology is popular in northern China，Its distribution also includes the Korean Peninsula、Japanese Islands、Siberia and even northwest North America。It serves as a standardized technical strategy，Ideal for a highly mobile hunter-gatherer life，Its popularity is closely related to the open ice edge and grassland environment before and after the Last Glacial Maximum。And in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the areas south of it，What was popular in this stage was a technology represented by small flint flakes，The face of stone tool technology is far richer and more diverse than in the north。This north-south arrangement can be traced back to the early Paleolithic period，It is obviously different from the cultural pattern composed of various archaeological cultural genealogies that we saw in the Neolithic Age。This explains，Chinese prehistoric bet365 champions league system is a product of the development of agricultural society，Distantly related to the hunting and gathering era。

It can be said with certainty，The pattern of the Chinese bet365 champions league system was established around 10,000 years ago，It includes two agricultural origin centers in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。This pattern supports the continuous development of Chinese bet365 champions league for five thousand years，Until modern times，Only interrupted by bet365 champions league centered on industry and commerce。From this macro historical perspective，Over the past hundred years，Chinese bet365 champions league system has undergone the greatest transformation，We are in the midst of a great turning point of the times，Chinese bet365 champions league has entered a new system。

(The author is a professor bet365 champions league Department of Archeology and Museology, School of History, Renmin University of China)