bet365 coupon code is a typical natural focal disease，Originally occurs in wild rodents such as mice，Human bet365 coupon code is caused by the spread of rat fleas or droplet infection。1910，Bubonic bet365 coupon code breaks out in Manzhouli，later gradually spread to the entire Northeast，Affected many areas within the customs。This bet365 coupon code is a typical historical case of droplet-borne pneumonic bet365 coupon code。

　　Hunting of marmots leads to the spread of bet365 coupon code

Early 20th century，Due to the emergence and popularity of new fur processing technology，Marmot skin was originally only made into boots by local residents，After dyeing and processing, it becomes a best-selling product similar to mink fur，Marketing Europe，And widely favored。With the increasing market demand，The price also skyrocketed。So，Chinese and Russian businessmen and some officials are driven by economic interests，Privately recruiting Chinese workers to hunt and kill marmots。A large number of laborers in the customs also moved northward to the east bet365 coupon code customs，Join the otter hunting team。

Marmot as host of Yersinia pestis，Epidemics often occur in the population。Once infected with bet365 coupon code，Marmots will go blind、Loss of voice、Slow action，Expelled from the nest by healthy peers。Experienced hunters can tell whether their prey is infected at a glance，Does not catch infected prey easily。But，Spurred by high profits，Those inexperienced hunters often take desperate risks，Strip off its fur and sell it，This forms the cross-species transmission route of “rat → flea → human”。

　October 25, 1910，First discovered in an inn in Manzhouli，Chinese trappers returning from Tsarist Russia were infected with bet365 coupon code。As early as 1903，The Middle East Railway running through Northeast China has been fully opened to traffic。So，The epidemic spread rapidly along the railway transportation network，Thousands of miles away, deaths with the same symptoms quickly appeared in Harbin，“Patients infected with the epidemic have a fever first，coughs，Following vomiting blood，If not enough, you will die，The skin turns purple after death”。

The place where the bet365 coupon code first broke out in Harbin was called Fujiadian (today’s Daowai District)，At that time, it was under the jurisdiction of the governor of Jilin)，Most of the people in the area are poor people who came from Guandong，Dense housing construction，And rubbish accumulates everywhere，Poor sanitary environment。There are many of these poor people who have no families yet，They often hang out in casinos、Borthello、Confined places such as opium dens，Thus accelerating the spread of bet365 coupon code。At that time，Traditional treatment methods are simply unable to cope with the sudden epidemic，The mortality rate was once as high as over 90%。

　　Make accurate judgments on the bet365 coupon code

At the beginning of the bet365 coupon code，The Chinese and Russian local authorities in Harbin have discussed cooperation in bet365 coupon code prevention，However, due to factors such as large differences in bet365 coupon code prevention concepts between the two sides，The cooperation cannot continue in the end。As the bet365 coupon code spreads，Russia even moved to the area affiliated with the China Eastern Railway (today’s Daoli District)，Expelled Chinese from the territory controlled by the Russians at the time，And sent military police to cut off traffic with Fujiadian。

Binjiang Pass Road Commissioner Yu Sixing, who is in charge of the hardest-hit area in Fujiadian, is extremely anxious，Immediately report to Xiliang, the governor of the three eastern provinces and the regent of the Qing Dynasty, Zaifeng，It is said that "the daily death rate is about a hundred people"，Ask the court to come up with good strategies as soon as possible，Coping with the increasingly serious epidemic。Shi Zhaoji, Right Prime Minister of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, suggested that the "Universal Conference on Epidemic Control" be prepared as soon as possible，Invite governments to designate experts，Working together on treatment methods。Recommended by him，The Qing government appointed assistant director of the Army Medical School、Wu Liande, a doctor of medicine who graduated from the University of Cambridge in the United Kingdom, serves as the epidemic prevention medical officer for the three northeastern provinces。December 24，Wu Liande, who was ordered to be in danger, arrived in Harbin，The epidemic investigation will be launched immediately。December 27，The hostess of a Japanese hotel in Harbin died after coughing up blood。After learning about it, Wu Liande ordered the scene to be cordoned off，Then he and his assistant performed an autopsy on the deceased，Sampling various organs in the body of the deceased，And successfully extracted Yersinia pestis samples。Wu Liande concluded based on this: there is an epidemic of pneumonic bet365 coupon code in Fujiadian，This infectious disease is almost entirely spread from person to person，All efforts to combat the bet365 coupon code should be concentrated among mobile populations and residents；This is a disease that does not need to be transmitted through mice、Pneumonic bet365 coupon code, a new type of bet365 coupon code that is transmitted directly from person to person through droplets。

However，Wu Liande’s judgment was not recognized by foreign experts at the time。As the epidemic becomes more severe，Professor of Tianjin Beiyang Medical School who once presided over the prevention and control of bet365 coupon code in Tangshan in 1908、French doctor Gérald Mesny reinforces Harbin，He and many foreign doctors believe that，There is no possibility of droplet transmission of bet365 coupon code between people。Therefore，How to prevent and control the epidemic，Different opinions from all parties，Deadlock。Wu Liande faces tremendous pressure from foreign medical experts，I have no choice but to resign，But the Qing authorities persuaded them to stay。Later，Dr. Mesny was recalled。What a pity，The opinionated French expert without a mask，Enter the Russian infectious disease ward，Checked 4 patients in succession，Unfortunately contracted the bet365 coupon code，The condition deteriorates rapidly，Life was taken away 6 days later。Painful lessons and the price of death，Making the situation worse，An unexpected turn of events in prevention and control has occurred，No one has doubted Wu Liande’s views since then。

　Take correct bet365 coupon code prevention measures

Wu Liande thinks，This outbreak of pneumonic bet365 coupon code concentrated in Fujiadian, Harbin City，Unprecedented in recorded history of bet365 coupon code。Before the Spring Festival，A large number of people who traveled to Guandong are returning home，Pneumonic bet365 coupon code relied on the developed railway and other transportation networks in the Northeast to spread on a larger scale。Therefore，It is urgent to formulate an epidemic prevention plan。Wu Liande quickly proposed nine epidemic prevention measures to the Qing government，Mainly including: strict control of railway traffic between Manzhouli and Harbin；Send someone to patrol along the way、Check open roads and frozen rivers；Local officials in Fujiadian should provide more housing，Hospital for acute patients；Establish isolation camp，Contain contacts，Includes family members of bet365 coupon code patients who have been exposed to infection；Pay close attention to the health conditions along the Beijing-Fengcheng Railway，Once there is a case of bet365 coupon code，Strict epidemic prevention measures must be taken，Including the establishment of bet365 coupon code hospitals and isolation camps；Invite the Russian authorities to cooperate with the Chinese government in implementing relevant measures。

The Qing government approved Wu Liande’s suggestion，Since February 2, 1911，The traffic in Fujiadian was completely blocked，And divided into four partitions。Each zone is presided over by a medical officer，Assistant、Si Yaosheng、Health servants and police，Daily inspection。Once a suspicious patient is found，Send to bet365 coupon code prevention hospital immediately，And send their relatives to the temporary isolation observation station converted from the carriage for observation，Daily reporting status。The house where he lives，Disinfection with raw sulfur and carbolic acid。According to the severity of the patients admitted，The clinic is divided into bet365 coupon code hospitals、Mild Hospital、Suspected hospitals and bet365 coupon code prevention and treatment offices。

However，Initial stage of epidemic prevention measures，The number of people infected with the epidemic has remained high，There is no obvious downward trend。Wu Liande passed the autopsy of early death cases，Extract bacterial samples for scientific experiments，Discovered that bet365 coupon code bacteria can survive on corpses for 3 months。Harbin is in the middle of winter，The frozen soil is hard，The remains of those who died in the epidemic cannot be buried deeply，This is precisely the fundamental reason why the virus continues to rage。In order to completely eliminate the infection caused by the corpses of the epidemic，Wu Liande boldly wrote to the Qing government，I hope the authorities will allow burning corpses to eliminate the source of disease。Reported by Shi Zhaoji to Regent Zaifeng，The imperial court decreed: “Doctor Wu’s request is approved，Can be carried out as planned。"Wu Liande immediately organized a burning team involving more than 200 people，Pile the coffins and remains，Pour in kerosene by the fire brigade，Incineration。Since January 30, 1911，Multiple consecutive days，About 2,200 remains of bet365 coupon code victims were burned，The number of new bet365 coupon code patients begins to decrease day by day。

With the active efforts of officials and people at all levels，The epidemic prevention situation is getting better day by day。To avoid future troubles，Preventing the retention of viruses in houses where bet365 coupon code patients have lived together，Wu Liande decided to burn down the relevant wards、Street and hospital。To March 1, 1911，No one died from the bet365 coupon code in Harbin。Until April 18th，The bet365 coupon code that has been spreading for 6 months has finally been eradicated。The bet365 coupon code has affected the three northeastern provinces、Hebei and Shandong，The death toll reaches more than 60,000，Among them，5693 people died in Fujiadian。

　　The imitation of the "Manchuria bet365 coupon code Auxiliary"

After the bet365 coupon code appeared in Harbin，Gradually pass through the people from Guandong to Changchun、Fengtian、Spreading in Beijing, Shandong and other places，Also spread to the "Manchurian Railway Affiliates" operated by Japan in Northeast China。December 31, 1910，The first case of bet365 coupon code was found in a train between Mengjiatun and Fanjiatun in the jurisdiction of the "Manchuria Railway Affiliated Territory"。Afterwards，bet365 coupon code cases have appeared in various cities in the "Manchurian Railway Affiliated Areas"。

The so-called "Manchuria Railway Auxiliary Area"，refers to "South Manchuria Railway Co., Ltd." (referred to as "Manchuria Railway") in South Manchuria Railway、Chinese land occupied by Anfeng Railway and its branches。Excluding railway land，Also includes street land、Training Ground、Farmland and mining areas, etc.，is the base for Japan’s invasion of China。Due to the biased initial judgment of "Mantie" on the type of bet365 coupon code and the source of infection，The epidemic prevention method of killing rats has not been able to effectively control the epidemic，As a result, the number of daily deaths in the "Manchuria Railway Annex" is still increasing。

As China’s epidemic prevention measures become increasingly effective，The "Manchuria Railway Dependent Territories" began to follow suit。The "Official Gazette" of the Ministry of Finance of Japan published the notice on February 1, 1911，Request to enter Dalian、Ships in ports such as Lushun are subject to quarantine。Afterwards，Japan has successively introduced epidemic prevention measures，48-hour quarantine monitoring for Osaka Merchant Shipping Club personnel who passed through Dalian from the north of Fengtian and finally returned to Japan，Issue a health certificate after ensuring that you are not infected，You can only purchase ferry tickets with your health certificate；It is forbidden for workers from Guandong to take trains，Set up surveillance stations in key areas under jurisdiction，Ban everyone outside the "affiliated area"、Car、Objects inside；Survey on families of bet365 coupon code infected people，To prevent hiding or randomly discarding bodies；Encourage the provision of epidemic information，If a patient is found、Infected corpses or those who intend to break into the traffic blocking line，Once confirmed，Reporters can receive a 10 yuan reward。

In addition，"Manchu Railway" is also in Yingkou、Liaoyang、Fushun、Tieling、Changchun、Set up shelters in Anton and other places。Tieling and other places are set first、Second stop，Liaoyang、"Manchurian" coolie shelters are set up at Jiguanshan and other places on the Anfeng Line，Liaoyang、Tieling、Isolation wards are set up in Changchun and other places。Fujiadian’s experience of burning corpses was also copied by various agencies in the “Manchurian Railway Affiliates”，In Fushun、There are crematoriums in Changchun and other places。It can be seen from this，Isolation advocated by Wu Liande、Triage、Disinfection、Burning corpses and other powerful measures to deal with pneumonic bet365 coupon code，Also imitated in the "Manchurian Railway Auxiliary Area"。

March 18, 1911，The last bet365 coupon code patient appears in Gongzhuling within the jurisdiction of the "Manchurian Railway Subdivision"，No new infected persons have appeared since then。In the months of epidemic，A total of 228 confirmed cases were reported in the "Manchurian Railway Affiliated Area" and Guandong Prefecture，And most of them are Chinese coolies。"Manchuria" spent a total of 860,000 yen on the epidemic，At the same time, Shibasaburo Kitasato of the Institute of Infectious Diseases was dispatched to "inspect" the epidemic situation in Northeast China，And gave speeches on epidemic prevention in various places。This series of medical defense measures，It is definitely not for the physical and mental health of the Chinese people，But because the epidemic is highly contagious，If not controlled early，Will endanger the safety of Japanese expatriates in the "affiliated areas"，Harming Japan’s colonial power operations in Northeast my country，Contrary to its so-called "Japanese-centered" principle。Visible，Medical defense measures taken by the "Manchurian Railway" in the "affiliated areas"，Served the Japanese first。

After the epidemic is basically over，The Qing government allocated special funds，Actively preparing，April 3-29, 1911，The International bet365 coupon code Research Conference was held in Fengtian，Total China、Japan、UK、United States、Russia、Germany、France、Italy、Netherlands、Austria、11 countries including Mexico participated。Wu Liande was elected as the chairman of the conference，And hosted the meeting in four languages。The Fengtian International bet365 coupon code Conference is the first international pneumonic bet365 coupon code conference in world history，It is also the first large-scale international scientific conference held in Chinese history，Is an important step for China to move towards scientific modernization。It is precisely because of Wu Liande’s “outstanding achievements in the practice and research of pneumonic bet365 coupon code prevention and control and the discovery of the role of marmots in its spread”，In 1935, he was elected as the first Chinese candidate for the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology，Won honor for the country。

(This article is a phased result of the National Social Science Fund project "Research on the Issues of the Affiliated Areas of the Manchuria bet365 coupon code" (17BZS024)

(Author’s unit: School of History and Culture, bet365 coupon code Normal University)