Realize the understanding of things，The initial method was observation method，Some can "see the whole leopard"，But sometimes it may be "sitting and watching the sky" and "blind people touch the elephant";，Sometimes it may be "different from the south" and "different are different"。Therefore，We think that regional history research is necessary，But the conclusions formed often do not necessarily have universality，and the so -called regional characteristics are not necessarily so unique。The perspective of regional history must be placed on the perspective of national history and even global history，can see its features，Then reveals the general background of the reason why it becomes characterized。

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Observing China in the past，Several types of sectors have been formed: some departure from topography，Prairie、Forest、Plateau、Farming、The ocean divides Chinese civilization into five different forms; some also divide China into south and north from the climate;，Great Wall as the dividing line between the Han and the ethnic minorities; some from the resource distribution、Population distribution and other perspectives set out a Tengchong -瑷珲 wire, etc.。These divisions made from the academic perspective，It can indeed be more practical for people to understand China creation conditions。

but，This "boundary score" is overly emphasized in a certain area，May understand history。Regional research since the reform and opening up is often under the banner of serving local social development，Scholars engaged in Jiangnan research often find several high -yield food from historical books、High living standards for people、Examples of extreme developments，Let people form Jiangnan's economic prosperity、Cultural foundation deep、The impression of a strong style，Mr. Li Boe (Mr. Li Bozhong has pointed out that this "selection" and "collectible" approach can not help reveal the real state of history。On the contrary，We have Bet365 app download seen a lot from officials from Ming and Qing officials.、Folk -style fierce、Description of rough folklore，This type of description is often a word with cultural superiority to escape the responsibility of governance，or it also contains prejudices that do not know about the situation。Chen Shengshao's "Questions and Vulgar Records", the many vulgar descriptions of Fujian in Fujian obviously exaggerate the signs of exaggeration。The so -called "bad governance，To Fujian Extreme "is not an objective and fair evaluation。

Excessive emphasis on "boundary points" often reflects strong economic competition awareness，And overly publicized economic competition awareness often leads to promoting self -suppression，This is particularly obvious in modern Western culture。"Ocean National Theory", all of which have become the reasons for Western powers to want to invade other countries。Starting from the era of great sailing，The world gradually moves to integration，The original regional market is increasingly connected to the world market，Formed this inevitable trend of globalization。but，When the development of globalization has caused the gap between countries around the world，Some countries often move towards against globalization、Trading Protection Turbus。This is the re -construction of boundary consciousness，Obviously a behavior that moves against the historical trend。

British scholar Eleano Rosommond Paleclaf's "Northern Northern: Northern: Violets and Nordic History in Sagay" reflects some characteristics of the boundary。She thinks，Some areas of the world are very clear，Vague and abstraction in certain areas，Some areas are simply blank。There is no omnipresent world vision，No conclusive psychological map，No accurate literary atlas。There is no clear division of boundaries in various regions of the world，There are no absolute bounds to separate them。"The north naturally penetrates into the East often appears，Oriental penetrated into the south，Sour into the West，The phenomenon of infiltration in the north "，"People who are unknown in various places，Maybe you will Bet365 lotto review call the east as West，Call south as North "。Early people are more limited by nature，Therefore，People always build a blurred world from their own security perspective，But gradually moving towards a wider world is the inevitable of history，The release of the world is also a natural process。

　The fusion trend of historical evolution

　　China has established the concept of "the world" since the Zhou Dynasty。Under this concept，Chinese civilization continues to broaden its own territory，Form a strong heart tendency。"I don't want to，Do not do it to people "," Concord Wanbang "," Edue and then Soldiers "and other equalist cultural views，Won the counties and counties in the country、The recognition and admiration of the vassal states outside the country and even farther Gentiles，These are in line with the trend and law of culture from individuals to integration。This fusion can achieve each other's growth and shortcomings，Get up together。People with excessive "boundary points" often regard each other as an enemy，is an opponent，The distribution of interests is bound to be a zero -sum game，But I do n’t know that the fusion can produce a win -win effect of one plus one more than two。

In Chinese history，First, the unity and integration of the north region，Then the north and south are integrated，and further develop。In this process，Extension to the sea to the east of the territory of China，West to the plateau、Gobi spread。Alternative regime also appears in history，Continuous war happens，But these are short -term and regional in the historical long river，Bloody is often highlighted by detailed records of "detailed change" principle，In fact, the normal state of historical development is the peace of society、Stability and integration of each other。

The increase in administrative divisions is often a sign of mature national governance in Chinese history，This process continues，I have not stopped today。The governance experience of Chinese rulers from the relatively mature farming zone governance from the early stage，Gradually extend to the nomadic area、Ocean Area and Forest、Plateau area。The extension bet365 live casino games of this governance area is gradual、and the drizzle。The mutual acceptance and improvement of the central dynasty and the frontier areas is the basic prerequisite。In governance experience，The fairness of the system has played an extremely important role。If the election system，Whether it is the Zen concession system in ancient times，It is still the inspection system that continues to be on stage later、Jiupinzhongzhongzheng、imperial examination system，​​Both the banner of "Choosing Xian Shi" raised it up，Try to overcome the accumulation of the election system，Ensure the relatively fairness of the election、Justice and public。The fairness of this system determines the prosperity of the dynasty to a certain extent and the level of prosperity and stability of the economy and society within a certain period of time。

Scholars have repeatedly emphasized，The official literature of the Ming and Qing dynasties reads the words "Strict Banning"。But under this general principle，On the one hand, when implementing policies in various places，The dynasty gave greater flexible space。On the other hand，These policies are based on ensuring safety as the premise。If the regulations on the size of the ship are distinguished merchants、fishing boat，Ship navigation overseas only stipulates that it must reach a certain specification and scale。"Strict Sea Forbidden" period often occurred under the background where the dynasty regime was greatly threatened，This is because pirates are often the main threats faced by the traditional era of the traditional era，It is also the main goal of the coastal defense。Once there is something ease，Sea atmosphere is eliminated，Regulations on the ban will be issued，The environment of the people engaged in marine trade can also be guaranteed。After all, the livelihood of the people is a factor that every dynasty rulers have to consider，For local officials in the immersive situation，It is even more realistic and must face the reality。

The political situation in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is relatively stable、less war，Social governance presents a benign development Bet365 app download state。This social environment has created a huge convenience for the development of the commodity economy，Official Road on the land、Caohe on the water has both the function of commodity circulation。The regional economy presentation is specialized、characteristic tendency，For product exchange and circulation、The development of the economy and the improvement of people's lives created excellent conditions。After integrating into the world market，The space for people to make a profit is further expanded，Show the world market is greater，The fusion of each other can give each other a wider event stage and a richest door。

In international trade，The Indian Ocean Trade Circle was broken，The exchange of Eastern and Western culture accompanies the exchange of materials quietly。The mutual appreciation of each other is the basic mentality at the beginning of the exchange，Chinese valuable wood to overseas、Rare animals and exquisite crafts often admire like madness，Silk of Chinese countries to China、Porcelain、Iron、Tea, etc. also always pursue，Carrying with each other more equal trade activities，Until the colonialist breaks the rule of equal exchange。

　Cooperation in Chinese business culture

In China，With the expansion of the radius of the merchant's flow and the increase in business scale，The business gang of the same hometown quietly emerges，They originally thought that the fellow villagers solved the settlement、Sacrifice、The aim of festival feast music。With the development of business，Business gangs in different regions must be coordinated with each other，The clubs that were founded on the spirit of Chinese cultural spirit as a kind of folk social organization rose。The club played the "Said God、Hele、Yiju、Convention "social integration functions，Family、Township and other self -management systems that constitute grassroots society，Connect with official social governance，effectively maintained the smooth development of society in the Ming and Qing dynasties。The architecture of the club condenses the high level of process at that time，Add cultural landscapes in various places。Sacrifice bet365 live casino games God can inhibit the vertical psychology of the flowers; Hele can relieve the bitterness of the people's hometown，Create an atmosphere of "immigration to the countryside" for the flowers，People are in the rest of the year，Talk to the hometown、Talk to the hometown、Guanxiang Drama，Its joy is melted;，It has produced the social effect of helping the poor; the Convention regulates the business behavior of the fellow peers，It plays a certain role in establishing a good business order。When the public security issues of modern society are intensified，The club also exerts participation in maintaining public security、The role of opposing the growth of evil forces。

Different merchants have the economic benefits of their own business，It is normal for the formation of mutual competition between different merchants，But without rules, competition will inevitably lead to the disorder of society，Regulations inside the club、The mutual coordination between the clubs can ensure the regularization of the competition direction、Order。The clubs present the achievements of the competition of each club，Union between different halls shows the charm of cooperation and the realization of common interests。

Some scholars believe that the conference hall cultivates local consciousness，Cultivation of the Chinese nation awareness。Actually，In the family、Township basis will inevitably move towards the Chinese nation awareness，Several Chinese clubs overseas told us this reason。Vancouver in Canada、Toronto，San Francisco in the United States、Los Angeles，Singapore in Southeast Asia、Thailand、Vietnam and others all have the figures of the Chinese Association。They are often used as a grass -roots management organization in the Western colonial regime，It has explained the validity of its social functions。Due to its folkness，They are often not changed by political power、Affairs such as war，Always continue，Based on the changes of the times，Always changing your own form，Increases your own function。

From natural resources、Climate、Product、Customs、Social life and other angles to study areas of large and small，It bet365 best casino games can undoubtedly find a lot of differences，But the integration and complementary between regions often rely on the unification to get the realization，A unified country like China，History has done a lot of work in the integration of regional integration，It produced a very obvious effect。Therefore，It must be integrated to history、Comprehensive grasp，Must take into account both boundary and integration。Look at the future of history and the world，We should realize that human beings actually face several common challenges。greenhouse effect、Smart Technology、Smart Technology、Popular disease and other aspects，All need to be united，Face it together，Looking for solutions，It is impossible for any country to be outside。

(Author Unit: Department of History of the School of Humanities of Xiamen University)