We are now the origin of civilization、Agricultural Origin、Research on the origin of modern people and even human subjects，All focus on the same mode，That is to find its iconic features。Origin of civilization，Its logo includes text、Metal smelting、City、State power;，It includes settlement、pottery、grinding tool、domesticated animals and plants;，is artwork、Composite tools, etc.;，is walking upright、Tool production, etc.。Disputes on the origin of civilization in archaeological research，The center around is the universality and limitations of these logos，If the early South American civilization, there is no text and metal smelting，The regime of the nomadic society does not have a stable city。As for the organizational form of a complex society，Even more attitude，Any standards are simplified。Studies on the characteristics of this attention logo are very specific、Easy to operate。but but，This research method is a restoration theory，Ignoring the overallness of the development of civilization。The origin of civilization seems to be the fire of the stars，Gradually spread after igniting，We can call this interpretation as "fire mode"，The goal of the research is to find the earliest civilized buds and evidence of the spread of civilization。but，This mode can not explain how civilization can happen，It is impossible to explain how can the Chinese civilization diversified pattern in history exist。So，We need a new perspective: a perspective that emphasizes the overallness，may be called the perspective of the system。

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The perspective of the system is similar to the "world system" theory in contemporary world history and sociological research.。This theory of Wallestan was originally used for analysis of the history of near the world，Emphasize economic connection。Banzan and Litel on this，Further development into an international system bet365 Play online games theory，and expand the concept of "former international system"，It is suitable for exploring the origin of civilization。The theory of the international system emphasizes different levels within the system (system、System、Unit、Times、Individual) in different departments (such as military、Politics、Economy、Society, etc.) Interaction relationship。Whether it is the world system or the "former international system" theory，All biased on the basis of overall considering social development。More importantly，These theories have rich connotations，Not just a frame or general concept，Can be a new idea for us to explain the origin of civilization。Civilization as a system，Among them, units at different levels have multi -department interaction capabilities，This kind of interaction may be settled in settlement、Emperor State、The three different degree of complex social organizations of the country (these definitions are still roughly，More complicated and diverse actual forms)，continuous integration，Finally form a civilized system。Civilization is never an isolated existence，It has always existed in social interaction，During the interaction process, the system。

The origin of Chinese civilization is the formation of a system，instead of being the characteristics of certain civilizations in the first place。We visit Liangzhu National Archaeological Park，A word will be seen- "Empirical Chinese Civilization Five Thousand Years"，A series of discovery around the Liangzhu site，It can solid our understanding of Chinese civilization to more than 5,000 years ago。but，We still need to see，Liangzhu is just a representative of Chinese civilization during this period，Hongshan Culture from the north (can also be called civilization)、Longshan Culture in Shandong，Shijiahe Culture in the middle of the Yangtze River，Late Tao Temple、The amazing discovery of the ancient city of Shijie，can be described as bright stars。At this time，We must not have no doubt，Why do these civilizations appear almost in the same period? Why do they have a considerable commonality，but did not Bet365 lotto review see a similar civilization form in the surrounding area? for example，Liangzhu and Shijiahe River、Similarity of Shi Yan in social development，higher than the adjacent Fujian area。From this，We can't help but inspect from the perspective of the system，That is to say，When the rise of Chinese civilization，It is a system。

　　Based on the common foundation

Why is there such a common system? Because it is based on the common foundation，This is our second point of understanding，This common foundation is the agricultural society in the Neolithic era。Agriculture is the basis of civilization，Agriculture provides the remaining production of civilized society，The existence of supporting the elite class and its affiliated professional groups，Among them, professional handmade production、Army、bureaucratic class, etc.。We know from the national history，A few hunting collectors who rely on aquatic resources，Especially in areas with rich offshore marine resources，Complex society in the dense population，Such as Northwest Coast in North America。but，This social scale and complexity，Compared with a civilized society based on agriculture，There is still a big gap，No evidence indicates that such a society has established a country and cities。The forms of prehistoric civilization are different，But its economic foundation is agriculture，No exception。Of course，We need to clarify our definition of agriculture，It is different from hunting collection from nature，Instead of domestication、Cultivation to produce foods，Among them includes animal husbandry、Nomades and Garden Agriculture, mainly planting rhizomes。Agricultural production needs to control resources steadily，Whether it is animal and plant、Field、Prapecury、Water source or population。Control causes conflict，and the conflict between control and control leads to a more complex social structure。

Chinese prehistoric agriculture originated in two major regions: North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，More accurate is that the front area of ​​the mountains and the basin edge of bet365 live casino games the basin in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。In addition，Developed in South China is a mixed root planting、Hunting collection and fishing and hunting livelihood methods，Archaeologists call it "low -level food production" (more primitive agriculture)。Around 8000 years ago，Prehistoric agriculture began to gradually expand to the plain area，to get more flat、More fertile、Fields that are easier to irrigate。Of course，Develop this field，You need to drain the swamp or resist the flood，This requires more manpower，It also needs more complicated social organizations。At this time, Xinglongwa Culture in Western Liaoning emerged、Ci Mountain in the North China Plain — Pei Li Gang Culture、Shandong Hou Li Culture、Longdong Dadi Bay Culture、Guanzhong Old Official Terrace -Lijia Village、Pengtou Mountain Culture in the Midstream of the Yangtze River、A series of archeological culture represented by the upstream culture of the Yangtze River。The degree and form of their development are similar，The time stage is generally comparable。The Neolithic Cultural Area developed by them，It is also the area covered by the prehistoric civilization system in China。In this sense,，It is the scope of the origin of agricultural origin and restricting the prehistoric civilization system。

From the middle of the Neolithic era，Prehistoric agriculture has formed a complete cultural ecosystem，Not only domesticated crops，There are also livestock，and supporting tools and social organization management capabilities，It begins to expand to the surrounding edge area。China's prehistoric civilization system is still established with the above Neolithic Cultural District.，The area of ​​agricultural diffusion is the influence area of ​​the civilized system。These cultural areas may interact with the edge area frequently，For example，The interaction between the western Liaoning region and the northeast and the grassland，It should be more convenient than the Central Plains，But in the occurrence of civilization，Relations between West Liaoning and Central Plains，bet365 live casino games It is more closely related to the relationship with the Northeast and the grassland。There may be two reasons: First, the foundation of civilization is agriculture，Long -term development of no agricultural society，It is impossible to form civilization，And the agricultural development of these edge areas is relatively lagging，Although the agricultural spread will be spread later，But its development level cannot be compared with the central area; the second is the interaction problem between agricultural society，Although Northeast、Grassland is closer to western Liaoning，But due to lifestyle、There is huge differences in social structure，The level of social interaction between them、channel，Not as deepening and enrichment of interaction between west of Liaoning and Central Plains。Visible，The level and channel of interaction between members in the civilized system，More than the relationship between members and surrounding areas，The distance in space is not the most important influencing factor。

　　Agricultural society creates a prehistoric civilization system

Based on the above understanding，We can think，The prehistoric civilization system of China has laid the pattern in the early stage of the origin of agriculture，At least when the early Chinese Neolithic Times culture was emerging 8000 years ago 8000 years ago。Agricultural Origin is a long process，It has begun since the end of the Paleolithic Age，It lasts for seven or eight thousand years。Around 10,000 years from this time，The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River、The germination of the origin of agriculture appeared in North China。Around 2000，A series of early Neolithic Era early culture appeared，Then form a different regional center，and start to affect the surrounding areas。

but but，During the development of prehistoric agriculture in China，There are two exceptions，One is South China，Alternative area as an agricultural origin，Its Neolithic Age sprouts (such as grinding stone、pottery, etc.)，Even in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River，But the appearance of grain agriculture is much later; Bet365 lotto review the second is the Sichuan Basin，Its performance is exactly the opposite of South China，Its Neolithic Age began to be late，But develop quickly，The center of Bashu civilization later。Reasons for the reason，That is the conditions for developing agriculture in the Sichuan Basin in the prehistoric era than South China。With the spread of prehistoric agriculture，The surrounding area is gradually integrated into the Chinese prehistoric civilization system。Another model is to develop nomadic economy on the edge of agricultural，This is not a self -sufficient way of living，It forms a symbiotic relationship with cereal agricultural society。Traditional perspective emphasizes conflict between the two society，while ignoring them still belong to the same system。The structure of the edge，The basic feature of the development of the Chinese civilization system later。

The traceability of this system is limited，Basically stop at the old、The transition stage of the Neolithic era。Tour backward，The cultural pattern of the old stone artifact era and the Chinese civilization as a system，Structural differences are more obvious。The late stage of the Paleolithic Age，Fine stone leaf technology is popular in northern China，The distribution range also includes the Korean Peninsula、Japan Islands、Siberia and even northwestern North America。As a standardized technical strategy，Very suitable for high -flow hunting collection life，Its popularity is closely related to the opening of the ice and grassland environment that opens before and after the last prosperity period。In the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and southern region，What prevails at this stage is a technology represented by a vermiculite chip，The appearance of stone tools is far more richer than the north。This relative pattern of North and South can always be traced back to the early days of the Paleolithic Age，The cultural pattern composed of the archeology and cultural spectrum we saw in the Neolithic era is obviously different。This description，China's prehistoric civilization system is the product of the development of agricultural society，The relationship between the bet365 Play online games era of hunting collection is far away。

It can be said certain，The pattern of the Chinese civilization system is laid from 10,000 years.，Among them, two agricultural origin centers in North China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River。This pattern supports the continuous development of Chinese civilization for 5,000 years，until modern times，Only being interrupted by the civilization centered on industrial and commercial。From this macro historical perspective，In the past 100 years，The Chinese civilization system has performed the maximum transformation，We are in a great era turning，Chinese civilization has entered a new system。

(The author is a professor at the Department of Archeology and Culture of the School of History of Renmin University of China)