Plague is a typical natural epidemic disease，Originally occurred in wild rodents such as mice，Humans cause plague through the spread of rat fleas or droplets。1910，Outberry of Manzhouli，After gradually spreading to the whole world，It affects many regions in the customs。This plague is a typical historical case of droplets spreading lung plague plague。

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early 20th century，Due to the emergence and popularity of new fur processing technology，The marmium skin that was originally only made by local residents，After dyeing processing, it becomes a best -selling product similar to mink，Marketing Europe，and is widely favored。With the increase in market demand，The price has also skyrocketed。So，Sino -Russian businessmen and some officials are driven by economic interests，Recruiting Chinese workers crazy to capture marmment。A large number of workers also go north to go north，Add to the otter team。

Marmot as the host of the plague，Epidemiums often occur in populations。Once the plague is stained，Marmot will be blind、Sound loss、Slow action，and the healthy similar to the nest。Experienced hunters can tell whether the prey is infected at a glance，Do not easily capture infection prey。but，Under the high profit stimulus，Those hunters who lack experience often take risks，Peel off its fur and sell，This forms a cross -object transmission channel for "rat → flea → man"。

October 25, 1910，​​An Inn of Manzhouli for the first time discovered，Chinese hunters returning from Tsarist Russia infected the plague。As early as 1903，The Middle East Railway, which runs through Northeast China, has been opened to traffic。So，The epidemic spreads quickly along the railway traffic network，Harbin, thousands of miles away, quickly appeared in the case of death of the same symptoms，"Patients infected with a fever first，Cough，Following vomiting blood，Destiny if you are not enough to apply for day，The skin is purple -red after death "。

Harbin first burst out of plague.，Jilin governor under the jurisdiction)，Most of the poor people who come to the east of the area，House building dense，and garbage accumulate bet365 live casino games anymore，bad sanitary environment。There are no shortcomings among these poor people，They often linger in casinos、brothel、Tobacco Pavilion and other closed places，This has accelerated the spread of plague。At that time，Traditional treatment methods cannot cope with the sudden epidemic situation，The mortality rate was as high as 90%or more。

　　Make accurate judgment on the epidemic

At the beginning of the epidemic，The China -Russia local authorities in Harbin have been discussing cooperation with epidemic prevention，However，Cooperation cannot continue。With the epidemic spread，Russia even in the Affiliated Land of the Middle East Railway (now Daoli District，controlled by the Russians at the time) Excious Chinese，and send military police partitions with Fujiadian traffic。

Binjiang Guandao Taoist in the severe disaster area of ​​Fujiadian under the jurisdiction of Yu Xingxing is anxious，Speed ​​report to the Governor of the Eastern Provincial Governor Xiliang and the Qing Dynasty Regent Wang Zaiyu，It is called "the daily mortality rate is about 100 people"，Request the court to make a good strategy，Coperly serious epidemic。Shi Zhaoji, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, I suggest to quickly prepare the "IWC and Epidemic Conference"，Invite governments of various countries to assign experts，Method of Research and Treatment。Recommended by it，The Qing government appointed the Army Medical College to help、Dr. Wu Liande, a doctor of medical graduated from the University of Cambridge, England, serves as an epidemic prevention medical officer in East。December 24，Wu Liande, who is in danger, arrives at Harbin，Carrying out the epidemic survey。December 27，The hostess of a Japanese hotel in Harbin died after coughing blood。Wu Liande ordered the blockade to block the scene，Later with the assistant to understand the deceased with the assistant，Sample on various organs in the body of the deceased，and successfully extract the sample of plagiarism。Wu Liande concluded that Fujiadian has the popularity of lung plague，This infectious disease is almost completely spread by people to people，All efforts to extinguish the plague should be concentrated in the mobile population and residents; this is a kind of transmission that does not need to be transmitted through mice、A new type of plague bet365 best casino games spread directly between people through droplets -lung plague。

But，Wu Liande's judgment was not recognized by foreign experts at the time。As the epidemic intensified，Professor of Tianjin Beiyang Medical College, who once presided over the 1908 Tangshan plague prevention and control、French doctor Gérald Mesny reinforced Harbin，Both he and many foreign doctors think，There is no possibility of droplets between people to spread plague。Therefore，How to prevent the epidemic，Various opinions of all parties，Strikes are not lower。Wu Liande faces the huge pressure of foreign medical experts，Helpless resignation，But the retention of the Qing authorities was obtained。Subsequent，Dr. Misney was recalled。Unfortunately，This stubborn French expert is not wearing a mask，Enter the Russian infectious ward，I checked 4 patients in succession，Unfortunately dyed the plague，The condition worsen quickly，Life after 6 days。Painless lessons and costs of death，Turn the situation sharply，Unexpected prevention and treatment of prevention，No one has questioned Wu Liande’s point of view since then。

　Take the correct epidemic prevention measures

Wuliande believes，This concentration of lung plague in Fujiadian, Harbin City，I did not see before the historical record of the plague。Before the Spring Festival，A large number of people who broke into the Tonkhiro appeared back to the hometown，Lung Robils, relying on the developed railways such as the developed railway in the northeast, spread on a larger scale。Therefore，​​Establishing epidemic prevention plan is imminent。Wu Liande quickly proposed to the Qing government nine epidemic prevention measures，It mainly includes: strict control of railway traffic between Manchuria and Harbin;、Check the open roads and frozen rivers; local officials from Fujiadian should provide more houses，For patients with acute patients as hospitals; establish isolation camps，Accessors，Including family members of the plague patients who have been exposed to infection; pay close attention to the sanitary status along the Jingfeng Railway，Once there is an plague case,，Strict epidemic prevention measures must be taken，Including the establishment of a plague hospital and a quarantine camp; invite the Russian authorities to cooperate with the Chinese government in Bet365 app download the implementation of relevant measures。

The Qing government allowed Wu Liande's suggestion，From February 2, 1911，The entire Fujiadian traffic is completely blocked，Divided into four partitions。Each partition is chaired by a medical official，With assistant、Si Yao Sheng、Sanitary Word and Police，Tour on daily inspection。Once a suspicious patient is found，Immediately sent to the Epidemic Prevention Hospital，and send their relatives into the temporary isolation observation station of the carriage modification to observe，Daily report。House of Houses，Disinfection of raw sulfur and stone carbonate。According to the severity of the treatment of patients，Diagnosis Hospital is divided into epidemic hospitals、Light Hospital、Suspected Hospital and Epidemic Prevention Medical Office。

But，Early stage of implementation of epidemic prevention measures，The number of infections has always been high，There is no significant decline trend。Wu Liande anatomy through early death cases，Extracted bacterial samples for scientific experiments，I found that the plague germs can survive the corpse for 3 months。Harbin, which is in the winter season，Frozen soil hard，The body of the epidemic cannot be buried deep，This is precisely the root cause of the virus continuous raging。Infection brought about to completely eliminating the body of the epidemic，Wu Liande boldly book to clear the government，I hope that the official allows the corpse to burn the corpse for a source of illness。Wang Zaiyu, the regent of the regent of Zhaoxi,，The imperial court descended: "Please ask Dr. Wu's please，can be performed according to the plan。"Wu Liande immediately organized the incineration team involved in more than 200 people，Divide the coffin from the remains，Intrinkable kerosene from the fire brigade，For incineration。From January 30, 1911，For many consecutive days，Burning about 2,200 plague victims in the body，The number of new patients in plague began to decrease day by day。

With the positive efforts of officials and people at all levels，The situation of epidemic prevention is getting better。For the troubled after the end，Prevent a virus in the house where the plague patients live in concentrated residence，Wu Liande decided to incinerate related medical houses、Street and Hospital。until March 1, 1911，No one died in bet365 live casino games the plague。until April 18，This 6 -month -old plague is finally extinguished。This plague spreads into the three East provinces、Hebei and Shandong，The number of deaths reaches more than 60,000 people，where，Fujiadian death 5693 people。

　　"Full Iron Affiliated Land" follow -up

After the plague appears in Harbin，Gradually through the people who break through Guandong to Changchun、Fengtian、Peking in Beijing and Shandong，It is also spread within the "Full Railway Affiliated Land" operating in Northeast China。December 31, 1910，The first case of plague was found in the trains between Mengjiatun and Fanjiatun in the jurisdiction of the "Full Railway" area。，Plague cases appear in various cities in the "Full Railway"。

The so -called "Full Iron Affiliated Land"，refers to the "South Manzhou Railway Co., Ltd." (referred to as "Manchuria") on the Nanman Railway、The Chinese Land occupied by Anfeng Railway and its branch lines。Among them, except for railway land，It also includes city and street land、Training field、Farmland and mining areas, etc.，Is the base for Japanese aggression against China。Due to the "full iron", the initial judgment of the plague type and the source of the infection source is lost bias，Has the mouse's epidemic prevention method also failed to effectively control the epidemic situation，As a result, the number of deaths daily in the "Full Railway Auxiliary" still shows an increase in the trend。

As the Chinese epidemic prevention measures have been effective，"Full Railway Affiliated Land" began to follow the ground and follow the ground to follow up。The Grand Tibetan Province "Official News" published notifications on February 1, 1911，Requires to enter Dalian、Ship in ports and other places in ports for quarantine。，The Japanese side has introduced epidemic prevention measures，For the personnel of the Osaka Merchant Shipping Club, who passed through Dalian from the north of Fengtian to conduct 48 -hour isolation monitoring，Make sure to issue a health certificate after not infected，You can buy a ship ticket with a health certificate; prohibit the breakthrough workers from taking a train，Set up monitoring houses in key areas jurisdictions，No one outside the "Auxiliary Land"、Car、Internal entry; investigation of family members of the plague infected，To prevent hiding or discard the corpse bet365 best casino games at will; encourage providing epidemic information，If the patient is found、Infected corpses or intended to break into the traffic blocking line，Once confirmed，Reporters can receive 10 yuan bounty。

other，"Full Iron" is also in Yingkou、Liaoyang、Fushun、Tieling、Changchun、Anton and other places to set up a stay place。Tieling and other places to set up first、Second Pisting Center，Liaoyang、An Feng Line Ji Guanshan and other places to set up the "full iron" bitter container，Liaoyang、Tieling、Established isolation disease houses in Changchun。The experience of Fujiadian burning the body has also been caused by the "Full Railway Affiliated Land".，in Fushun、Freshfest yard in Changchun and other places。This can be seen，isolation advocated by Wuliande、Fortune、Disinfection、Burning corpse and other concentrated measures to cope with the powerful measures of lung plague，Also followed in the "Full Iron Affiliated Land"。

March 18, 1911，The last plague patient in the jurisdiction of the "Full Railway Affiliated Land" appeared in the Gongzhong Ridge，No new infected person has appeared since then。In the epidemic in several months，"Full Iron Affiliated Land" and 228 confirmed cases in Kanto Prefecture，and most of them are Chinese bitterness。"Manchuria" spent 860,000 yen for this epidemic，Bei Chai Saburo, who dispatched the Institute of Infectious Diseases at the same time, "inspects" the situation of Northeast China epidemic，and gave epidemic prevention speech in various places。This series of medical defense measures，It is by no means for the physical and mental health of the Chinese，but because the epidemic has a strong infectiousness，If you do not control it early，It will endanger the security of Japanese diaspora in the "Auxiliary Land"，Damage to Japan's colonial forces in northeast my country，It is contrary to its so -called "Japanese -based" principle。UK，"Full Railway" medical defense measures taken in the "Affiliated Land"，First of all, it serves the Japanese。

After the epidemic is basically over，Qing government allocated special funds，Active preparation，April 3-29, 1911，Hold the Plague Research Association in Fengtian，A total of China、Japan、UK、United States、Russia、Germany、France、Italy、Netherlands、Austria、Mexico and other 11 countries participated。Wuliande was elected as the chairman Bet365 lotto review of the conference，and hosted the meeting in four languages。The Fengtianwan Kingdom Plague Conference is the first international lung plague meeting in world history，It is also the first large -scale international science conference held in Chinese history，It is an important step for China to go to scientific modernization。It is because of Wuliande's "outstanding achievements in the practice and research of lung plague prevention and research and discovering the role of marmot in its spread"，In 1935, he was elected as the first Chinese candidate for the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology，Get honor for the country。

(This article is the Study of the National Social Science Foundation Project "The Research on the Affiliated Land of the Railway" (17BZS024) phased achievement)

(Author Unit: School of History and Culture, Harbin Normal University)